RESUMEN
Rationale: Cancer cells reprogram cellular metabolism to fulfill their needs for rapid growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism controlling this reprogramming is poorly understood. We searched for upregulated signaling in metastatic colorectal cancer and investigated the mechanism by which Glut3 promotes tumor metastasis. Methods: We compared RNA levels and glycolytic capacity in primary and metastatic colon cancer. The expression and association of Glut3 with clinical prognosis in colon cancer tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Glut3 gain-of-function and loss-of-function were established using colon cancer HCT116, HT29, and metastatic 116-LM cells, and tumor invasiveness and stemness properties were evaluated. Metabolomic profiles were analyzed by GC/MS and CE-TOF/MS. The metastatic burden in mice fed a high-fat sucrose diet was assessed by intravenous inoculation with Glut3 knockdown 116-LM cells. Results: Upregulation of glycolytic genes and glycolytic capacity was detected in metastatic colorectal cancer cells. Specifically, Glut3 overexpression was associated with metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. Mechanistically, Glut3 promoted invasiveness and stemness in a Yes-associated protein (YAP)-dependent manner. Activation of YAP in turn transactivated Glut3 and regulated a group of glycolytic genes. Interestingly, the expression and phosphorylation of PKM2 were concomitantly upregulated in metastatic colorectal cancer, and it was found to interact with YAP and enhance the expression of Glut3. Importantly, a high-fat high-sucrose diet promoted tumor metastasis, whereas the inhibition of either Glut3 or YAP effectively reduced the metastatic burden. Conclusion: Activation of the Glut3-YAP signaling pathway acts as a master activator to reprogram cancer metabolism and thereby promotes metastasis. Our findings reveal the importance of metabolic reprogramming in supporting cancer metastasis as well as possible therapeutic targets.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias del Colon/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Animales , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/patología , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Colon/mortalidad , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/agonistas , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/metabolismo , Glucólisis/genética , Células HCT116 , Células HT29 , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Pronóstico , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Análisis de Supervivencia , Hormonas Tiroideas/genética , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Proteínas Señalizadoras YAP , Proteínas de Unión a Hormona TiroideRESUMEN
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor initiation and progression. It is well documented that nicotine participates in cigarette smoking-related malignancies. Previous studies focused on the effects of nicotine on tumor cells; however, the role of the microenvironment in nicotine-mediated tumorigenesis is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the effect and molecular mechanism of nicotine on fibroblasts and its contribution to breast cancer. We found that nicotine induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells and promoted activation of fibroblasts. Interestingly, conditioned medium from nicotine-activated fibroblasts (Nic-CM) had a greater impact on promoting the EMT and migratory capability toward cancer cells than did treatment with nicotine alone. Production of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß by nicotine-treated fibroblasts was demonstrated to be crucial for promoting the EMT and cancer cell migration, and blocking of CTGF and TGF-ß in Nic-CM-suppressed tumor motility. Moreover, nicotine induced expressions of CTGF, and TGF-ß in fibroblasts as identified through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-dependent activation of the AKT/TAZ signaling mechanism. Together, our data showed for the first time that activation of fibroblasts is largely responsible for accelerating smoking-mediated breast cancer progression.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinógenos/toxicidad , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efectos de los fármacos , Nicotina/toxicidad , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer/patología , Factor de Crecimiento del Tejido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Medios de Cultivo Condicionados/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , Invasividad Neoplásica , Comunicación Paracrina/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Fumar/efectos adversos , Transactivadores , Factores de Transcripción , Proteínas Coactivadoras Transcripcionales con Motivo de Unión a PDZ , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa 7/agonistas , Receptor Nicotínico de Acetilcolina alfa 7/metabolismoRESUMEN
Tumor metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Identifying metastatic biomarkers in tumor cells would help cancer diagnoses and the development of therapeutic targets. Yes-associated protein (YAP) plays an important role in organ development and has gained much attention in tumorigenesis. However, the role of YAP and the underlying mechanism in tumor metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unclear. In this study, we generated metastatic 116-LM cells from the HCT116 CRC cell line. We found that the capacity for tumor aggressiveness was elevated in 116-LM cells and identified that YAP and its mRNA level were upregulated in 116-LM cells. Moreover, expression of YAP was found to correlate with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expressions, whereas suppression of YAP decreased EMT marker expressions and impeded tumor migration and invasion. Additionally, upregulation of YAP was identified in colon cancer patients, and it was correlated with EMT gene expressions. Furthermore, we identified LBH589, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, that was capable of inhibiting tumor growth and aggressiveness in both HCT116 and 116-LM cells. LBH589 potentially inhibited YAP and its mRNA expression, accompanied by diminished expressions of YAP downstream genes and EMT markers. Together, YAP plays a crucial role in aggressiveness and metastasis of CRC, and YAP may be an attractive therapeutic target.
