One-year follow-up after standardized perineal reconstruction in women with deficient perineum after vaginal delivery.

INTRODUCTION: Perineal tears are common after childbirth and, if not surgically repaired, they may result in a deficient perineum that can cause symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction. Perineal reconstruction aims to restore the perineal body and increase the support of the pelvic floor. The objective of the present study was to estimate symptom reduction after perineal reconstruction in patients with deficient perineum after vaginal delivery and to compare outcomes between participants with or without concomitant levator ani muscle deficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants presenting at the Karolinska Pelvic Floor Center with symptoms of deficient perineum at least 1 year after vaginal birth were invited to the study. Inclusion criteria were a visible perineal scar and confirmed anatomic defect. Levator ani defects were assessed using the Levator Ani Deficiency score. A perineal reconstruction was performed in a standardized way. Subjective symptoms were evaluated using the validated "Karolinska Symptoms After Perineal Tear Inventory" at baseline and 1-year follow-up. A score difference in the symptom of an acquired sensation of a wide vagina was the primary outcome. Results were stratified by the presence or absence of a levator ani deficiency. RESULTS: A perineal reconstruction was performed in 131 patients and 128 patients completed the Karolinska Symptoms After Perineal Tear Inventory at baseline and 119 at follow-up. Median age was 36.1 (interquartile range [IQR] 7.9), median body mass index 22.3 (IQR 5.1) and a median of two vaginal deliveries. Fifty-four women (41.2%) had a levator ani deficiency. The mean score reduction for the item "Do you feel that your vagina is too wide/loose?" was -1.56 (SD 0.96; P < 0.001) from a mean score of 2.75 (maximum 3) at baseline. The mean total score reduction was -9.1 points (SD 5.3; P < 0.001) from a mean score of 18.4 (maximum 33) points at baseline. There were no significant differences between groups when stratifying by levator ani deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that perineal reconstructive surgery significantly decreases symptoms of deficient perineum after vaginal delivery. A concomitant levator ani defect does not affect the symptom reduction of an acquired sensation of a wide vagina or the total score reduction after surgery.

Modified-release hydrocortisone is associated with lower plasma renin activity in patients with salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Poorly controlled salt-wasting (SW) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients often require high 9α-fluorocortisol doses as they show high levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), which is a mineralocorticoid (MC)-receptor antagonist. DESIGN: We investigated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with SW-CAH receiving twice daily modified-release hydrocortisone (MR-HC, Efmody) compared with standard glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. METHODS: Data were analyzed from the 6-month, phase 3 study of MR-HC (n = 42) versus standard GC therapy (n = 41). MC replacement therapy remained unchanged throughout the study. Blood pressure, serum potassium, serum sodium, plasma renin activity (PRA), and serum 17OHP and androstenedione concentrations were analyzed at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks. RESULTS: The median serum 17OHP in the morning was significantly lower on MR-HC compared with standard GC at 24 weeks (2.5 nmol L-1 (IQR 8.3) versus 10.5 nmol L-1 (IQR 55.2), P = .001). PRA decreased significantly from baseline to 24 weeks in patients on MR-HC (0.83 ng L-1 s-1 (IQR 1.0) to 0.48 ng L-1 s-1 (IQR 0.61), P = .012) but not in patients on standard GC (0.53 ng L-1 s-1 (IQR 0.66) to 0.52 ng L-1 s-1 (IQR 0.78), P = .613). Serum sodium concentrations increased from baseline to 24 weeks in patients on MR-HC (138.8 ± 1.9 mmol L-1 to 139.3 ± 1.8 mmol L-1, P = .047), but remained unchanged on standard GC (139.8 ± 1.6 mmol L-1 to 139.3 ± 1.9 mmol L-1, P = .135). No significant changes were seen in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum potassium levels. CONCLUSION: 6 months of MR-HC therapy decreased PRA and increased sodium levels indicating a greater agonist action of the 9α-fluorocortisol dose, which may be due to the decreased levels of the MC-receptor antagonist 17OHP.

Treatment with assisted reproduction technologies in women with acute hepatic porphyria.

INTRODUCTION: Acute porphyrias are rare disorders of the heme biosynthetic pathway and present with acute neurovisceral symptoms that can be induced by hormonal changes and medications. Women are far more likely to present with clinical symptoms than men, particularly during parts of their lifetime with changes in the level of female sex hormones such as ovulation, menstruation, and pregnancy. Treatment of ovulatory dysfunction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation require the administration of hormones, which are considered porphyrinogenic. Women with acute hepatic porphyria have therefore been considered unsuitable for such treatments in the past. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report on nine women with acute hepatic porphyria who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF), preceded by ovarian stimulation. Their mean age at the start of IVF was 33.2 years (range 27-38 years). Two women had been diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome, two were treated for hyperprolactinemia, two had hypothyroidism, of which one also had type 1 diabetes, one had a uterus malformation, one had anovulatory cycles, and one used a sperm donor. RESULTS: All patients were able to undergo fertility treatment without experiencing severe porphyria attacks. CONCLUSIONS: Women with acute hepatic porphyria considering fertility treatments should be assessed individually for potential risks, treatment should be planned in close collaboration with a porphyria specialist, and biochemical activity should be monitored regularly during ovarian stimulation. As we gather more knowledge, we hope that the porphyrinogenicity of the stimulation agents is re-assessed and that more studies will shed light on the reproductive health of women living with acute hepatic porphyria.

Posterior compartment symptoms in primiparous women 1 year after non-assisted vaginal deliveries: a Swedish cohort study.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: This is a prospective cohort follow-up study based on the hypothesis that primiparous women with non-assisted vaginal deliveries and a second-degree perineal tear have more posterior compartment symptoms 1 year after delivery than those with no or first-degree tears. METHODS: A follow-up questionnaire, including validated questions on pelvic floor dysfunction, was completed 1 year postpartum by 410 healthy primiparas, delivered without instrumental assistance at two maternity wards in Stockholm between 2013 and 2015. Main outcome measures were posterior compartment symptoms in women with second-degree perineal tears compared with women with no or only minor tears. RESULTS: Of 410 women, 20.9% had no or only minor tears, 75.4% had a second-degree tear, and 3.7% had a more severe tear. Of women presenting with second-degree tears, 18.9% had bowel-emptying difficulties compared with 20.0% of women with minor tears. Furthermore, almost 3% of them with second-degree tears complained of faecal incontinence (FI) of formed stool, 7.2% of FI of loose stool compared with 1.2% and 3.5% respectively in women with no or only minor tears. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic pelvic floor dysfunction is common among primiparous women within 1 year following uncomplicated vaginal delivery, and there are no significant differences between second-degree perineal tears and minor tears. These symptoms should be addressed in all women after delivery to improve pelvic floor dysfunction and quality of life.

Modified-Release Hydrocortisone in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

CONTEXT: Standard glucocorticoid therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) regularly fails to control androgen excess, causing glucocorticoid overexposure and poor health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether modified-release hydrocortisone (MR-HC), which mimics physiologic cortisol secretion, could improve disease control. METHODS: A 6-month, randomized, phase 3 study was conducted of MR-HC vs standard glucocorticoid, followed by a single-arm MR-HC extension study. Primary outcomes were change in 24-hour SD score (SDS) of androgen precursor 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) for phase 3, and efficacy, safety and tolerability of MR-HC for the extension study. RESULTS: The phase 3 study recruited 122 adult CAH patients. Although the study failed its primary outcome at 6 months, there was evidence of better biochemical control on MR-HC, with lower 17OHP SDS at 4 (P = .007) and 12 (P = .019) weeks, and between 07:00h to 15:00h (P = .044) at 6 months. The percentage of patients with controlled 09:00h serum 17OHP (< 1200 ng/dL) was 52% at baseline, at 6 months 91% for MR-HC and 71% for standard therapy (P = .002), and 80% for MR-HC at 18 months' extension. The median daily hydrocortisone dose was 25 mg at baseline, at 6 months 31 mg for standard therapy, and 30 mg for MR-HC, and after 18 months 20 mg MR-HC. Three adrenal crises occurred in phase 3, none on MR-HC and 4 in the extension study. MR-HC resulted in patient-reported benefit including menses restoration in 8 patients (1 on standard therapy), and 3 patient and 4 partner pregnancies (none on standard therapy). CONCLUSION: MR-HC improved biochemical disease control in adults with reduction in steroid dose over time and patient-reported benefit.

Insulin regulation of solute carrier family 2 member 1 (glucose transporter 1) expression and glucose uptake in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1; previously known as glucose transporter 1), is the most abundant glucose transporter in human endometrium and is up-regulated during decidualization, whereas high insulin may have a negative impact on this process. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of insulin on the expression of SLC2A1 and glucose uptake in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. METHODS: We induced in vitro decidualization of endometrial stromal cells obtained from regularly menstruating healthy non-obese women. The cells were treated with increasing concentrations of insulin, and the involvement of the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was evaluated using a FOXO1 inhibitor. SLC2A1 mRNA levels were measured by Real-Time PCR and protein levels were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Glucose uptake was estimated by an assay quantifying the cellular uptake of radioactive glucose. One-way ANOVA, Dunnett's multiple comparisons test and paired t-test were used to determine the statistical significance of the results. RESULTS: We found that insulin dose-dependently decreased SLC2A1 mRNA levels and decreased protein levels of SLC2A1 in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells. Transcriptional inactivation of FOXO1 seems to explain at least partly the down-regulation of SLC2A1 by insulin. Glucose uptake increased upon decidualization, whereas insulin treatment resulted in a slight inhibition of the glucose uptake, although not significant for all insulin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate an impairment of decidualization by high concentrations of insulin. Future studies will determine the clinical significance of our results for endometrial function and decidualization in women with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

The role of testosterone in menopausal hormone treatment. What is the evidence?

About 40% of postmenopausal women have decreased sexual desire, causing distress. Estrogen therapy attenuates vaginal complaints but has no effect on sexual desire. Although sexual function has been linked to testosterone, there is no clear relation between sexual desire and circulating levels of testosterone. Nevertheless, treatment with transdermal (patch) testosterone improved sexual function in several randomized controlled trials. Women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder who were treated with testosterone reported more satisfying sexual episodes and sexual desire compared with the placebo group. Adverse effects were mild. However, there is no testosterone drug designed for women available on the European market. Consequently, women who opt for testosterone treatment have to use preparations made for men with a high drug concentration. Adequate dosage for women is therefore challenging. A trial of 5 mg transdermal testosterone (gel or cream) daily or less has been suggested, followed by close monitoring of side effects and hormone level.

Management of depressive symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: EMAS position statement.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, the total number of people with depression exceeds 300 million, and the incidence rate is 70 % greater in women. The perimenopause is considered to be a time of increased risk for the development of depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes. AIM: The aim of this position statement is to provide a comprehensive model of care for the management of depressive symptoms in perimenopausal and early menopausal women, including diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. The model integrates the care provided by all those involved in the management of mild or moderate depression in midlife women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature review and consensus of expert opinion. SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS: Awareness of depressive symptoms, early detection, standardized diagnostic procedures, personalized treatment and a suitable follow-up schedule need to be integrated into healthcare systems worldwide. Recommended treatment comprises antidepressants, psychosocial therapies and lifestyle changes. Alternative and complementary therapies, although widely used, may help with depression, but a stronger evidence base is needed. Although not approved for this indication, menopausal hormone therapy may improve depressive symptoms in peri- but not in postmenopausal women, especially in those with vasomotor symptoms.

Sexuality in Adults with Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (DSD): Findings from the dsd-LIFE Study.

For various reasons, sexuality of individuals with differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) may be affected. The aim of the study was to describe sexual activity, satisfaction with sex life, satisfaction with genital function, and sexual problems in people with different DSD conditions. Data were collected from 1,040 participants in Europe. Many people with a variety of DSD conditions do not appear to be satisfied with their sex life, experience a variety of sexual problems, and are less sexually active than the general population; therefore sexuality should be explicitly addressed in the care of people with DSD.

Acupuncture or metformin to improve insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol of a combined multinational cross sectional case-control study and a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is linked to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance with dysfunctional glucose metabolism. Pilot studies suggests that acupuncture treatment with combined manual and low-frequency electrical stimulation (electroacupuncture (EA)) of the needles decrease circulating glycated haemoglobulin (HbA1c) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance. Therefore, we here aim to investigate if acupuncture treatment or metformin together with lifestyle or lifestyle management alone improves insulin sensitivity and related symptoms in overweight/obese women with PCOS. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a two-centre multinational (Sweden and China), cross-sectional case-control study combined with an open-labelled randomised controlled trial (RCT). Participants are randomised to one of three groups: (1) EA 2-3 times/week during 4 months+lifestyle management; (2) metformin, 500 mg, three/day during 4 months+lifestyle management; or (3) lifestyle management alone. The primary outcome measure in the RCT is changes in HbA1C. A total of 123 obese overweight women with PCOS will be enrolled and randomised into one of the three groups with a target power of at least 80% and 5% significance level based on two-sided tests. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board of Stockholm and of Peking University Third Hospital, China. Primary outcome data of the RCT will be published in a relevant journal together with supporting secondary outcome measurements. Further, outcome measurements will be published in separate papers as well as case-control data. EXPECTED RESULTS: We anticipate that EA and metformin, both with lifestyle management, are equally effective and superior to lifestyle management alone for improvement of glycaemic control. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: NCT02647827 and EudraCT2015-004250-18.

Maternal androgen excess and obesity induce sexually dimorphic anxiety-like behavior in the offspring.

Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition associated with hyperandrogenism, is suggested to increase anxiety-like behavior in the offspring. Because PCOS is closely linked to obesity, we investigated the impact of an adverse hormonal or metabolic maternal environment and offspring obesity on anxiety in the offspring. The obese PCOS phenotype was induced by chronic high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) consumption together with prenatal dihydrotestosterone exposure in mouse dams. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in adult offspring with the elevated-plus maze and open-field tests. The influence of maternal androgens and maternal and offspring diet on genes implicated in anxiety were analyzed in the amygdala and hypothalamus with real-time PCR ( n = 47). Independent of diet, female offspring exposed to maternal androgens were more anxious and displayed up-regulation of adrenoceptor α 1B in the amygdala and up-regulation of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone ( Crh). By contrast, male offspring exposed to a HFHS maternal diet had increased anxiety-like behavior and showed up-regulation of epigenetic markers in the amygdala and up-regulation of hypothalamic Crh. Overall, there were substantial sex differences in gene expression in the brain. These findings provide novel insight into how maternal androgens and obesity exert sex-specific effects on behavior and gene expression in the offspring of a PCOS mouse model.-Manti, M., Fornes, R., Qi, X., Folmerz, E., Lindén Hirschberg, A., de Castro Barbosa, T., Maliqueo, M., Benrick, A., Stener-Victorin, E. Maternal androgen excess and obesity induce sexually dimorphic anxiety-like behavior in the offspring.

Pregnancy greatly affects the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport.

Concentrations of urinary steroids are measured in anti-doping test programs to detect doping with endogenous steroids. These concentrations are combined into ratios and followed over time in the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). The most important ratio in the ABP is the testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio but this ratio is subject to intra-individual variations, especially large in women, which complicates interpretation. In addition, there are other factors affecting T/E. Pregnancy, for example, is known to affect the urinary excretion rate of epitestosterone and hence the T/E ratio. However, the extent of this variation and how pregnancy affect other ratios has not been fully evaluated. Here we have studied the urinary steroid profile, including 19-norandrosterone (19-NA), in 67 pregnant women and compared to postpartum. Epitestosterone was higher and, consequently, the T/E and 5αAdiol/E ratios were lower in the pregnant women. Androsterone/etiocholanolone (A/Etio) and 5αAdiol/5ßAdiol, on the other hand, were higher in the first trimester as compared to postpartum (p<0.0001 and p=0.0396, respectively). There was no difference in A/T during pregnancy or after. 19-NA was present in 90.5% of the urine samples collected from pregnant women. In this study, we have shown that the steroid profile of the ABP is affected by pregnancy, and hence can cause atypical passport findings. These atypical findings would lead to unnecessary confirmation procedures, if the patterns of pregnancy are not recognized by the ABP management units.

Normo- and hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome exhibit an adverse metabolic profile through life.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the metabolic profiles of normo- and hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with those of control women at different ages during reproductive life. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): In all, 1,550 women with normoandrogenic (n = 686) or hyperandrogenic (n = 842) PCOS and 447 control women were divided into three age groups: <30, 30-39, and >39 years). INTERVENTIONS(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. RESULT(S): Both normo- and hyperandrogenic women with PCOS were more obese, especially abdominally. They had increased serum levels of insulin (fasting and in oral glucose tolerance tests), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol, higher blood pressure, and lower high-density lipoprotein levels independently from BMI compared with the control population as early as from young adulthood until menopause. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was two- to fivefold higher in women with PCOS compared with control women, depending on age and phenotype, and the highest prevalence was observed in hyperandrogenic women with PCOS at late reproductive age. CONCLUSION(S): When evaluating metabolic risks in women with PCOS, androgenic status, especially abdominal obesity and age, should be taken into account, which would allow tailored management of the syndrome from early adulthood on.

Role of testosterone and Y chromosome genes for the masculinization of the human brain.

Women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) have a male (46,XY) karyotype but no functional androgen receptors. Their condition, therefore, offers a unique model for studying testosterone effects on cerebral sex dimorphism. We present MRI data from 16 women with CAIS and 32 male (46,XY) and 32 female (46,XX) controls. METHODS: FreeSurfer software was employed to measure cortical thickness and subcortical structural volumes. Axonal connections, indexed by fractional anisotropy, (FA) were measured with diffusion tensor imaging, and functional connectivity with resting state fMRI. RESULTS: Compared to men, CAIS women displayed a "female" pattern by having thicker parietal and occipital cortices, lower FA values in the right corticospinal, superior and inferior longitudinal tracts, and corpus callosum. Their functional connectivity from the amygdala to the medial prefrontal cortex, was stronger and amygdala-connections to the motor cortex weaker than in control men. CAIS and control women also showed stronger posterior cingulate and precuneus connections in the default mode network. Thickness of the motor cortex, the caudate volume, and the FA in the callosal body followed, however, a "male" pattern. CONCLUSION: Altogether, these data suggest that testosterone modulates the microstructure of somatosensory and visual cortices and their axonal connections to the frontal cortex. Testosterone also influenced functional connections from the amygdala, whereas the motor cortex could, in agreement with our previous reports, be moderated by processes linked to X-chromosome gene dosage. These data raise the question about other genetic factors masculinizing the human brain than the SRY gene and testosterone. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1801-1814, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Are carriers of CYP21A2 mutations less vulnerable to psychological stress? A population-based national cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most common monogenic autosomal recessive disorders with an incidence of one in 15 000. About one in 70 individuals in the general population are carriers of a severe CYP21A2 mutation. It has been suggested that this confers a survival advantage, perhaps as a result of increased activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We investigated vulnerability to psychological stress in obligate carriers. METHOD: The Swedish CAH Registry encompasses more than 600 patients. Parents, that is obligate carriers of the CYP21A2 mutation, were identified through the Multigeneration Register. The diagnosis of the child was used as the psychological stressor. Psychiatric diagnoses before and after the birth of a child with CAH were compared to those of controls derived from (i) the general population, (ii) parents of children with hypospadias and (iii) parents of children with diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM). RESULTS: Parents of children with CAH had less risk of being diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder (OR, 0·6), an affective disorder (OR, 0·5) or substance misuse (OR, 0·5) after the diagnosis of the child, compared to the general population. Their risk was also decreased compared to parents of a child with hypospadias (OR, 0·6, 0·4 and 0·2, respectively) and parents of a child with T1DM (OR 0·7, 0·6 and 0·2, respectively). The CYP21A2 carriers had a lower risk of developing mood and stress-related disorders after the diagnosis of the child. CONCLUSION: Obligate CYP21A2 carriers had a reduced risk of a psychiatric diagnosis and were less vulnerable to a psychologically stressful situation, at least with respect to receiving a psychiatric diagnosis. This indicates a better ability to cope with psychological stress among heterozygous carriers of severe CYP21A2 mutations, which may contribute to the apparent survival advantage.

Serum Androgen Levels and Sexual Function Before and One Year After Treatment of Uterine Cervical Cancer: A Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: Radiotherapy or radical hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy (SOE) as treatment for uterine cervical cancer causes estrogen deprivation in premenopausal women. The effects on androgen production have rarely been examined but could be relevant for survivors of cervical cancer because insufficiency has been associated with low sexual function. AIM: To investigate the effects of pelvic radiotherapy, hysterectomy with SOE, or surgery without SOE on androgen levels and to explore potential associations with sexual function. METHODS: Patients with cervical cancer (N = 60) were prospectively examined through blood sampling and questionnaires before and 1 year after treatments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum testosterone (measured by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry), sex hormone-binding globulin, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol levels and Female Sexual Function Index scores. RESULTS: In women treated with radiotherapy (n = 38), median total and free testosterone levels were significantly decreased at 1-year follow-up compared with baseline in premenopausal women (n = 16; total testosterone -29%, P = .01; free testosterone -22%, P = .007) and postmenopausal women (n = 22; total testosterone -25%, P = .03; free testosterone -29%, P = .03). Androstenedione was decreased in premenopausal women only and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was decreased in postmenopausal women only after radiotherapy. In women treated with hysterectomy and SOE (n = 10), testosterone levels were lower but not significantly lower, and there was no change in those having surgery without SOE (n = 12). Female Sexual Function Index scores lower than 26.5 in sexually active women were reported by 80% 1 year after radiotherapy, by 44% after hysterectomy with SOE, and by 40% after surgery without SOE, with no significant differences compared with baseline values. No direct correlation between androgen levels and Female Sexual Function Index scores were found at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Total and free testosterone levels decreased slightly but significantly after pelvic radiotherapy in pre- and postmenopausal women. The clinical importance of this decrease is unclear, but androgen levels were not directly related to sexual function in this pilot setting.

[Hypothyroidism during pregnancy risks the child's neurocognitive development. New guidelines and remaining knowledge gaps]. / Hypotyreos under graviditet riskerar barnets neurokognitiva utveckling - Nya riktlinjer och kvarstående kunskapsluckor.

Thyroid abnormalities are common during pregnancy and can affect pregnancy outcome. In 2012, the working group for endocrinology was assigned by SFOG to develop evidence based guidelines for their management. There is high quality evidence that untreated clinical hypothyroidism increases the risk of pregnancy and fetal complications. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with pregnancy complications. The presence of TPO-antibodies is linked to miscarriage and premature birth. It is uncertain whether subclinical hypothyroidism/maternal TPO-antibodies adversely affect the child's neurocognitive development. Reference intervals for TSH among pregnant women in Sweden need to be established.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and criminal behavior: A Swedish population based study.

Both prenatal and circulating testosterone and other androgens have been suggested to influence the individual's propensity to commit crime, but empirical evidence is limited and inconsistent. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are both hyperandrogenic conditions but with an important difference; whereas subjects with CAH are exposed to high concentrations of androgens in utero, women with PCOS are subjected to high androgens in adulthood. Comparing these groups can therefore yield important insights of androgenic effects on behavior. In the current study, information on medical diagnoses and convicted crimes were gathered from Swedish population-based registers. The associations between diagnoses of CAH or PCOS and any crime, violent crime or sex crime were estimated with conditional logistic regression. Results showed that CAH in women and men did not predict criminality, whereas an increased risk for any crime and violent crime was found in PCOS women. Our findings indicate that female hyperandrogenism in adulthood, but not prenatal hyperandrogenism, is associated with risk for criminal behavior. Further research into hyperandrogenic conditions holds opportunities to deepen our understanding of the etiology of crime and psychopathology.