A nine-month study on the course of COVID-19 related perceived post-traumatic stress disorder among Italian community-dwelling adults.

The present study aimed to evaluate base rate estimates, course of, and psychopathology and personality risk factors for COVID-19-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in community-dwelling adults during the pandemic. 203 participants from a sample of 811 Italian community-dwelling adults agreed to participate in a nine-month, three-wave (Wave 1: March 2020; Wave 2: June 2020; Wave 3: December 2020) longitudinal study. Participants in the longitudinal study did not differ from the cross-sectional original sample on age, gender, civil status, educational level, occupation, and Italian area of residence. At each wave, participants were administered the PTSD scale of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), DSM-5 measures of acute stress, dissociation, depression and anxiety, as well as a maladaptive personality domain measure at Wave 1. Participants were instructed to answer to the ITQ items based only on COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. The point prevalence estimates of COVID-19 related PTSD at each wave ranged from 11% to 13%; however, up to roughly 23% of our participants experienced clinically relevant PTSD features during nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Multiple logistic regression results showed that experiencing internalizing symptoms (i.e., mostly acute stress) and selected personality features (i.e., Negative Affectivity and Psychoticism) at Wave 1 represent risk factors for PTSD symptoms at later waves. These findings extend previous knowledge on COVID-19 related PTSD and support the need for preventive and treatment interventions for PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A longitudinal study on clinically relevant self-reported depression, anxiety and acute stress features among Italian community-dwelling adults during the COVID-19 related lockdown: Evidence of a predictive role for baseline dysfunctional personality dimensions.

BACKGROUND: Although necessary for public health, quarantine has been documented to cause post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression. We designed the present longitudinal study to evaluate the psychological impact of quarantine in Italian community-dwelling adult participants. METHODS: A sample of 304 Italian community-dwelling adult participants (75.7% female; mean age = 35.28 years) was administered self-reported measures of depression, anxiety and acute stress symptoms at the beginning and at the end of the lockdown. Potential predictors of clinically relevant symptoms at the end of the lockdown were assessed. Specifically, data on gender, civil status, education level, occupation, and area of residence, as well as maladaptive personality domains were collected. RESULTS: More than 43% of participants suffered from the early impact of the lockdown; at the end of the lockdown roughly 32% of participants still reported any clinically relevant depression anxiety, and/or acute stress disorder condition. Clinically relevant acute stress reaction at the beginning of lockdown was a particularly important risk factor for experiencing clinically relevant acute stress, depression, and anxiety at the end of the lockdown. Maladaptive personality domains represent non-trivial predictors of participants' self-reports of clinically relevant depression, anxiety, and acute stress conditions at the end of the lockdown. LIMITATIONS: Excess of female participants and the impossibility of evaluating if participants suffered from any internalizing disorder before the COVID-19 quarantine represent major limitations of our study. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest assessment of internalizing disorder symptoms during quarantine may be helpful in identifying people who may benefit from early treatment interventions.