Magnetic-field-assisted optical fiber quantum temperature sensor with enhanced sensitivity.

In recent years, utilizing nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond for temperature sensing has drawn great attention. However, increasing the sensitivity has encountered challenges due to the intrinsic temperature-dependent energy level shift, i.e., temperature responsivity, being limited to -74 kHz/K. In this Letter, we take advantage of the magnetic field to regulate the energy level to enhance temperature sensitivity. The sensor is formed by adhering a micron-sized diamond on the end face of an optical fiber, and a small magnet is mounted at a certain distance with the diamond exploiting a cured polydimethylsiloxane block as the bridge. The temperature change leads to the variation of the distance between the diamond and the magnet, thus affecting the magnetic strength felt by the diamond. This finally contributes an additional temperature-induced energy level shift, giving rise to an enhanced sensitivity. Experimental results demonstrated the proposed scheme and achieved a 4.2-fold improvement in the temperature responsivity and a 2.1-fold enhancement in sensitivity. Moreover, the diamond and the fiber-optic integrated structure improve the portability of the sensor.

Self-Assembled Monolayer and Nanoparticles Coenhanced Fragmented Silver Nanowire Network Memristor.

Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks with self-assembled structures and synaptic connectivity have been recently reported for constructing neuromorphic memristors. However, resistive switching at the cross-point junctions of the network is unstable due to locally enhanced Joule heating and the Gibbs-Thomson effect, which poses an obstacle to the integration of threshold switching and memory function in the same AgNW memristor. Here, fragmented AgNW networks combined with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and mercapto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are devised to construct memristors with stable threshold switching and memory behavior. In the above design, the planar gaps between NW segments are for resistive switching, the AgNPs act as metal islands in the gaps to reduce threshold voltage (Vth) and holding voltage (Vhold), and the SAMs suppress surface atom diffusion to avoid Oswald ripening of the AgNPs, which improves switching stability. The fragmented NW-NP/SAM memristors not only circumvent the side effects of conventional NW-stacked junctions to provide durable threshold switching at >Vth but also exhibit synaptic characteristics such as long-term potentiation at ultralow voltage (≪Vth). The combination of NW segments, nanoparticles, and SAMs blazes a new trail for integrating artificial neurons and synapses in AgNW network memristors.

High Sensitivity, Wide Linear-Range Strain Sensor Based on MXene/AgNW Composite Film with Hierarchical Microcrack.

Stretchable strain sensors suffer the trade-off between sensitivity and linear sensing range. Developing sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linear range remains a formidable challenge. Different from conventional methods that rely on the structure design of sensing nanomaterial or substrate, here a heterogeneous-surface strategy for silver nanowires (AgNWs) and MXene is proposed to construct a hierarchical microcrack (HMC) strain sensor. The heterogeneous surface with distinct differences in cracks and adhesion strengths divides the sensor into two regions. One region contributes to high sensitivity through penetrating microcracks of the AgNW/MXene composite film during stretching. The other region maintains conductive percolation pathways to provide a wide linear sensing range through network microcracks. As a result, the HMC sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor ≈ 244), broad linear range (ɛ = 60%, R2 ≈ 99.25%), and fast response time (<30 ms). These merits are confirmed in the detection of large and subtle human motions and digital joint movement for Morse coding. The manipulation of cracks on the heterogeneous surface provides a new paradigm for designing high-performance stretchable strain sensors.

High-sensitivity optical-fiber magnetic sensor based on diamond and magnetic flux concentrators.

Magnetic field detection exploiting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond has gained increasing attention and development in recent years. Combining diamond NV centers to optical fibers provides a way for achieving magnetic sensors with high integration and portability. Meanwhile, new methods or techniques are urgently desired to improve the detection sensitivity of such sensors. In this paper, we present an optical-fiber magnetic sensor based on the NV ensemble in diamond, and employ the well-designed magnetic flux concentrators to enhance the sensitivity up to 12 pT/Hz1/2, an outstanding level among the diamond-integrated optical-fiber magnetic sensors. The dependence of sensitivity on the key parameters including the size and gap width of the concentrators are investigated by simulations and experiments, based on which the predictions on the further enhancement of sensitivity to fT level are presented.

Nanodiamond-Based Optical-Fiber Quantum Probe for Magnetic Field and Biological Sensing.

Owing to the unique electronic spin properties, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers hosted in diamond have emerged as a powerful quantum tool for detecting various physical parameters and biological species. In this work, an optical-fiber quantum probe, configured by chemically modifying nanodiamonds on the surface of a cone fiber tip, is developed. Based on the continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance method and lock-in amplification technique, it is found that the sensing performance of probes can be engineered by varying the nanodiamond dispersion concentration and modification duration during the chemical modification process. Combined with a pair of magnetic flux concentrators, the magnetic field detection sensitivity has reached 0.57 nT/Hz1/2@1 Hz, a new record among the fiber magnetometers based on nanodiamonds. Taking Gd3+ as the demo, the capability of probes in paramagnetic species detection is also demonstrated experimentally. Our work provides a new approach to develop NV centers as quantum probes featuring high integration, multifunction, high sensitivity, etc.

Self-assembly, alignment, and patterning of metal nanowires.

Armed with the merits of one-dimensional nanostructures (flexibility, high aspect ratio, and anisotropy) and metals (high conductivity, plasmonic properties, and catalytic activity), metal nanowires (MNWs) have stood out as a new class of nanomaterials in the last two decades. They are envisaged to expedite significantly and even revolutionize a broad spectrum of applications related to display, sensing, energy, plasmonics, photonics, and catalysis. Compared with disordered MNWs, well-organized MNWs would not only enhance the intrinsic physical and chemical properties, but also create new functions and sophisticated architectures of optoelectronic devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of assembly strategies of MNWs, including self-assembly for specific structures, alignment for anisotropic constructions, and patterning for precise configurations. The technical processes, underlying mechanisms, performance indicators, and representative applications of these strategies are described and discussed to inspire further innovation in assembly techniques and guide the fabrication of optoelectrical devices. Finally, a perspective on the critical challenges and future opportunities of MNW assembly is provided.

Hyperbolic-Metamaterials-Based SPR Temperature Sensor Enhanced by a Nanodiamond-PDMS Hybrid for High Sensitivity and Fast Response.

A high-performance surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber sensor is proposed with hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs), nanodiamonds (NDs), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to enhance the temperature sensitivity and response time. The HMM with tunable dispersion can break through the structural limitations of the optical fiber to improve the refractive index (RI) sensitivity, while NDs and PDMS with large thermo-optic coefficients enable to induce significant RI change under varied thermal fields. The ternary composite endows the sensor with a high temperature sensitivity of -9.021 nm/°C, which is 28.6 times higher than that of the conventional gold film-based SPR sensor. Furthermore, NDs with high thermal conductivity (2200 W/mK) effectively expedite the thermal response of PDMS, which reduces the response time from 80 to 6 s. It is believed that the proposed sensors with high sensitivity, fast response time, and compact size have great potential for applications in industrial production, healthcare, environmental monitoring, etc.

Cell-modified plasmonic interface for the signal-amplified detection of Cucurbitacin E.

Cucurbitacin E (CuE) plays an important role in anticancer, antichemical carcinogenesis, and body immunity, etc., and the detection of its concentration is meaningful to pharmacological studies and clinical applications. However, the small molecular weight of CuE makes direct detection difficult through a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. In this work, we propose a cells-amplified signal strategy at the plasmonic interface, realizing the detection of CuE with ultra-low concentration. The seeded HeLa cells are modified onto the surface of the SPR sensor, and a small amount of CuE can lead to the remarkable morphology change of cells and the release of cell-related substances onto the plamonic interface, thus significantly amplifying the signal. Experimental results show that by using an unmodified SPR sensor with the bulk refractive index sensitivity of 2367.3 nm/RIU (RIU: refractive index unit), there no effective signal can be detected during the CuE concentration range of 0-100 nM; whereas, employing the proposed strategy, the signal for CuE detection can be significantly enhanced, resulting in a high detection sensitivity of 0.6196 nm/nM, corresponding to a limit of detection of 45.2 pM (25.2 pg/mL). The proposed cells-based signal amplifying strategy shows great potential applications in drug screening or bio-sensing to small molecules with low concentration.

MoS2-nanoflower enhanced programmable adsorption/desorption plasmonic detection for bipolar-molecules with high sensitivity.

High sensitivity and capturing ratio are strongly demanded for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors when applied in detection of small molecules. Herein, an SPR sensor is combined with a novel smart material, namely, MoS2 nanoflowers (MNFs), to demonstrate programmable adsorption/desorption of small bipolar molecules, i.e., amino acids. The MNFs overcoated on the plasmonic gold layer increase the sensitivity by 25% compared to an unmodified SPR sensor, because of the electric field enhancement at the gold surface. Furthermore, as the MNFs have rich edge sites and negatively charged surfaces, the MNF-SPR sensors exhibit not only much higher bipolar-molecule adsorption capability, but also efficient desorption of these molecules. It is demonstrated that the MNF-SPR sensors enable controllable detection of amino acids by adjusting solution pH according to their isoelectric points. In addition, the MNFs decorated on the plasmonic interface can be as nanostructure frameworks and modified with antibody, which allows for specific detection of proteins. This novel SPR sensor provides a new simple strategy for pre-screening of amino acid disorders in blood plasma and a universal high-sensitive platform for immunoassay.

Ultrahigh-sensitive and compact temperature sensor based on no-core fiber with PMMA coating.

A new mechanism between the temperature sensitivity and the length ratio of PMMA coating to no-core fiber (NCF) is reported to realize an optical fiber temperature sensor with ultra-high sensitivity and compact size by PMMA-coated no-core fiber. By both theory and experiment, it is found that the sensitivity has a linear response to the length ratio of PMMA coating to NCF rather than the conventional viewpoint that it depends on the length of PMMA. Based on this conclusion and the high thermo-optic coefficient of PMMA, the temperature sensitivity is significantly enhanced as high as -9.582 nm/℃ through a simple, compact, and inexpensive sensor with 5 mm NCF and 3 mm PMMA coating. Our work opens a new avenue of a significant increase in the detection sensitivity of miniaturized fiber temperature sensors.

Stretchable Transparent Electrode via Wettability Self-Assembly in Mechanically Induced Self-Cracking.

Stretchable and transparent electrodes (STEs) are indispensable components in numerous emerging applications such as optoelectrical devices and wearable devices used in health monitoring, human-machine interaction, and artificial intelligence. However, STEs have limitations in conductivity, robustness, and transmittance owing to the exposure of the substrate and fatigue deformation of nanomaterials under strain. In this study, an STE consisting of conductive materials embedded in in situ self-cracking strain-spread channels by wettability self-assembly is fabricated. Finite element analysis is used to simulate the crevice growth using the representative unit cell network and strain deformation using a random network. The embedded conductive materials are partly protected by the strain-opening crevice channel, and network dissociation is avoided under stretching, showing a maximum strain of 125%, a transmittance of approximately 89.66% (excluding the substrate) with a square resistance of 9.8 Ω sq-1, and high stability in an environment with high temperature and moisture. The wettability self-assembly coating process is verified and expanded to several kinds of hydrophilic inks and hydrophobic coating materials. The fabricated STE can be employed as a strain sensor in motion sensing, vital sign and posture feedback, and mimicking bioelectronic spiderweb with spatial gravity induction.

Optically Programmable Plateau-Rayleigh Instability for High-Resolution and Scalable Morphology Manipulation of Silver Nanowires for Flexible Optoelectronics.

The ability to engineer microscale and nanoscale morphology upon metal nanowires (NWs) has been essential to achieve new electronic and photonic functions. Here, this study reports an optically programmable Plateau-Rayleigh instability (PRI) to demonstrate a facile, scalable, and high-resolution morphology engineering of silver NWs (AgNWs) at temperatures <150 °C within 10 min. This has been accomplished by conjugating a photosensitive diphenyliodonium nitrate with AgNWs to modulate surface-atom diffusion. The conjugation is UV-decomposable and able to form a cladding of molten salt-like compounds, so that the PRI of the AgNWs can be optically programmed and triggered at a much lower temperature than the melting point of AgNWs. This PRI self-assembly technique can yield both various novel nanostructures from single NW and large-area microelectrodes from the NW network on various substrates, such as a nanoscale dot-dash chain and the microelectrode down to 5 µm in line width that is the highest resolution ever fabricated for the AgNW-based electrode. Finally, the patterned AgNWs as flexible transparent electrodes were demonstrated for a wearable CdS NW photodetector. This study provides a new paradigm for engineering metal micro-/nanostructures, which holds great potential in fabrication of various sophisticated devices.

High-performance fiber plasmonic sensor by engineering the dispersion of hyperbolic metamaterials composed of Ag/TiO2.

Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) have attracted increasing attentions because of their unique dispersion properties and the flexibility to control the dispersion by changing the components and fractions of the composed materials. In this work, for the first time, we demonstrate a plasmonic sensor based on a side-polished few-mode-fiber coated with a layered of HMM, which is composed of alternating layers of Ag and TiO2. To optimize the sensor performance, the effects of the metal filling fraction (ρ) and the number of bilayers (Nbi) on the HMM dispersion are thoroughly engineered with the effective medium theory and the finite element method. It is found that the HMM with ρ=0.7 and Nbi = 3 can provide the average sensitivity of 5114.3 nm/RIU (RIU: refractive index unit), and the highest sensitivity 9000 nm/RIU in the surrounding refractive index (SRI) ranging from 1.33 to 1.40 RIU. The corresponding figure of merit (FOM) reaches a maximum of 230.8 RIU-1 which is much higher than that of the conventional silver film based SPR sensor. The influence of ρ and Nbi on the sensitivity are well explained from the aspects of the electrical field distribution and the dispersion relationship. This work opens a gate to significantly improve fiber plasmonic sensors performance by engineering the HMM dispersion, which is expected to meet the emergent demand in the biological, medical and clinical applications.

Ultrasonically Patterning Silver Nanowire-Acrylate Composite for Highly Sensitive and Transparent Strain Sensors Based on Parallel Cracks.

It has long been a challenge to develop strain sensors with large gauge factor (GF) and high transparency for a broad strain range, to which field silver nanowires (AgNWs) have recently been applied. A dense nanowire (NW) network benefits achieving large stretchability, while a sparse NW network favors realizing high transparency and sensitive response to small strains. Herein, a patterned AgNW-acrylate composite-based strain sensor is developed to circumvent the above trade-off issue via a novel ultrasonication-based patterning technique, where a water-soluble, UV-curable acrylate composite was blended with AgNWs as both a tackifier and a photoresist for finely patterning dense AgNWs to achieve high transparency, while maintaining good stretchability. Moreover, the UV-cured AgNW-acrylate patterns are brittle and capable of forming parallel cracks which effectively evade the Poisson effect and thus increase the GF by more than 200-fold compared to that of the bulk AgNW film-based strain sensor. As a result, the AgNW-based strain sensor possesses a GF of ∼10,486 at a large strain (8%), a high transparency of 90.3%, and a maximum stretchability of 20% strain. The precise monitoring of human radial pulse and throat movements proves the great potential of this sensor as a measurement module for wearable healthcare systems.

Microneedles for transdermal diagnostics: Recent advances and new horizons.

Point-of-care testing (POCT), defined as the test performed at or near a patient, has been evolving into a complement to conventional laboratory diagnosis by continually providing portable, cost-effective, and easy-to-use measurement tools. Among them, microneedle-based POCT devices have gained increasing attention from researchers due to the glorious potential for detecting various analytes in a minimally invasive manner. More recently, a novel synergism between microneedle and wearable technologies is expanding their detection capabilities. Herein, we provide an overview on the progress in microneedle-based transdermal biosensors. It covers all the main aspects of the field, including design philosophy, material selection, and working mechanisms as well as the utility of the devices. We also discuss lessons from the past, challenges of the present, and visions for the future on translation of these state-of-the-art technologies from the bench to the bedside.

Backflow Effect Enabling Fast Response and Low Driving Voltage of Electrophoretic E-ink Dispersion by Liquid Crystal Additives.

Electrophoretic display encountered several challenges towards high frame rate applications, such as long response time and high driving voltage. In this study, liquid crystal additive doping can simultaneously increase the response speed by 2.8 times and reduce the driving voltage to half of the initial value of electrophoretic dispersion. The backflow effect of liquid crystal, which induces an inversely electrorheological effect and facilitates the reverse micelles' dielectrophoretic separation, was suggested to be the main reason for the performance improvement. The proposed method is facile and effective which shows promising potential for fast response and low power consumption e-paper applications.

Comprehensive Stability Improvement of Silver Nanowire Networks via Self-Assembled Mercapto Inhibitors.

Instability of silver nanowire (AgNW) has been regarded as a major obstacle to its practical applications in optoelectrical devices as transparent electrodes. Physical barrier layers such as polymer, metal, and graphene have been generally employed to improve the stability of AgNW in previous study. Herein, we first report self-assembled organothiols as an inhibitor for AgNW to achieve an overall enhancement in antioxidation, antisulfidation, thermal stability, and anti-electromigration. The self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of phenyl azoles, methoxy silane, and methyl alkane were formed on the surface of AgNW via Ag-S covalent bond as barrier layers which provided protective effects against corrosives (e.g., O2, H2S). In particular, the decoration of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) offered the best resistance to H2S and excellent stability under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment (85 °C and 85 RH %) for 4 months. Moreover, different SAMs exhibited a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on Plateau-Rayleigh instability of AgNW, which realized the tunability of degradation temperature of AgNWs, for example, increasing by ≥100 °C with MBI SAM or decreasing by ∼50 °C with octadecanethiol SAM compared with pristine AgNWs. Notably, the MBI-decorated AgNWs could survive at 400 °C which is by far the highest bearing temperature for solution-processed AgNW film. As a result, a transparent heater made of the MBI-AgNWs exhibited superior heating characteristics (higher working temperature and durability), as compared with the pristine AgNW-based heater. Our findings on the organothiols decoration not only provide a new paradigm in overall stability improvement of NW of noble metals but also show the potential in morphology controllability of metal NW.

Tape-Based Photodetector: Transfer Process and Persistent Photoconductivity.

We report a facile transfer method to fabricate flexible photodetectors directly on tape, wherein the films formed by different processes were integrated together. The tape-based photodetectors with CdS nanowire (NW) active layers exhibited good performances as those fabricated by conventional processes. The obvious persistent photocurrent in our device was eliminated by introducing a conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) onto the CdS NW layer. By adjusting the concentration of the PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution, a device with a fast response, ultrashort decay time, and relatively large photocurrent was obtained. The decay times were 11.59 and 6.64 ms for devices using electrodes of silver NWs and gold, respectively. These values are much shorter than the shortest decay times (on the order of hundreds of milliseconds) reported previously.

Fabrication of Embedded Silver Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates with Enhanced Stability via Chemisorbed Alkanethiolate.

We propose a versatile yet practical transferring technique to fabricate a high performance and extremely stable silver nanowire (AgNW) transparent electrode on arbitrary substrates. Hydroxylated poly(ethylene glycol) terephthalate (PET) or poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) deposited with AgNWs was selectively decorated to lower its polar surface energy, so that the AgNWs were easily and efficiently transferred into an epoxy resin (EPR) as a freestanding film (AgNWs-EPR) or onto various substrates. The AgNWs-EPR capped with alkanethiolate monolayers exhibits high conductivity, low roughness, ultraflexibility, and strong corrosion resistance. Using the transferring process, AgNWs-EPR was successfully constructed on rough, adhesive, flimsy, or complex curved substrates, including PET, thin optically clear adhesive, papers, a beaker, convex spherical PDMS, and leaves. A flexible touch panel enabling multitouch and a curved transparent heater on a beaker were first fabricated by using the composite film. These demonstrations suggest that the proposed technique for AgNWs is a promising strategy toward the next generation of flexible/portable/wearable electronics.

Electrically robust silver nanowire patterns transferrable onto various substrates.

We report a facile technique for patterning and transferring silver nanowires (AgNWs) onto various substrates. By employing only UV/O3 and vapor treatment of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), we are able to accurately manipulate the surface energy via alternating the terminal groups of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, so as to assist selective formation and exfoliation of AgNW films. A simple UV/O3 treatment on PDMS enables uniform, well-defined, and highly conductive patterns of AgNWs after spin-coating. A vapor treatment of HMDS lowers the surface energy of the oxidized PDMS so that the patterned AgNWs embedded in an epoxy resin (EPR) are cleanly transferred from the PDMS to the target substrate. It is found that the AgNW-EPR composite on polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) exhibits remarkable durability under the bending test, tape test, ultrasonic treatment in water, and immersion of chemical solvents. In addition, we demonstrate that the AgNW-EPR composite work well as conductive patterns on the oxidized PDMS, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), paper, and curved glass. The facile technique extends the applicability of AgNWs in the field of electronics, and it is potentially applicable to other nanomaterials.