The impact of clinical practice on the outcome of central venous access devices in children with haemophilia.

INTRODUCTION: Central venous access devices facilitate home treatment in boys with haemophilia. These are usually fully implanted lines, referred to as ports. Caregivers are taught to manage the port using sterile techniques and maintaining patency by flushing with saline or heparin solution. National and international guidelines for the home care of ports are lacking. AIM: To evaluate if infection or occlusion rates differ between home care regimens used for ports in children with haemophilia. METHODS: Children with ports were identified from the PedNet registry. Data on the homecare policy were acquired from each centre. To ensure a complete data set for each port, only ports that had been removed were included in the study. Three care groups were defined: 'aseptic non touch technique', 'sterile technique' and 'fully sterile technique'. Outcomes within and between the groups were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 240 children with 352 ports were studied. Insertion occurred at a median age of 1.32 years. The median port duration was 2.94 years with a total of 215 688 port days in children without and 183 852 in children with inhibitors. Infection was the most common cause of port removal (34%); there was no significant difference with infection as reason for removal between the different care groups. Occlusion was not more frequent in centres that did not use heparin. CONCLUSION: Use of sterile gloves and gowns did not reduce the risk of port infection. Using less stringent sterile techniques for accessing ports is easier for caregivers and in addition may have health economic benefits.

Daily dosing prophylaxis for haemophilia: a randomized crossover pilot study evaluating feasibility and efficacy.

Regular replacement therapy (prophylaxis) for haemophilia has been shown to prevent development of disabling arthropathy and to provide a better quality of life compared to treatment on demand; however, at a substantially higher cost. Calculations based on pharmacokinetic principles have shown that shortening dose intervals may reduce cost. The aim of this prospective, randomized, crossover pilot study was to address whether daily dosing is feasible, if it reduces concentrate consumption and is as effective in preventing bleeding as the standard prophylactic dosing regimen. In a 12+12 month crossover study, 13 patients were randomized to start either their own previously prescribed standard dose, or daily dosing adjusted to maintain at least the same trough levels as obtained with the standard dose. Ten patients completed the study. A 30% reduction in cost of factor concentrates was achieved with daily prophylaxis. However, the number of bleeding events increased in some patients in the daily dosing arm and patients reported decreased quality of life during daily prophylaxis. Daily treatment had a greater impact on daily life, and the patients found it more stressful.Prophylaxis with daily dosing may be feasible and efficacious in some patients. A substantial reduction of factor consumption and costs can be realized, but larger studies are needed before the introduction of daily prophylaxis into clinical routine can be recommended.

Quality of life in adult patients with haemophilia--a single centre experience from Sweden.

Increased or maintained health and quality of life (HRQoL) are essential goals in health care among patients with a chronic disease. To gain an understanding of HRQoL in patients with haemophilia at the Haemophilia Treatment Centre in Malmö, Sweden, patients seen from 2004-2008 were asked to complete the Short form Health Survey, SF-36, also answering to what extent haemophilia, physically and mentally, interferes with their daily life at their annual check-up. Data were extracted from the UMAS Haemophilia Database. Interference of haemophilia in daily life was estimated using a Visual Analogue Scale. A total of 105/144 haemophilia patients were included in the study (73%); 28 mildly, 21 moderately and 56 severely affected. The median age of patients at study entry was 44.0 years (range 18-84 years). The comparison of SF-36 data of Swedish haemophilia patients with the general Swedish male population yielded no significant differences in age groups 15-24, 25-34 and 65-74 years. Patients in age groups 35-44 years, 45-54 years and 55-64 years were significantly impaired in some of their HRQoL domains. For severely affected patients who filled in SF-36 over a period of 5 years no statistical differences in HRQoL were found. For patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery HRQoL increased in most SF-36 domains. Patients reported in general on the VAS that they feel 'somehow' interfered in their daily life due to haemophilia. The results indicate a need for continuous monitoring of HRQoL to identify an increased need of care in the ageing haemophilia population.

The Swedish version of the Haemophilia Activity List.

There has been increasing interest in the patient's perspective on outcome of treatment. The Haemophilia Activity List (HAL) has been developed as a disease-specific questionnaire for haemophilia patients and is a validated self-report measure of function developed according to WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. To validate HAL in Sweden. The Dutch and English versions of HAL were translated into Swedish using 'the forward-backward translation' method and merged into a final Swedish version. Validation was performed against the Swedish version of the questionnaires Arthritis Impact Measurement 2 (AIMS 2) and Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA). Two hundred and twenty-five patients with severe and moderate forms of haemophilia A and B from three centres were invited to participate in the study. Spearman's rank correlation test was used for validation, and internal consistency of the HAL was calculated with Cronbach's alpha. Eighty-four patients (39%) (18-80 years old) filled out the questionnaires. The internal consistency of the Swedish version of HAL was high, with Cronbach's alpha being 0.98-0.71. Function of the legs had the highest consistency and transportation had the lowest. The correlation was excellent between the HAL sum score and AIMS 2 physical (r = 0.84, P < 0.01), IPA autonomy indoors (r = 0.83, P < 0.01) and autonomy outdoors (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). The Swedish version of HAL has both internal consistency and convergent validity and may complement other functional tests to gather information on the patient's self-perceived ability.

Knowledge of disease and adherence in adult patients with haemophilia.

Patients with moderate and severe haemophilia are evaluated on a regular basis at their haemophilia centres but patients with mild haemophilia are seen less often because of fewer problems related to their disease. The needs of patients with milder forms of haemophilia, however, are often underestimated, both by the patient and staff at healthcare facilities. This study evaluated the knowledge of disease and adherence to treatment among patients with severe, moderate and mild haemophilia. This was a prospective multicentre study performed in Haemophilia Centres in Scandinavia. A total of 413 (67%) of 612 patients aged >25 years with mild, moderate and severe haemophilia completed a self-administered questionnaire. The mean age of the respondents was 49.7 years (range 25-87 years). Of the 413 respondents, 150 had a mild, 86 had a moderate and 177 had a severe form of haemophilia. A total of 22 (5%) patients did not know the severity of their disease, and 230 (56%) patients knew the effect of factor concentrate in the blood. Of the 413 respondents, 53 (13%) of the cohort never treated a haemorrhage. Patients with mild haemophilia, P

Compliance with treatment and understanding of own disease in patients with severe and moderate haemophilia.

It is well known that teenagers with chronic diseases have problems complying with their treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the patient's knowledge of haemophilia and his compliance to prophylactic treatment, and the age at which the patient took over the responsibility for his disease and to create educational material for teenagers and adolescents. This was a prospective multicentre study performed in Hemophilia Treatment Centres in Scandinavia. A total of 108 of 134 patients, between 13 and 25 years completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 80%. Eighty-three patients had a severe form of haemophilia, 24 patients in moderate form and one patient did not know the severity of his disease. Seventy-eight patients were on prophylactic treatment. The median age for starting prophylactic treatment was 3.0 years and the median age for the patient performing venepuncture was 11.6 years. Sixty-seven of 78 patients knew that the best time to give prophylactic treatment was in the morning. Even though the patients were on prophylactic treatment, 47 of 78 patients took additional treatment before sports activities. At a mean age of 14.1 years the patient himself had the responsibility for his disease and treatment. In the cohort of 108 patients, 73 were aware of their haemophilia heredity. This study shows a rather high degree of knowledge of haemophilia and compliance with treatment among the patients but it is of great importance for the nurse to continuously improve the patient's compliance and keep him aware of the benefit of regular treatment for his future well being.

Practice patterns in haemophilia A therapy -- global progress towards optimal care.

This paper reports the findings of a global survey of practice patterns for the management of patients with haemophilia A. A total of 147 haemophilia treatment centres worldwide responded to the questionnaire, supplying data for 16 115 patients with haemophilia A. From these responses, 38% (range: 25-48%) of patients were under 18 years old. Almost half (47%) of patients were reported to have mild or moderate haemophilia A, 48% had severe haemophilia A (no inhibitor) and 5% were inhibitor patients. Less than half of patients with severe haemophilia A received prophylactic therapy (37%, excluding inhibitor patients) and 54% received on-demand treatment; the remaining 9% were inhibitor patients. Primary prophylaxis rates for severe haemophilia ranged from 73% in Sweden to 17% in the USA. Most respondents (80%) ranked infrequent bleeds as one of the top five reasons for not administering prophylactic treatment, followed by venous access (60%) and cost (45%). Of patients with severe haemophilia (non-inhibitor), 32% on primary prophylaxis and 27% on secondary prophylaxis had indwelling catheters. Risk of infection and the patient's inability to maintain the line were the key concerns cited by nurses relating to venous access. The mean ratio of nurses to patients with haemophilia A was 1:69 and nurses felt that they were either fully (26%) or mostly (45%) autonomous in assessment and treatment decisions. Results from this current survey suggest that worldwide research should be continued so as to improve outcomes through the identification of optimal treatment protocols for the management of haemophilia A.

A 6-year follow-up of dosing, coagulation factor levels and bleedings in relation to joint status in the prophylactic treatment of haemophilia.

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between coagulation factor level and bleeding frequency during prophylactic treatment of haemophilia after stratification of the patients according to joint scores. The secondary aim was to obtain a systematic overview of the doses of coagulation factors prescribed for prophylaxis at the Malmo haemophilia treatment centre during a 6-year period. A retrospective survey of medical records for the years 1997-2002 and pharmacokinetic study results from the 1990s was complemented by collection of blood samples for coagulation factor assay when needed. Information on the dosing and plasma levels of factor VIII or factor IX, joint scores and incidence of bleedings (joint bleeds and 'other bleeds') was compiled. The patients were stratified by age (0-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-36 and >36 years) and joint score (0, 1-6 and >6). Individual pharmacokinetic parameters of plasma coagulation factor activities (FVIII:C and FIX:C) were estimated. Trough levels during the treatment were calculated, as well as the number of hours per week of treatment during which plasma FVIII:C/FIX:C fell below a 1, 2 or 3% target level. Fifty-one patients with haemophilia A (two moderate, 49 severe) and 13 with haemophilia B (all severe) were included, yielding data for 364 patient-years of treatment. There was a wide range of dosing schedules, the most common ones being three times a week or every other day for FVIII and twice a week or every third day for FIX. The overall relationship between FVIII:C/FIX:C levels and incidence of joint bleeding was very weak, even after stratification of the patients according to joint score. There was no relationship between coagulation factor level and incidence of other bleeds. In this cohort of patients on high-dose prophylactic treatment, dosing was based more on clinical outcome in terms of bleeding frequency than on the aim to maintain a 1% target level of FVIII:C/FIX:C. Some patients did not bleed in spite of a trough level of <1% and others did in spite of trough levels >3%. The practical implication of our findings is that dosing in prophylactic treatment of haemophilia should be individualized. Thus, proposed standard regimens should be implemented only after careful clinical consideration, with a high readiness for re-assessment and individual dose tailoring.

Determinants of left ventricular systolic function after acute myocardial infarction: the role of residual myocardial ischaemia.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular systolic function (LVSF) is one of the major determinants of survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Some factors such as the infarct size and localization, and the patency of the infarct-related artery are known determinants of LVSF. However, the long-term effect of myocardial ischaemia on LVSF has been poorly studied in clinical settings. OBJECTIVES: To assess the acute and long-term effects of myocardial ischaemia on LVSF in patients recovering from an AMI. METHODS: A cohort of 74 patients recovering from AMI was studied. Myocardial ischaemia was detected by means of ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring at recruitment (4+/-2 days after AMI), exercise ECG test and stress echocardiography at discharge (7+/-4 days after AMI). LVSF was studied by means of two-dimensional echocardiography at recruitment, at discharge, and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after AMI. RESULTS: Patients with myocardial ischaemia on ambulatory ECG monitoring and stress echocardiography had worse LVSF at recruitment than those without ischaemia. The presence of myocardial ischaemia on ambulatory ECG monitoring was an independent determinant of LVSF at recruitment together with infarct localization and size (assessed by creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) levels). Patients with signs of myocardial ischaemia on ambulatory ECG monitoring and stress echocardiography had a progressive left ventricular dysfunction compared with those without ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Residual ischaemia is an independent determinant of LVSF after AMI and its presence implied a progressive worsening of the LVSF. Because left ventricular systolic dysfunction is a major determinant of survival after AMI, its precursors, among them residual myocardial ischaemia, should be identified. Treatment of ischaemia is known to be associated with improved prognosis and improved LVSF.

NC100100, a new echo contrast agent for the assessment of myocardial perfusion--safety and comparison with technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography in a randomized multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Myocardial contrast echocardiography using second-generation agents has been proposed to study myocardial perfusion. A placebo-controlled, multicenter trial was conducted to evaluate the safety, optimal dose, and imaging mode for NC100100, a novel intravenous second-generation echo contrast agent, and to compare this technique with technetium-99m sestamibi (MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: In a placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, 203 patients with myocardial infarction > 5 days and < 1 year previously underwent rest SPECT and MCE. Fundamental and harmonic imaging modes combined with continuous and electrocardiogram-- (ECG) triggered intermittent imaging were used. Six dose groups (0.030, 0.100, and 0.300 microliter particles/kg body weight for fundamental imaging; and 0.006, 0.030, and 0.150 microliter particles/kg body weight for harmonic imaging) were tested. A saline group was also included. Safety was followed for 72 h after contrast injection. Myocardial perfusion by MCE was compared with myocardial rest perfusion imaging using MIBI as a tracer. RESULTS: NC100100 was well tolerated. No serious adverse events or deaths occurred. No clinically relevant changes in vital signs, laboratory parameters, and ECG recordings were noted. There was no significant difference between adverse events in the NC100100 (25.7%) and in the placebo group (17.9%, p = 0.3). Intermittent harmonic imaging using the intermediate dose was superior to all other modalities, allowing the assessment of perfusion in 76% of all segments. Eighty segments (96%) with normal perfusion by SPECT imaging also showed myocardial perfusion with MCE. However, a substantial percentage of segments (61-80%) with perfusion defects by SPECT imaging also showed opacification by MCE. This resulted in an overall agreement of 66-81% and a high specificity (80-96%), but in low sensitivity (20-39%) of MCE for the detection of perfusion defects. CONCLUSION: NC100100 is safe in patients with myocardial infarction. Intermittent harmonic imaging with a dose of 0.03 microliter particles/kg body weight can be proposed as the best imaging protocol. Myocardial contrast echocardiography with NC 100100 provides perfusion information in approximately 76% of segments and results in myocardial opacification in the vast majority of segments with normal perfusion as assessed by SPECT. Although the discrepancies between MCE and SPECT with regard to the definition of perfusion defects requires further investigation, MCE with NC 100100 is a promising technique for the noninvasive assessment of myocardial perfusion.

Changes in cardiac diastolic dimensions precede hypertrophy in early stages of hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been identified as a main target organ change resulting from hypertension, also being a long-term predictor of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. However, very few longitudinal studies exist following the development of LVH in the hypertensive process. METHODS: The present longitudinal study investigated a population based group of borderline hypertensive men (BHT, n = 66, diastolic blood pressure (BP) 85-94 mm Hg). M-mode echocardiography was performed at baseline and after 3 years, and anthropometrical data recorded. RESULTS: There was no increase in LVH indices over the 3-year period, while there was a statistically significant increase in aortic root dimension (P < 0.001), left atrial diameter in diastole (LADD, P < 0.001), left ventricular diameter in diastole (LVDD, P < 0.001) and peak systolic wall stress (PSWS, P < 0.01) and a significant decrease in left ventricular ejection time (LVET, P < 0.01). Baseline BP levels correlated to PSWS (P < 0.05) but not to LVH indices, whereas body mass index (BMI) correlated significantly to wall thickness (P < 0.05) and LV mass (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LVH indices did not increase over a 3-year period. However, there was a significant increase in aortic root dimension, LADD, LVDD and PSWS, and a significantly shortened LVET, suggesting that these changes precede any increase in LVH. Finally, BMI showed stronger correlation to LVH indices than did BP levels.

Accuracy and feasibility of contrast echocardiography for detection of perfusion defects in routine practice: comparison with wall motion and technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography. The Nycomed NC100100 Investigators.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the feasibility and accuracy of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) using standard imaging approaches for the detection of perfusion defects in patients who had a myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND: Myocardial contrast echocardiography may be more versatile than perfusion scintigraphy for identifying the presence and extent of perfusion defects after MI. However, its reliability in routine practice is unclear. METHODS: Fundamental or harmonic MCE was performed with continuous or triggered imaging in 203 patients with a previous MI using bolus doses of a perfluorocarbon-filled contrast agent (NC100100). All patients underwent single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) after the injection of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi at rest. Quantitative and semiquantitative SPECT, wall motion and digitized echocardiographic data were interpreted independently. The accuracy of MCE was assessed for detection of segments and patients with moderate and severe sestamibi-SPECT defects, as well as for detection of patients with extensive perfusion defects (>12% of left ventricle). RESULTS: In segments with diagnostic MCE, the segmental sensitivity ranged from 14% to 65%, and the specificity varied from 78% to 95%, depending on the dose of contrast agent. Using both segment- and patient-based analysis, the greatest accuracy and proportion of interpretable images were obtained using harmonic imaging in the triggered mode. For the detection of extensive defects, the sensitivity varied from 13% to 48%, with specificity from 63% to 100%. Harmonic imaging remained the most accurate approach. Time since MI and SPECT defect location and intensity were all determinants of the MCE response. The extent of defects on MCE was less than the extent of either abnormal wall motion or SPECT abnormalities. The combination of wall motion and MCE assessment gave the best balance of sensitivity (46% to 55%) and specificity (82% to 83%). CONCLUSIONS: Although MCE is specific, it has limited sensitivity for detection of moderate or severe perfusion defects, and it underestimates the extent of SPECT defects. The best results are obtained by integration with wall motion. More sophisticated methods of acquisition and interpretation are needed to enhance the feasibility of this technique in routine practice.

Adrenaline responsiveness in mild hypertension: no evidence for altered beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity.

The effects of circulating adrenaline on cardiovascular function were studied in 14 subjects (mean age, 36.5 years; range, 19-46 years) with mild hypertension and in 14 normotensive controls, matched for age and sex. Adrenaline was infused i.v. in step-wise increasing doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 nmol/kg/min). Cardiovascular responses were evaluated by echocardiography and noninvasive blood pressure measurements. Noradrenaline, adrenaline, potassium, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were determined in venous plasma. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses to adrenaline were similar in both groups. Adrenaline increased myocardial contractility and stroke volume, but less so in the hypertensive patients. Cardiac output was increased in the hypertensive patients at rest, but the signs of increased myocardial contractility disappeared during adrenaline infusion, most likely because of a reduced myocardial compliance. Increased heart rate and systemic vascular resistances were displayed by the hypertensive patients at all adrenaline concentrations studied, but the responses were similar in both groups. The adrenaline-induced decreases in potassium and increases in cAMP were also similar in both groups. The increases in myocardial contractility and in heart rate are compatible with an increased arousal in mild hypertension at rest. Mild hypertension does not appear to be associated with alterations of beta2-adrenoceptor sensitivity, and the findings do not support that adrenaline is involved in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension.

Diastolic and systolic function as predictors of exercise capacity after myocardial infarction in young Men.

We evaluated the power of measurements of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function for predicting exercise capacity in 97 young male survivors of a myocardial infarction. The patients were evaluated with M-mode echocardiography, a symptom-limited exercise test and coronary and LV angiography. In univariate analyses, maximum exercise workload was most closely related to the atrial emptying index, an index of diastolic function (r = 0.37, p < 0.005), but not to LV ejection fraction (r = 0.001, NS). This relationship was stronger in the 42 patients without signs of ischemia during exercise (r = 0.51, p < 0.005). Multivariate analyses indicated that the atrial emptying index (p < 0.005) provided independent contribution to the prediction of maximum exercise capacity. LV diastolic function but not LV systolic function was related to exercise capacity in young survivors of myocardial infarction.

Markers of risk after acute myocardial infarction. A comparison of clinical variables, ambulatory and exercise electrocardiography, echocardiography, and stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Short-term mortality after myocardial infarction has decreased continuously among members of selected populations. Nonetheless, the long-term prognosis among members of unselected populations remains bad. Further research in risk stratification is therefore needed. In the present study we tested the additive value of clinical variables, echocadiography, ambulatory electrocardiography, exercise testing, and stress echocardiography in assessing the long-term prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Two-dimensional echocardiography and ambulatory electrocardiography (analysis of ST-segment changes and of heart rate variability) were performed for 74 patients aged < 75 years who had had an acute myocardial infarction. Before their discharge from hospital, 70 patients were subjected to a combined exercise test and stress echocardiography. The time of follow-up was > or = 3 years. RESULTS: During follow-up 18 patients died, and 38 suffered cardiac events defined as death, nonfatal reinfarction and the need for revascularization. We first tested 31 covariates in a univariate regression analysis. A subsequent multivariate analysis was performed in two stages. During the first of these, clinical variables (a history of systemic hypertension, infarct localization, and diabetes mellitus) and variables derived from noninvasive tests (new-onset wall-motion abnormality during stress echocardiography, ST-segment depression and heart-rate variability during ambulatory electrocardiography, the ejection fraction by echocardiography at rest, and the double product during exercise tests) predicted mortality. After the second stage, however, the only remaining independent predictors of mortality were the presence of a new-onset wall-motion abnormality (P < 0.0001, relative risk 13.5, 95% confidence interval 3.6-51.3), ST-segment depression during ambulatory electrocardiography (P = 0.003, relative risk 5.0, 95% confidence interval 1.7-15.7) and a decreased heart rate variability (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The only variables that were of independent value in assessing the long-term mortality were those expressing residual myocardial ischemia and the cardiovascular sympatho-vagal balance. It is, therefore, recommended that one should monitor these variables for patients recovering from an acute myocardial infarction.

Heart rate variability as a means of assessing prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. A 3-year follow-up study.

AIMS: The present study evaluated the prognostic value of heart rate variability after acute myocardial infarction in comparison with other known risk factors. The cut-off points that maximized the hazards ratio were also explored. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Heart rate variability was assessed with 24 h ambulatory electrocardiography in 74 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 4 +/- 2 days after hospital admission and in 24 healthy controls. Patients were followed for 36 +/- 15 months. RESULTS: During follow-up, 18 patients died, nine suffered a non-fatal infarction and 20 underwent revascularization procedures. Heart rate variability was higher in survivors than in non-survivors (P = 0.005). This difference was found at higher statistical levels when comparing non-survivors vs controls (P = 0.0002). A similar statistically significant difference was also found between survivors vs controls (P = 0.04). Patients suffering non-fatal infarction and cardiac events (defined as death, non-fatal infarction or revascularization) had a lower heart rate variability than those without (P = 0.03 and P = 0.03, respectively). With multivariate regression analysis, decreased heart rate variability independently predicted mortality and death or non-fatal infarction. The presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% and a history of systemic hypertension were, however, stronger predictors. The cut-off points that maximized the hazards ratio using the Cox model differed from those reported by others. CONCLUSION: Decreased heart rate variability independently predicted poor prognosis after myocardial infarction. However, the cut-off points that should be used in clinical practice are still a matter for further investigation.

Stress-induced laboratory blood pressure in relation to ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular mass among borderline hypertensive and normotensive individuals.

Our primary aim in the present study was to investigate the association between blood pressure measured in the laboratory and in the ambulatory state in a group of middle-aged borderline hypertensive men and age-matched normotensive control subjects. In addition, we examined the relation between stress-induced blood pressure measurements and left ventricular mass. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured noninvasively during a standardized laboratory stress protocol and four times per hour throughout 24 hours. Borderline hypertensive subjects had significantly higher systolic and diastolic pressures than normotensive subjects during both the daytime (systolic pressure, 141.1 +/- 9.7 versus 130.9 +/- 8.6 mm Hg; diastolic pressure, 88.8 +/- 7.0 versus 79.4 +/- 6.2 mm Hg, P < .001) and nighttime (systolic pressure, 114.0 +/- 9.9 versus 107.1 +/- 8.3 mm Hg; diastolic pressure, 71.5 +/- 7.5 versus 64.6 +/- 7.2 mm Hg, P < .001). The borderline hypertensive group also displayed increased systolic pressure reactivity in the laboratory compared with the normotensive group. The groups did not differ significantly in left ventricular mass (index). In both borderline hypertensive and normotensive individuals, blood pressure levels during stress testing were closely related to ambulatory blood pressure levels (r = .51 to .82). Furthermore, stress-induced blood pressure levels were significantly correlated to left ventricular mass in borderline hypertensive (r = .33 to .40) but not normotensive subjects. Since stress-induced blood pressure levels were significantly associated with both ambulatory blood pressure levels and left ventricular mass in borderline hypertensive subjects, the addition of standardized stress testing to casual blood pressure measurements may improve risk estimation.

Benefit of converting enzyme inhibition on left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in patients receiving beta-blockade after myocardial infarction. CONSENSUS II multiecho study group.

Beta-blockers reduce infarct size and improve survival after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Post-MI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition also improves survival and may attenuate left ventricular (LV) dilatation. We evaluated the effect of early enalapril treatment on LV volumes and ejection fraction (EF) in patients on concomitant beta-blockade after MI. Intravenous enalaprilat or placebo was administered <24 hours after MI and was continued orally for 6 months. LV volumes were assessed by echocardiography 3 +/- 2 days, 1 and 6 months after MI. Change in LV diastolic volume during the first month was attenuated with enalapril (2.7 vs placebo 6.5 ml/m2 change; p < 0.05), and significantly lower LV diastolic and systolic volumes were observed with enalapril treatment compared with placebo at 1 month (enalapril 47.21 23.9 vs placebo 53.1/29.2 ml/m2; p < 0.05) and at 6 months (enalapril 47.9/24.8 vs placebo 53.8/29.6 ml/m2; p < 0.05). EF was also significantly higher 1 month after MI in these patients (enalapril 50.4% vs placebo 46.4%; p < 0.05). Our date demonstrate that early enalapril treatment attenuates LV volume expansion and maintains lower LV volumes and higher EF in patients receiving concurrent beta-blockade after MI. A possible additive effect of combined therapy should be evaluated prospectively.