RESUMEN
At present, the late diagnosis of HIV-infected patients is not optimistic, which has a significant impact on the efficacy, cost, and prognosis of HIV antiretroviral therapy and HIV transmission. Late diagnosis is an important indicator for evaluating HIV testing. This article reviews the influencing factors of late diagnosis of HIV-infected patients and provides a reference for formulating and improving HIV testing strategies and measures in China.
Asunto(s)
Diagnóstico Tardío , Infecciones por VIH , Humanos , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Antirretrovirales/uso terapéutico , Pronóstico , China/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Objective The morphological data of the second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra were measured by computerized tomography ï¼CTï¼. The sex differences were analyzed and the discrimination equation was obtained. Methods The data of 274 adults ï¼203 cases from experimental group and 69 cases from validation groupï¼ from central China were collected. Four linear data ï¼maximum transverse length of vertebral body, maximum longitudinal length of vertebral body, maximum transverse length of vertebral foramen, maximum longitudinal length of vertebral foramenï¼, one angle data ï¼angle between spinous processesï¼ and two area ï¼vertebral foramen area, total cross-sectional area of vertebral bodyï¼ data of the second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra were collected, respectively. Then three ratios ï¼»maximum transverse length/ãmaximum longitudinal length of vertebral body, maximum transverse length/ maximum longitudinal length of vertebral foramen, vertebral foramen area/ ï¼total cross-sectional area of vertebral body-vertebral foramen areaï¼ï¼½ and one angle ï¼angle between spinous processesï¼ were obtained. The discriminant equation was established for sexual discriminant analysis. Results The morphology of the second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra was related with gender. Four single index discriminant formulae and eleven multi-index discriminant formulae were established. The 69 validation group samples were substituted into the formula for testing, and the maximum discriminant accuracy rate of the single-index discriminant formula was 75%. The maximum discriminant accuracy rate of multi-index discriminant formula was 83%. Conclusion It is feasible to conduct individual sex analysis by the morphological indexes of second thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra. The indexes have important application values in practice.
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Vértebras Lumbares , Vértebras Torácicas , China , Femenino , Vértebras Lumbares/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Cuerpo VertebralRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Contaminated vegetable seeds have been identified as a potential source of foodborne bacterial pathogens. This study was undertaken to observe the behavior of Salmonella and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) on vegetable seeds, contaminated by direct contact with artificially inoculated soil, during germination. Sterile sandy soil inoculated with lyophilized cells of four individual strains of Salmonella or EHEC (three O157:H7 strains and one O104:H4 strain) was mixed with sanitized seeds (2 g) of alfalfa, fenugreek, lettuce, and tomato at 20°C for 1 h. The contaminated seeds were germinated on 1% water agar at 25°C for 9 days in the dark. Populations of Salmonella and EHEC on various tissues (seed coat, root, cotyledon, and stem, etc.) of sprouts and seedlings were determined every other day over the germination period. Overall, 70.4 and 72.4% of collected tissue samples (n = 544) tested positive for Salmonella and EHEC, respectively. In general, the mean populations of Salmonella and EHEC on sprout and seedling tissues increased with the prolongation of germination time. Seed coats had the highest bacterial counts (4.00 to 4.06 log CFU/0.01 g), followed by the root (3.36 to 3.38 log CFU/0.01 g), cotyledon (3.13 to 3.38 log CFU/0.01 g), and stem tissues (2.67 to 2.84 log CFU/0.01 g). On average, tissue sections of fenugreek sprouts and lettuce seedlings had significantly higher (P < 0.05) numbers of Salmonella and EHEC cells than that of alfalfa sprouts and tomato seedlings. Data suggest that the growth and dissemination of Salmonella and EHEC cells on alfalfa, fenugreek, lettuce, and tomato sprout and seedling tissues are influenced by the type of vegetable seeds and sprout and seedling tissues involved. The study provides useful information on the fate of two important foodborne bacterial pathogens on selected vegetable seeds, contaminated by direct contact with inoculated soil, during the germination process.