Copper Phthalocyanine Improving Nonaqueous Catalysis of Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase for Ester Synthesis.

The nonaqueous catalysis of lipases is significant for synthesis of high pure esters, but they usually behave low catalytic activity due to denaturation and aggregation of enzyme protein in organic phases. To improve the nonaqueous catalysis, the inexpensive copper phthalocyanine was taken as a new carrier on which Pseudomonas cepacia lipase was immobilized by physical absorption, and used for synthesis of hexyl acetate, an important flavor, via transesterification of hexanol and vinyl acetate. Results showed that the desired loading was 10-mg lipase immobilized on 10-mg copper phthalocyanine powder. When the immobilized lipase was employed in the reaction system consisted of 1.5-mL hexanol and 1.5-mL vinyl acetate at 37°C and 160 rpm, the conversion was fivefolds of that catalyzed by native lipase after 1 h, and reached 99.0% after 8 h. In six times of 8-h reuses, the immobilized lipase behaved an activity attenuation rate 1.22% h-1, lower than 1.77% h-1 of native lipase, which meant that the immobilized lipase was more stable. Even at the room temperature and the static state without shaking or stirring, the immobilized lipase still brought conversion 42.8% after 10 h and the native lipase gave 20.1%. Obviously, the immobilized lipase is an available biocatalyst in organic phase and has great potential in food industry.

Copper Phthalocyanine Improving Nonaqueous Catalysis of Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase for Ester Synthesis.

The nonaqueous catalysis of lipases is significant for synthesis of high pure esters, but they usually behave low catalytic activity due to denaturation and aggregation of enzyme protein in organic phases. To improve the nonaqueous catalysis, the inexpensive copper phthalocyanine was taken as a new carrier on which Pseudomonas cepacia lipase was immobilized by physical absorption, and used for synthesis of hexyl acetate, an important flavor, via transesterification of hexanol and vinyl acetate. Results showed that the desired loading was 10 mg lipase immobilized on 10 mg copper phthalocyanine powder. When the immobilized lipase was employed in the reaction system consisted of 1.5 mL hexanol and 1.5 mL vinyl acetate at 37℃ and 160 rpm, the conversion was five fold of that catalyzed by native lipase after 1 h, and reached 99.0% after 8 h. Undergoing six times of 8-h reuses, the immobilized lipase had an activity attenuation rate 1.22% h- 1, lower than 1.77% h- 1 of native lipase, which meant that the immobilized lipase was more stable. Even at the room temperature and the static state without shaking or stirring, the immobilized lipase could bring conversion 42.8% after 10 h and the native lipase gave 20.1%. Obviously, the immobilized lipase is an available biocatalyst in organic phase and has great potential in food industry.

Rice straw enhancing catalysis of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase for synthesis of citronellyl acetate.

Citronellyl acetate as an important flavor, can be effectively synthesized by lipase catalysis in nonaqueous system. But lipases usually behave low catalytic activity due to aggregation and denaturation of them in organic phase. To enhance the nonaqueous catalysis, based on the mechanism of lipases activated at water/oil (organic phase) interface, the inexpensive race straw was processed into powder and filaments on which Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase was immobilized by physical adsorption, used for synthesis of citronellyl acetate via transesterification of citronellol and vinyl acetate. Results showed that the desired loading was 10 mg lipase immobilized on 30 mg rice straw filaments or 25 mg rice straw powder. When the two immobilized lipases were employed in the reaction system consisted of 1-mL citronellol and 2-mL vinyl acetate at 37 â„ƒ and 160 rpm, the conversions all reached 99.8% after 12 h. Under the reaction condition, the conversion catalyzed by 10 mg native lipase was 85.1%. Undergoing six times of 8-h reuses in the organic system, the filament and power immobilized lipases had weak activity attenuation rates 0.36 and 0.32% h-1, lower than 1.52% h-1 of native lipase. Even at the room temperature and the static state without shaking and stirring, the rice straw filaments immobilized lipase could brought conversion 62.9% after 10 h but the native lipase only gave 37.0%. Obviously, the rice straw, especially its filaments, is an inexpensive and available natural material to prepare immobilized lipase with desired catalysis in organic phase, meant significant potential in flavor industry.

Water-soluble fluorescent sensor for Zn2+ with high selectivity and sensitivity imaging in living cells.

A new water-soluble 4-amino-1, 8-naphthalimide based fluorescent sensor, with iminoacetic acid and iminoethoxyacetic acid as receptor contained two different arms, was developed. Under physiological pH conditions, it demonstrates good water solubility, high selectivity and sensitivity for sensing Zn2+ with about 20-fold enhancement in aqueous solution, with a characteristic emission band of 4-amino-1, 8-naphthalimide with a green color centered at 550 nm. It was applied successfully to detect Zn2+ in living cells.

A highly selective and sensitive 1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent sensor for Zn2+ imaging in living cells.

A new 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent sensor, with iminoacetic acid and iminoethoxyacetic acid as receptor, was developed. It was applied successfully to detect Zn2+ in aqueous solution and living cells. Under physiological pH conditions, it demonstrates high selectivity and sensitivity for sensing Zn2+ with about 7-fold enhancement in aqueous solution, with a characteristic emission band of 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide with a green color centered at 550 nm.

Effects of toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on sorption of Pb (II) in red and black soils: equilibrium and kinetics aspects.

Bt crops have been widely commercialized for cultivation in the world, but as yet, the effects of Bt toxin on sorption of heavy metals in soils has not been reported. In this study, the effects of toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis on Pb (II) sorption by red (Ultisol) and black soil (Vertisol) were studied using the batch method. The results showed that Pb(II) sorption by both soil types decreased in the presence of Bt toxin from 0 to 10 mg/L, which was probably due to the sorptive sites competition and Pb-toxin complex formation. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were fitted well to the sorption data at different Bt toxin additions. The sorption capacity of black soil for Pb (II) was higher than that of red soil, however, the influential trends of Bt toxin to the maximum capacity of Pb (II) in both soils was reversed. Sorption of Pb (II) in both soils was rapid and reached equilibrium within 80 min, following the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Decreasing sorption of Pb (II) by red and black soils was observed in the presence of Bt toxin, suggesting that the environmental risk of Pb(II) may increase if Bt toxin is released by Bt crops.

Fluorescent pH Sensors for Broad-Range pH Measurement Based on a Single Fluorophore.

We constructed a series of novel optical sensors for determination of broad-range pH based on a single fluorophore and multi-ionophores with different pK(a) values. These optical sensors use photoinduced electron transfer (PET) as the signal transduction and follow the design concept of "fluorophore-spacer-receptor (ionophore)" which employs 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide as the single fluorophore, ethyl moiety as the spacer, and a series of phenols and anilines as the receptors. Key to the successful development of this sensor system is that coupling the receptors with six different pK(a) values with a single fluorophore produces the correct optical properties. This rational design affords a series of optical pH sensors with unique fluorescence property and accurately tunable pH measurement ranging from 1 to 14 pH units. Because of covalent immobilization of the indicators, these sensors demonstrate excellent stability, adequate reversibility, and satisfactory dynamic range up to full pH ranges (pH 1-14).

Bis(methanol-κO)bis-(1,2-diamino-2-hy-droxy-imino-ethanone oximato-κ(2)N,N')copper(II) bis-(oxamide dioxime) methanol disolvate.

In the title compound, [Cu(C(2)H(5)N(4)O(2))(2)(CH(3)OH)(2)]·2C(2)H(6)N(4)O(2)·2CH(3)OH, the Cu(II) atom, lying on an inversion center, is coordinated by four N atoms from two 1,2-diamino-2-hy-droxy-imino-ethanone oximate anion and two O atoms from two methanol mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The two uncoordinating oxamide dioxime mol-ecules, each lying on an inversion center, adopt a trans conformation. In the crystal, O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the complex mol-ecules and the oxamide dioxime and methanol mol-ecules.

[Value of detecting p16 gene methylation in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate aberrant methylation in the promoter of p16 gene in the sediment cells of pleural effusion and evaluate its clinical significance in the differentiating benign and malignant pleural effusion. METHODS: Using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), aberrant promoter methylation of p16 gene was detected in the sedimental cells of pleural effusion samples from 66 patients with pleural effusion. RESULTS: Of the 66 patients with pleural effusion, 36 had a definite diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion, and the rest were confirmed to have benign pleural effusion. The positivity rate of p16 gene promoter methylation was 69.4% (25/36) in malignant pleural effusion and 13.3% (4/30) in benign pleural effusion specimens, showing a significant difference between them (χ² = 20.915, P < 0.01). The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of aberrant promoter methylation of p16 gene in the 36 malignant cases were 69.4%, 86.7% and 77.3%, respectively. The positive expression of p16 gene promoter methylation in malignant pleural effusion was not correlated to the histological type or the pathological grade of the tumor (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Detection of aberrant methylation in p16 gene promoter in the sediment cells of pleural effusion specimens by MSP method allows differentiation between benign and malignant pleural effusion.