High-reliability infrared broadband thin-film polarizing beam splitter with ZnSe compensation layers.

Thin-film polarizing beam splitters (PBSs) fulfill a pivotal role in laser beam splitting, modulation, shaping and isolation. In this study, a high-reliability infrared broadband thin-film PBS was developed. To correct for tensile stress in Ge/YbF3 multilayer coatings, ZnSe compensation layers were incorporated in the multilayer design. The effects of different symmetrical periods on the spectral properties of the infrared PBS were systematically discussed. The infrared PBS operated at 45° and in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) band. Using the percent of optical extrema monitoring (POEM) strategy combined with the high-temperature optical constants (HTOC) of Ge film, the infrared PBS was precisely fabricated on ZnSe substrates. Subsequently, the spectral performance and film reliability of the infrared PBS were carefully characterized. Specifically, the transmittance of p-polarization surpassed 96%, while the extinction ratio exceeded 100:1 within the 10.6 ± 0.15 µm band. The infrared PBS demonstrated commendable environmental reliability, in addition to exhibiting excellent spectral characteristics.

Leveraging Diffusion Kinetics to Reverse Propane/Propylene Adsorption in Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8.

The separation challenge posed by propylene/propane mixtures arises from their nearly identical molecular sizes and physicochemical properties. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated potential in addressing this challenge through the precision tailoring of pore sizes and surface chemistry. However, introducing modifications at the molecular level remains a considerable hurdle. This work presents an approach to reversibly tune the propylene/propane adsorption preference in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) by manipulating the particle size and gas flow rate. Systematically increasing the ZIF-8 crystals from 9 to 224 µm restricts propane diffusion, thereby reversing its preferential adsorption over propylene. Furthermore, raising the gas flow rate of mixed propylene/propane shifts the rate-determining breakthrough step from thermodynamic equilibrium to kinetics, again reversing the adsorption preference in a particular ZIF-8 sample. We propose "dynamic selectivity (Sd(t))" as a concept that incorporates both thermodynamic and kinetic factors to elucidate these unexpected findings. Moreover, the driving force equation, grounded on the concept of Sd(t), has improved the precision and stability of the computational simulation for fixed-bed adsorption processes. This work underscores the potential of diffusion-based modulation, implemented through manageable external changes, as a viable strategy to optimize separation performance in porous adsorbent materials.

Low polarization-sensitive ultra-broadband anti-reflection coatings with improved reliability.

Broader spectra, lower reflectivity and higher reliability are the performance requirements for broadband antireflective (BBAR) films. In this work, a BBAR film structure was proposed, which maintains extremely low reflectivity, ultra-wide spectra, low polarization sensitivity and practical reliability. The BBAR film consists of a dense multilayer interference stack on the bottom and a nano-grass-like alumina (NGLA) layer with a gradient low refractive index distribution on the top. The film was deposited by atomic layer deposition, while the NGLA layer was formed by means of a hot water bath on Al2O3 layer. The top NGLA layer has extremely high porosity and ultra-low refractive index, along with extremely fragile structure. To surmount the fragility of NGLA layer, a sub-nano layer of SiO2 was grown by atomic layer deposition to solidify its structure and also to adjust the refractive index with different thicknesses of SiO2. Finally, in the wide wavelength range of 400-1100 nm, the average transmittance of the double-sided coated fused quartz reaches 99.2%. The absorption, light scattering, reliability and polarization characteristics of BBAR films were investigated. An optimized BBAR film with low polarization-sensitivity and improved reliability was realized, which should be potentially promising for application in optical systems.

Optimization of optical and structural properties of Al2O3/TiO2 nano-laminates deposited by atomic layer deposition for optical coating.

Optimizing the atomic layer deposition (ALD) process of films is particularly important in preparing multilayer interference films. In this work, a series of Al2O3/TiO2 nano-laminates with a fixed growth cycle ratio of 1:10 were deposited on Si and fused quartz substrates at 300 °C by ALD. The optical properties, crystallization behavior, surface appearance and microstructures of those laminated layers were systematically investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry, spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscopy. By inserting Al2O3 interlayers into TiO2 layers, the crystallization of the TiO2 is reduced and the surface roughness becomes smaller. The TEM images show that excessively dense distribution of Al2O3 intercalation leads to the appearance of TiO2 nodules, which in turn leads to increased roughness. The Al2O3/TiO2 nano-laminate with a cycle ratio 40:400 has relatively small surface roughness. Additionally, oxygen-deficient defects exist at the interface of Al2O3 and TiO2, leading to evident absorption. Using O3 as an oxidant instead of H2O for depositing Al2O3 interlayers was verified to be effective in reducing absorption during broadband antireflective coating experiments.

Interpretation of Reflection and Colorimetry Characteristics of Indium-Particle Films by Means of Ellipsometric Modeling.

It is of great technological importance in the field of plasmonic color generation to establish and understand the relationship between optical responses and the reflectance of metallic nanoparticles. Previously, a series of indium nanoparticle ensembles were fabricated using electron beam evaporation and inspected using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The multi-oscillator Lorentz-Drude model demonstrated the optical responses of indium nanoparticles with different sizes and size distributions. The reflectance spectra and colorimetry characteristics of indium nanoparticles with unimodal and bimodal size distributions were interpreted based on the SE analysis. The trends of reflectance spectra were explained by the transfer matrix method. The effects of optical constants n and k of indium on the reflectance were demonstrated by mapping the reflectance contour lines on the n-k plane. Using oscillator decomposition, the influence of different electron behaviors in various indium structures on the reflectance spectra was revealed intuitively. The contribution of each oscillator on the colorimetry characteristics, including hue, lightness and saturation, were determined and discussed from the reflectance spectral analysis.

Comparative clinical outcomes of different therapies for traumatic meniscal tears in adults: A protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Meniscus tears are usually classified as degenerative or traumatic tears according to their pathogenesis. At present, traumatic meniscal tears are generally believed to have high healing potential. In recent years, multiple treatments have been described for traumatic meniscal tears, such as the inside-out technique, outside-in technique, all-inside technique, biological augmentation of meniscal repair, meniscectomy, and non-surgical treatment. However, the functional recovery of the knee joint and healing of the meniscus after treatment are quite different from the results reported in the literature, which requires more reliable evidence-based medical findings. This study will evaluate evidence from multiple types of research comparing different therapies for traumatic meniscal tears in adults. METHODS: We will search the EMBASE, Cochrane Library (the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], Cochrane Methodology Register), PubMed, Web of Science (Science and Social Science Citation Index), China Knowledge Network, CBM, Wanfang data, and VIP electronic databases from their inception to August 10, 2021, with no language restrictions. We will also manually search Baidu and Google Scholar to identify randomized controlled studies, non-randomized controlled studies, and cohort studies on the treatment of traumatic meniscal tears. Two researchers will independently screen the literature, extract the data, and evaluate the quality of the studies. Software programs, including Microsoft Access, Excel, Stata (Version 15), WinBUGS (Version 1.4.3), and ADDIS (Version 1.16.8), were used to analyze and manipulate the data. RESULTS: In this study, the main outcomes were physical function and healing rate, based on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Functional Recovery Scale, and clinical healing rate. The secondary indexes included total cost, cost-effectiveness ratio, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, Tegner activity scale score, visual analogue scale, numerical rating scale, and meniscal tear complications. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review will provide reliable evidence-based findings for the clinical application of different therapies for traumatic meniscal tears in adults.

Oxymatrine hydrazone (OMTH) synthesis and its protective effect for rheumatoid arthritis through downregulation of MEK/NF-κB pathway.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the inflammatory diseases detected in more than 1% of the world population. In the present study, oxymatrine hydrazone (OMTH) was synthesized and investigated for treatment of RA in vitro in TNF-α induced fibroblast-like synoviocyte cell model. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected using MTT and flow cytometry assays, respectively. ELISA was used for determination of inflammatory cytokines and western blotting for evaluation of protein expression. Pretreatment of HFLS-RA cells with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 µM doses of OMTH suppressed TNF-α induced promotion of proliferative potential in dose-based manner. The OMTH pretreatment of TNF-α exposed HFLS-RA cells significantly increased apoptotic cell proportion. In TNF-α exposed HFLS-RA cells OMTH pretreatment elevated Bax and suppressed Bcl-2 expression. Treatment of HFLS-RA cells with OMTH prevented TNF-α mediated elevation of IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-8. Moreover, OMTH treatment of HFLS-RA cells effectively suppressed TNF-α mediated elevated levels of MMP-1 and MMP-13. Pretreatment of HFLS-RA cells with OMTH reversed TNF-α mediated promotion of iNOS and COX-2 levels. The MEK/1/2 and p65 phosphorylation in TNF-α exposed HFLS-RA cells was reduced by OMTH pre-treatment in dose-based manner. Thus, OMTH successfully inhibited TNF-α-mediated increased viability of RA synovial cells and activated apoptosis. Pretreatment of TNF-α exposed synovial cells with OMTH targeted phosphorylation of MEK/NF-κB. Therefore, OMTH may act as potential therapeutic agent for RA treatment.

Double-sided optical coating of strongly curved glass by atomic layer deposition.

A reaction chamber of atomic layer deposition (ALD) was developed for simultaneous coating on the inner and outer surfaces of a large-size and strongly curved glass bowl. The inner surface ALD process was in a showerhead reaction mode and the outer surface ALD process was in a cross-flow reaction mode. Blue reflection (BR) film of 400 nm wavelength and broadband antireflection (BBAR) film of 400-700 nm wavelength were coated on different glass bowls by ALD. The spectral uniformity of both coated bowls was studied. The measured spectra at multiple positions of the glass bowl with the BBAR coating show better spectral uniformity along the circumference than the depth. The spectral deviation is mainly caused by the non-uniformity of the film on the outer surface (<±3%), and the film on the inner surface has good uniformity along both the circumference and the depth (<±0.7%). The growth rate of the outer film was reduced by 10% on average compared to that of the inner film due to the different gas flow mode.

Specific alterations in gut microbiota in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence demonstrates that gut dysbiosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with underlying mechanisms involving mucosal and/or systematic immunity or metabolic disorders. However, the profile of gut microbiota in patients with CKD has not been completely explored. METHODS: Databases from their date of inception to 31 March 2020 were systematically searched for case-control or cross-sectional studies comparing the gut microbial profiles in adult patients with CKD or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with those in healthy controls. Quantitative analysis of alterations in gut microbial profiles was conducted. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies with a total of 1436 CKD patients and 918 healthy controls were included. The present study supports the increased abundance of, phylum Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria, genus Escherichia_Shigella, Desulfovibrio, and Streptococcus, while lower abundance of genus Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Pyramidobacter, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Prevotella_9 in patients with CKD; and increased abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, and genus Streptococcus and Fusobacterium, while lower abundance of Prevotella, Coprococcus, Megamonas, and Faecalibacterium in patients with ESRD. Moreover, higher concentrations of trimethylamine-N-oxide and p-cresyl sulfate and lower concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were observed. Gut permeability in patients with CKD was not determined due to the heterogeneity of selected parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Specific alterations of gut microbial parameters in patients with CKD were identified. However, a full picture of the gut microbiota could not be drawn from the data due to the differences in methodology, and qualitative and incomplete reporting of different studies.

Diagnostic value of electron microscopy detection using abdominal fat pad biopsy in systemic amyloidosis.

OBJECTIVE: Electron microscopy (EM) was used to observe the deposition and ultrastructural characteristics of amyloids in abdominal adipose tissue, which provided a reliable basis for pathological diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 42 patients with established amyloidosis and 8 controls underwent surgical biopsy of subcutaneous abdominal fat. The fat tissues were submitted concurrently in 4% buffered neutral formalin for histological sections preparation, in glutaraldehyde fixative for EM studies, and in saline solutions for immunofluorescence tests. RESULTS: Light microscopy revealed marked brick-red staining in 11 of 42 samples, 6 moderate and 11 slight staining in the septum of cells, medium and small sized vessel, and apple green double refraction under polarized light microscopy. There were no significant differences in fat biopsies between the systemic amyloidosis and normal subjects in 14 cases. The EM showed approximate 10-nm-thick straight filaments in adipose tissue in all 42 cases with amyloidosis. The positive rate of diagnosis was 100%. Congo red stained sections alone in cases with scant amyloid led to false negative results, but the EM was able to characterize the amyloid protein in all cases. CONCLUSION: Therefore, preliminary diagnosis of suspected cases can be made by Congo red staining, but the final diagnosis requires an electron microscopic examination.

A comparative study of cyclophosphamide, thalidomide and dexamethasone (CTD) versus bortezomib and dexamethasone (BDex) in light-chain amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (CTD) or bortezomib and dexamethasone (BDex) show substantial efficacy in patients with amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, especially in Chinese patients. Currently, both regimens are recommended as primary treatment options for AL amyloidosis, but no comparative study has been reported. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of 81 AL patients who received CTD (n = 42) or BDex (n = 39) and used Mayo stage 2012 to match 26 pairs of patients. RESULTS: In the whole cohort, the overall hematologic responses were 86% vs 91% in the CTD and BDex groups, including a complete response of 56% vs 71% based on an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. One- and 2-year overall survival (OS) was 90.2% and 81.7% with CTD, and 87.6% and 82.7% with BDex. After matching, BDex regimen induced a significantly deeper and more rapid hematologic response over CTD, but no statistically significant difference in OS (ITT analysis, P = 0.24; 6-month landmark analysis, P = 0.48). Cardiac response rates were similar, while there was a trend for higher renal responses in patients treated with BDex (68% vs 44%, P = 0.09). Additionally, BDex was associated with significantly improved survival in patients with advanced disease (Mayo stage III or worse; P = 0.009). Patients treated with BDex reported more episodes of severe hematologic toxicity and diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS: CTD and BDex are effective treatments for Chinese patients with AL amyloidosis, but BDex regimen appears superior to CTD in achieving a more rapid and deeper clonal response, and in improving OS in patients with advanced disease.

The efficacy and safety of bortezomib-based chemotherapy for immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The role of bortezomib in the treatment of immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is not well defined. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bortezomib-based regimens in patients with AL amyloidosis who are not eligible for or refuse autologous stem cell transplantation. METHODS: A systematic search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify related studies. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies with 1238 patients were included. The pooled overall response rate (ORR) and complete hematological response rate (CHR) were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.67-0.77) and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.30-0.40), respectively. Bortezomib significantly improved the outcome of ORR compared to other regimens (RR 1.28, 95% CI, 1.04-1.57, P = .02). Similar results were observed in CHR (RR 1.90, 95% CI, 1.45-2.50, P < .001) and cardiac response (RR 2.03, 95% CI, 1.31-3.13, P = .002), but not in overall survival (HR 0.82, 95% CI, 0.62-1.09, P = .17). In addition, once-weekly bortezomib was associated with improved overall survival compared with twice-weekly bortezomib (HR 0.52, 95% CI, 0.27-0.99, P = .05). Peripheral neuropathy was the most widely reported adverse event. Incorporation of bortezomib into the standard melphalan + dexamethasone setting showed a trend of increased serious adverse events, though this was not statistically significant (RR 1.29, 95% CI, 0.95-1.75, P = .10). CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence indicates that bortezomib-based regimens might be effective and safe therapies for patients with AL amyloidosis. There is a great need to conduct more well-designed randomized controlled trials to provide high-quality evidence.

A long-term dataset of lake surface water temperature over the Tibetan Plateau derived from AVHRR 1981-2015.

Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is of vital importance for hydrological and meteorological studies. The LSWT ground measurements in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) were quite scarce because of its harsh environment. Thermal infrared remote sensing is a reliable way to calculate historical LSWT. In this study, we present the first and longest 35-year (1981-2015) daytime lake-averaged LSWT data of 97 large lakes (>80 km2 each) in the TP using the 4-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Area Coverage (GAC) data. The LSWT dataset, taking advantage of observations from NOAA's afternoon satellites, includes three time scales, i.e., daily, 8-day-averaged, and monthly-averaged. The AVHRR-derived LSWT has a similar accuracy (RMSE = 1.7 °C) to that from other data products such as MODIS (RMSE = 1.7 °C) and ARC-Lake (RMSE = 2.0 °C). An inter-comparison of different sensors indicates that for studies such as those considering long-term climate change, the relative bias of different AVHRR sensors cannot be ignored. The proposed dataset should be, to some extent, a valuable asset for better understanding the hydrologic/climatic property and its changes over the TP.

Cyclophosphamide + Thalidomide + Dexamethasone Versus Melphalan + Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Amyloid Light-chain Amyloidosis With Kidney Involvement: A Retrospective Study in Chinese Patients.

PURPOSE: At present, a diverse array of treatment regimens are available for systemic amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. Both cyclophosphamide + thalidomide + dexamethasone (CTD) and melphalan + dexamethasone (MD) regimens have been recommended as first-line therapies, but no detailed comparative studies of the two have been performed. This study is the first to compare the efficacy and tolerability of the CTD and MD regimens in the treatment of AL amyloidosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from consecutive patients with AL amyloidosis who were treated with MD or CTD as the initial regimen between June 2012 and January 2018. FINDINGS: In the final analysis, 38 patients received CTD, and 30 received MD. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics, including age, sex, renal function, involved organs, level of free light chains, and Mayo Clinic amyloidosis prognostic staging. The overall hematologic response rates in the CTD and MD groups were 69.0% versus 68.0%, respectively (P = 0.94), including a complete response in 27.6% versus 8.0% (P = 0.14). Neither group reached the estimated median overall survival, and the difference between the 2 groups was not significant (P = 0.17). The median progression-free survival times were 36 versus 14 months (P = 0.24) in the CTD and MD groups, respectively. The CTD group achieved a numerically but not statistically higher prevalence of kidney response (52.9% vs 37.0%; P = 0.22). The most common adverse events in the 2 treatment groups were fatigue (48.5% vs 21.7%; P = 0.04) and constipation, anemia, nausea/vomiting, neutropenia, and syncope (all, P = NS). Deaths occurred in 6 patients in the CTD group and 9 patients in the MD group; none were considered by the investigators as related to the study treatments. There were no other serious adverse events observed in our study. IMPLICATIONS: The CTD regimen may not be inferior to standard oral MD in terms of overall hematologic response and overall survival. Although this study was of retrospective and negative-control design with some additional limitations, it may provide a therapeutic option for use in developing countries where patients cannot afford bortezomib or melphalan.

p53 upregulated by HIF-1α promotes hypoxia-induced G2/M arrest and renal fibrosis in vitro and in vivo.

Hypoxia plays an important role in the genesis and progression of renal fibrosis. The underlying mechanisms, however, have not been sufficiently elucidated. We examined the role of p53 in hypoxia-induced renal fibrosis in cell culture (human and rat renal tubular epithelial cells) and a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Cell cycle of tubular cells was determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of profibrogenic factors was determined by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter experiments were performed to explore the effect of HIF-1α on p53 expression. We showed that, in hypoxic tubular cells, p53 upregulation suppressed the expression of CDK1 and cyclins B1 and D1, leading to cell cycle (G2/M) arrest (or delay) and higher expression of TGF-ß, CTGF, collagens, and fibronectin. p53 suppression by siRNA or by a specific p53 inhibitor (PIF-α) triggered opposite effects preventing the G2/M arrest and profibrotic changes. In vivo experiments in the UUO model revealed similar antifibrotic results following intraperitoneal administration of PIF-α (2.2 mg/kg). Using gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and luciferase assays, we further identified an HRE3 region on the p53 promoter as the HIF-1α-binding site. The HIF-1α-HRE3 binding resulted in a sharp transcriptional activation of p53. Collectively, we show the presence of a hypoxia-activated, p53-responsive profibrogenic pathway in the kidney. During hypoxia, p53 upregulation induced by HIF-1α suppresses cell cycle progression, leading to the accumulation of G2/M cells, and activates profibrotic TGF-ß and CTGF-mediated signaling pathways, causing extracellular matrix production and renal fibrosis.

[Clinical observation of closed reduction and compression cannulated screw fixation for the treatment of femoral neck fracture in young and middle-aged patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of internal fixation with closed reduction and hollow compression screws for the treatment of femoral neck fracture in young and middle-aged patients. METHODS: From June 2013 to December 2016, 33 young and middle-aged patients with femoral neck fractures were treated with hollow compression screws fixation including 17 males and 16 females with an average age of 38.5 years old ranged from 19 to 59 years old; 20 cases were on the left side and 13 cases on the right side;the time from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 5 days with an average of 3 days. According to Garden classification, 1 case were type I, 11 cases were type II, 18 cases were type III, 3 cases were type IV. During regular follow-up after operation, through the hip joint X-ray, the healing situation of bone and osteonecrosis were observed. The Harris score was used to evaluate the hip function of the final follow-up. RESULTS: The operation time was from 30 to 50 minutes, the blood loss during operation was 20 to 70 ml. All patients were followed up for 8 to 42 months with an average of 24 months. At the final follow-up, the Harris score of hip joint was excellent in 18 cases, good in 10 cases, fair in 2 cases and poor in 3 cases. Among them, the pain scores were 40.61±5.08, function scores were 38.94±6.78, malformation scores were 3.88±0.69, motion range scores were 3.70±0.64 and the total scores were 87.12±11.98. Thirty cases achieved bone healing, the healing time was 4 to 12 months with an average of 7.5 months, 2 patients occurred with nonunion (Garden type IV), 1 patient with femoral head necrosis (Garden type IV). All patients had no postoperative infection, internal fixation loosening, refracture and other complications. CONCLUSIONS: In treating the young and middle-aged patients with femoral neck fracture, closed reduction and hollow compression screw fixation has advantages of simple, stable fixation, less trauma, high rate of fracture healing, osteonecrosis of the femoral head with low risk and satisfactory clinical effect.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits TLR4 signaling through the 67-kDa laminin receptor and effectively alleviates acute lung injury induced by H9N2 swine influenza virus.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was found to inhibit the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway involved in influenza virus pathogenesis. Here, the effect of EGCG on TLR4 in an H9N2 virus-induced acute lung injury mouse model was investigated. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with A/Swine/Hebei/108/2002 (H9N2) virus or noninfectious allantoic fluid, and treated with EGCG and E5564 or normal saline orally for 5 consecutive days. PMVECs were treated with EGCG or anti-67kDa laminin receptor (LR). Lung physiopathology, inflammation, oxidative stress, viral replication, and TLR4/NF-κB/Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) pathway in lung tissue and/or PMVECs were investigated. EGCG attenuated lung histological lesions, decreased lung W/D ratio, cytokines levels, and inhibited MPO activity and prolonged mouse survival. EGCG treatment also markedly downregulated TLR4 and NF-κB protein levels but Tollip expression was upregulated compared with that in untreated H9N2-infected mice (P<0.05). In PMVECs, anti-67LR antibody treatment significantly downregulated Tollip levels; however, the TLR4 and NF-κB protein levels dramatically increased compared with that in the EGCG-treated group (P<0.05). EGCG remarkably downregulated TLR4 protein levels through 67LR/Tollip, decreased MPO activity and inflammatory cytokine levels, supporting EGCG as a potential therapeutic agent for managing acute lung injury induced by H9N2 SIV.

A comprehensive data set of lake surface water temperature over the Tibetan Plateau derived from MODIS LST products 2001-2015.

Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is sensitive to long-term changes in thermal structure of lakes and regional air temperature. In the context of global climate change, recent studies showed a significant warming trend of LSWT based on investigating 291 lakes (71% are large lakes, ≥50 km2 each) globally. However, further efforts are needed to examine variation in LSWT at finer regional spatial and temporal scales. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as 'the Roof of the World' and 'Asia's water towers', exerts large influences on and is sensitive to regional and even global climates. Aiming to examine detailed changing patterns and potential driven mechanisms for temperature variations of lakes across the TP region, this paper presents the first comprehensive data set of 15-year (2001-2015) nighttime and daytime LSWT for 374 lakes (≥10 km2 each), using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Land Surface Temperature (LST) products as well as four lake boundary shapefiles (i.e., 2002, 2005, 2009, and 2014) derived from Landsat/CBERS/GaoFen-1 satellite images. The data set itself reveals significant information on LSWT and its changes over the TP and is an indispensable variable for numerous applications related to climate change, water budget analysis (particularly lake evaporation), water storage changes, glacier melting and permafrost degradation, etc.

Characteristics, source, and potential ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Songhua River Basin, Northeast China.

The concentration characteristics, sources, and potential ecological risk assessment of 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from the Songhua River Basin, Northeast China. A total of 48 river water samples, including 16 from the main streams and 32 from the tributaries, were collected. Samples were separated into dissolved phases and suspended particle matter (SPM) via filtration with 0.47 µm glass fiber filters. Each phase was analyzed for PAHs. The total PAH concentration in the dissolved phase in the water ranged from 32.5 to 108 ng L-1 and from 0.3 to 62.3 µg g-1 (dry weight) in the suspended particle matter (SPM). The total PAH concentration in the main stream was lower than in the tributaries; the volume of annual runoff of rivers had a significant effect on the Æ©PAH in the rivers. The 2- and 3-ring PAHs dominated in both the dissolved phase and SPM, indicating a relatively recent local source of PAHs in the study area. The concentrations of PAHs in the Songhua River Basin are lower when compared with the values previously reported in the literature from other rivers around the world. The sources of PAHs were assessed by diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), and the ecological risk of the PAHs was assessed based on the risk quotient (RQ). The diagnostic ratios and PCA indicated that the main sources of PAHs originated from pyrogenic and petrogenic sources, and pyrogenic sources had a greater impact. The ecological risk assessment indicated that the PAHs presented low ecosystem risk in the Songhua River Basin.

Kaempferol ameliorates H9N2 swine influenza virus-induced acute lung injury by inactivation of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Kaempferol, a very common type of dietary flavonoids, has been found to exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of our investigation was designed to reveal the effect of kaempferol on H9N2 influenza virus-induced inflammation in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, BALB/C mice were infected intranasally with H9N2 influenza virus with or without kaempferol treatment to induce acute lung injury (ALI) model. In vitro, MH-S cells were infected with H9N2 influenza virus with or without kaempferol treatment. In vivo, kaempferol treatment attenuated pulmonary edema, the W/D mass ratio, pulmonary capillary permeability, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the numbers of inflammatory cells. Kaempferol reduced ROS and Malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Kaempferol also reduced overproduction of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6. In addition, kaempferol decreased the H9N2 viral titre. In vitro, ROS, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 was also reduced by kaempferol. Moreover, our data showed that kaempferol significantly inhibited the upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), phosphorylation level of IκBα and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity, and phosphorylation level of MAPKs, both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that kaempferol exhibits a protective effect on H9N2 virus-induced inflammation via suppression of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPKs pathways, and kaempferol may be considered as an effective drug for the potential treatment of influenza virus-induced ALI.