RESUMEN
Background: To evaluate the changes in the global burden of foreign body aspiration (FBA) among children under 5 years old at regional, age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI) levels between 1990 and 2019. Methods: Data on FBA was derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 database on pulmonary aspiration and foreign body in airway. The means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). The temporal trends were represented by estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) using Joinpoint regression. Results: Globally, FBA caused 109.6 (95% UI: 69.5, 175.7) per 100,000 incidence and 317.9 (95% UI: 270.7, 372.4) per 100,000 DALYs under 5 years old in 2019. Many European countries (such as Italy, Netherlands, Iceland, etc.) showed a high incidence rate, but did not cause a large disease burden (DALYs all less than 200 per 100,000). Compared to 1990, although a decrease in both incidence and DALYs occurred in 2019, the Joinpoint regression showed an increasing trend in incidence rate from 2014 to 2019 [APC: both (2.10), female (2.25), male (1.98), P < 0.05)], especially China, Netherlands, and Malta. Despite the lower incidence rate in early neonatal group and middle SDI areas, they instead resulted in higher DALYs than other age groups and areas. Conclusion: Although declines occurred in incidence and DALYs of FBA among children under 5 years of age from 1990 to 2014, an upward trend began to emerge from 2014 to 2019. The incidence and DALY rates were correlated with age and SDI. Increased efforts are needed to improve the necessary monitoring and reporting systems, hazard assessment, and public education activities.
RESUMEN
Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera (EP) possess multiple biological activities, while the role of EP in hypercholesterolemia and its relationship with the gut microbiota have not been elucidated. To address this issue, fifty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly subjected to a basal diet and a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, and 3 treatment groups were fed an HFHC diet supplemented with different dosages of EP (100, 200 and 300 mg kg-1 day-1) for 12 weeks. Here we show that EP intervention lowered serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and inhibited hepatic cholesterol deposition. EP intervention also upregulated the gene expression related to the hepatic cholesterol uptake and bile acid synthetic pathway. Apart from that, EP altered the gut microbiota, pre-dominantly increasing microbes associated with bile acid metabolism, such as norank_f_ Muribaculaceae. Moreover, bile acid profile analysis revealed that EP could alter the fecal bile acid profile and reduce fecal conjugated bile acids. Further correlation analysis indicated the negative correlation of Bacteroides, norank_f_ Muribaculaceae and Ileibacterium abundance with the levels of fecal conjugated bile acids and serum TC and LDL-C, while the abundance of Proteobacteria and Lachnoclosteridium showed a positive association with conjugated bile acids and serum TC. To sum up, the above findings revealed that EP may alleviate hypercholesterolemia and regulate cholesterol metabolism in ways that promote a favorable fecal microbiota composition and modulate bile acid metabolism.
