Investigation of different ingredients affected the flavor changes of Yu-Shiang shredded pork by using GC-IMS and GC-MS combined with E-nose and E-tongue.

The objective of this study was to assess and compare the characteristics of Yu-Shiang Shredded Pork made with different ingredients by using physicochemical measurements and intelligent sensory analysis. The study revealed that there were 18 varied amino acids present, with the taste active values (TAVs) of Leu, Glu, Asp, Asn, and Ala all higher than 1.0. Intelligent sensory analysis showed that the samples lacking lettuce and fungus had similar aromas and flavors, while those lacking shredded pork and pickled chillies had distinct aromas and flavors. Moreover, VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were detected in five types of Yu-Shiang Shredded Pork, with 43, 42, 53, 36, and 50 identified in GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), respectively. Olefins (20.62 %-30.93 %) were the most abundant. GC-IMS (gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry) detected 68 volatiles flavor compounds, with esters having a significantly higher relative content than other compounds, indicating their significant role in the flavor formation process of Yu-Shiang Shredded Pork. Furthermore, the Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model analysis identified 19 marker compounds that could differentiate the five types of Yu-Shiang Shredded Pork. These fundamental results lay the groundwork for future research on the connection between ingredients and the flavor characteristics of Yu-Shiang Shredded Pork.

The risk factors in diabetic foot ulcers and predictive value of prognosis of wound tissue vascular endothelium growth factor.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a leading cause of high-level amputation in DM patients, with a low wound healing rate and a high incidence of infection. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in diabetes mellitus (DM) related complications. This study aims to explore the VEGF expression and its predictive value for prognosis in DFU, in order to provide basis for the prevention of DFU related adverse events. We analyzed 502 patients, with 328 in healing group and 174 in non-healing/recurrent group. The general clinical data and laboratory indicators of patients were compared through Spearman correlation analysis, ROC analysis and logistic regression analysis. Finally, the independent risk factors for adverse prognosis in DFU patients were confirmed. Spearman analysis reveals a positive correlation between the DFU healing rate and ABI, VEGF in wound tissue, and positive rate of VEGF expression, and a negative correlation with DM duration, FPG, HbA1c, TC, Scr, BUN, and serum VEGF. Further logistic regression analysis finds that the DM duration, FPG, HbA1c, ABI, serum VEGF, VEGF in wound tissue, and positive rate of VEGF expression are the independent risk factors for adverse prognosis in DFU (p < 0.05). DM duration, FPG, HbA1c, ABI, serum VEGF, VEGF in wound tissue, and positive rate of VEGF expression are the independent risk factors for prognosis in DFU patients. Patients with these risk factors should be screened in time, which is of great significance to prevent DFU related adverse events and improve outcomes.

Phase Transition Control in Molecular Solids via Complementarity of Hydrogen-Bond Strength.

Phase transitions in molecular solids involve synergistic changes in chemical and electronic structures, leading to diversification in physical and chemical properties. Despite the pivotal role of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) in many phase-transition materials, it is rare and challenging to chemically regulate the dynamics and to elucidate the structure-property relationship. Here, four high-spin CoII com-pounds were isolated and systematically investigated by modifying the ligand terminal groups (X = S, Se) and substituents (Y = Cl, Br). S-Cl and Se-Br undergo a reversible structural phase transition near room temperature, triggering the rotation of 15-crown-5 guests and the swing between syn- and anti-conformation of NCX- ligands, accompanied by switchable magnetism. Conversely, S-Br and Se-Cl retain stability in ordered and disordered phases, respectively. H-bonds geometric analysis and ab initio calculations reveal that the electronegativity of X and Y affects the strength of NY-ap-H···X interactions. Entropy-driven structural phase transitions occur when the H-bond strength is appropriate; otherwise, the phase stays unchanged if it is too strong or weak. This work highlights a phase transition driven by H-bond strength complementarity - pairing strong acceptor with weak donor and vice versa, which offers a straightforward and effective approach for designing phase-transition molecular solids from a chemical perspective.

Spin-State Control in Dysprosium(III) Metallacrown Magnets via Thioacetal Modification.

Integrating controllable spin states into single-molecule magnets (SMMs) enables precise manipulation of magnetic interactions at a molecular level, but remains a synthetic challenge. Herein, we developed a 3d-4f metallacrown (MC) magnet [DyNi5(quinha)5(Clsal)2(py)8](ClO4) ⋅ 4H2O (H2quinha=quinaldichydroxamic acid, HClsal=5-chlorosalicylaldehyde) wherein a square planar NiII is stabilized by chemical stacking. Thioacetal modification was employed via post-synthetic ligand substitutions and yielded [DyNi5(quinha)5(Clsaldt)2(py)8](ClO4) ⋅ 3H2O (HClsaldt=4-chloro-2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)phenol). Thanks to the additional ligations of thioacetal onto the NiII site, coordination-induced spin state switching (CISSS) took place with spin state altering from low-spin S=0 to high-spin S=1. The synergy of CISSS effect and magnetic interactions results in distinct energy splitting and magnetic dynamics. Magnetic studies indicate prominent enhancement of reversal barrier from 57 cm-1 to 423 cm-1, along with hysteresis opening and an over 200-fold increment in coercive field at 2 K. Ab initio calculations provide deeper insights into the exchange models and rationalize the relaxation/tunnelling pathways. These results demonstrate here provide a fire-new perspective in modulating the magnetization relaxation via the incorporation of controllable spin states and magnetic interactions facilitated by the CISSS approach.

Delocalized, asynchronous, closed-loop discovery of organic laser emitters.

Contemporary materials discovery requires intricate sequences of synthesis, formulation, and characterization that often span multiple locations with specialized expertise or instrumentation. To accelerate these workflows, we present a cloud-based strategy that enabled delocalized and asynchronous design-make-test-analyze cycles. We showcased this approach through the exploration of molecular gain materials for organic solid-state lasers as a frontier application in molecular optoelectronics. Distributed robotic synthesis and in-line property characterization, orchestrated by a cloud-based artificial intelligence experiment planner, resulted in the discovery of 21 new state-of-the-art materials. Gram-scale synthesis ultimately allowed for the verification of best-in-class stimulated emission in a thin-film device. Demonstrating the asynchronous integration of five laboratories across the globe, this workflow provides a blueprint for delocalizing-and democratizing-scientific discovery.

Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane for simultaneously removing emulsified oils and anionic dyes.

Developing high-efficiency membrane for oil and dye removal is very urgent, because wastewater containing them can cause great damage to human and environment. In this study, a coated membrane was fabricated by applying DAC and PEI onto the commercial PVDF microfiltration membrane for supplying the demand. The coated membrane presents superhydrophlic and superoleophobic properties with a water contact angle of 0o and underwater oil contact angle exceed 150°, as well as excellent low underwater oil adhesion performance. The coated membrane shows high separation efficiency exceeded 99.0% and flux 350.0 L·m-2·h-1 when used for separating for six kinds of oil including pump oil, sunflower oil, n-hexadecane, soybean oil, diesel and kerosene in water emulsions. Additionally, the coated membrane can effectively remove anionic dyes, achieving rejection rates of 94.7%, 93.4%, 92.3%, 90.7% for the CR, MB, RB5, AR66, respectively. More importantly, the membrane was able to simultaneously remove emulsified oil and soluble anionic dyes in wastewater containing both of them. Therefore, this novel coated membrane can be a promising candidate for treating complex wastewater.

A lightweight CNN for multi-source infrared ship detection from unmanned marine vehicles.

Infrared ship detection is of great significance due to its broad applicability in maritime surveillance, traffic safety and security. Multiple infrared sensors with different spectral sensitivity provide enhanced sensing capabilities, facilitating ship detection in complex environments. Nevertheless, current researches lack discussion and exploration of infrared imagers in different spectral ranges for marine objects detection. Furthermore, for unmanned marine vehicles (UMVs), e.g., unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) and unmanned ship (USs), detection and perception are usually performed in embedded devices with limited memory and computation resource, which makes traditional convolutional neural network (CNN)-based detection methods struggle to leverage their advantages. Aimed at the task of sea surface object detection on USVs, this paper provides lightweight CNNs with high inference speed that can be deployed on embedded devices. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using different sensors in marine object detection, providing a reference for the perception and decision-making modules of USVs. The proposed method can detect ships in short-wave infrared (SWIR), long-wave infrared (LWIR) and fused images with high-performance and high-inference speed on an embedded device. Specifically, the backbone is built from bottleneck depth-separable convolution with residuals. Generating redundant feature maps by using cheap linear operation in neck and head networks. The learning and representation capacities of the network are promoted by introducing the channel and spatial attention, redesigning the sizes of anchor boxes. Comparative experiments are conducted on the infrared ship dataset that we have released which contains SWIR, LWIR and the fused images. The results indicate that the proposed method can achieve high accuracy but with fewer parameters, and the inference speed is nearly 60 frames per second (FPS) on an embedded device.

Relationship Between Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Gastrointestinal Disease: The Mediating Role of Illness Perception.

Purpose: Anxiety, as an important public health issue, may frequently trouble the chronic GI patients with severe symptoms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the severity of GI symptoms and anxiety symptoms and further examine whether this relationship was mediated through illness perception. Patients and Methods: A total of 295 patients with chronic GI disease from the affiliated hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. They were interviewed with self-reported questionnaires containing demographic variables, clinical variables, and several self-rating scales. Multivariable linear regression models were established to explore the relationship between the severity of GI symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Finally, we performed the mediation analysis to test the mediating effect of illness perception. Results: After adjustments for key demographic and clinical covariates, the severity of GI symptoms was positively associated with anxiety symptoms (ß=0.214, 95% CI: 0.009-0.028, P < 0.001). Additionally, the results of the mediation analysis suggested that illness perception partially mediated the association between the severity of GI symptoms and anxiety symptoms with a mediating ratio of 25.3%. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that chronic GI patients with more severe GI symptoms were more likely to have anxiety symptoms and this effect is partially mediated by illness perception. Therefore, illness perception is recommended to be integrated into the routine assessment of chronic GI patients, and perception-based interventions may be beneficial in relieving anxiety symptoms among patients with severe chronic GI diseases.

Origin of age softening in the refractory high-entropy alloys.

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are emerging materials with potential for use under extreme conditions. As a newly developed material system, a comprehensive understanding of their long-term stability under potential service temperatures remains to be established. This study examined a titanium-vanadium-niobium-tantalum alloy, a promising RHEA known for its superior high-temperature strength and room-temperature ductility. Using a combination of advanced analytical microscopies, Calculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) software, and nanoindentation, we investigated the evolution of its microstructure and mechanical properties upon aging at 700°C. Trace interstitials such as oxygen and nitrogen, initially contributing to solid solution strengthening, promote phase segregation during thermal aging. As a result of the depletion of solute interstitials within the metal matrix, a progressive softening is observed in the alloy as a function of aging time. This study, therefore, underscores the need for a better control of impurities in future development and application of RHEAs.

THItoGene: a deep learning method for predicting spatial transcriptomics from histological images.

Spatial transcriptomics unveils the complex dynamics of cell regulation and transcriptomes, but it is typically cost-prohibitive. Predicting spatial gene expression from histological images via artificial intelligence offers a more affordable option, yet existing methods fall short in extracting deep-level information from pathological images. In this paper, we present THItoGene, a hybrid neural network that utilizes dynamic convolutional and capsule networks to adaptively sense potential molecular signals in histological images for exploring the relationship between high-resolution pathology image phenotypes and regulation of gene expression. A comprehensive benchmark evaluation using datasets from human breast cancer and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has demonstrated the superior performance of THItoGene in spatial gene expression prediction. Moreover, THItoGene has demonstrated its capacity to decipher both the spatial context and enrichment signals within specific tissue regions. THItoGene can be freely accessed at https://github.com/yrjia1015/THItoGene.

Insights into the synthesis of NHC-stabilized Au nanoclusters through real-time reaction monitoring.

Atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are interesting nanomaterials with potential applications in catalysis, bioimaging and optoelectronics. Their compositions and properties are commonly evaluated by various analytical techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. While these techniques have provided detailed insights into the structure and properties of nanoclusters, synthetic methods still suffer from a lack of in situ and real-time reaction monitoring methodologies. This limits insight into the mechanism of formation of AuNCs and hinders attempts at optimization. We have demonstrated the utility of HPLC-MS as a monitoring methodology in the synthesis of two NHC-protected gold nanoclusters: [Au13(NHC)9Cl3]2+ and [Au24(NHC)14Cl2H3]3+. Herein we show that HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry and 13C NMR spectroscopy of labelled derivatives enables new insight into critical reaction dynamics of AuNCs synthesis and rapid reaction optimization.

Contribution of boundary non-stoichiometry to the lower-temperature plasticity in high-pressure sintered boron carbide.

The improvement of non-oxide ceramic plasticity while maintaining the high-temperature strength is a great challenge through the classical strategy, which generally includes decreasing grain size to several nanometers or adding ductile binder phase. Here, we report that the plasticity of fully dense boron carbide (B4C) is greatly enhanced due to the boundary non-stoichiometry induced by high-pressure sintering technology. The effect decreases the plastic deformation temperature of B4C by 200 °C compared to that of conventionally-sintered specimens. Promoted grain boundary diffusion is found to enhance grain boundary sliding, which dominate the lower-temperature plasticity. In addition, the as-produced specimen maintains extraordinary strength before the occurrence of plasticity. The study provides an efficient strategy by boundary chemical change to facilitate the plasticity of ceramic materials.

Divergent response to abiotic factor determines the decoupling of water and carbon fluxes over an artificial C4 shrub in desert.

Knowledge on relationship and determinants of water and carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange is crucial to land managers and policy makers especially for the desertified land restoration. However, there remains highly uncertain in terms of water use and carbon sequestration for artificial plantation in desert. Here, continuous water and carbon fluxes were measured using eddy covariance (EC) in conjunction with hydrometeorological measurements over an artificial C4 shrub, Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge, from July 2020 to 2021 in Tengger Desert, China. Throughout 2021, evapotranspiration (ET) was 189.5 mm, of which 85% (150 mm) occurred during growing season, that was comparable with the summation of precipitation (132.2 mm), dew (33.5 mm) and potential other sources (e.g. deep subsoil water). This ecosystem was a strong carbon sink with net ecosystem production (NEP) up to 446.4 g C m-2 yr-1, much higher than surrounding sites. Gross primary production (GPP, 598.7 g C m-2 yr-1) in this shrubland was comparable with that of other shrublands, whereas ecosystem respiration (Re, 152.3 g C m-2 yr-1) was lower. Random Forest showed that environmental factors can explain 71.56% and 80.07% variation of GPP and ET, respectively. Interestingly, environmental factors have divergent effect on water and carbon exchange, i.e., soil hydrothermic factors (soil moisture content and soil temperature) determine the magnitude and seasonal pattern of ET and Re, while aerodynamics factors (net radiation, atmospheric temperature and wind speed) determine GPP and NEP. As such, divergent response of abiotic factors resulted in the decoupling of water and carbon exchange. Our results suggest that H. ammodendron is a suitable species for large-scale afforestation in dryland given its low water use but high carbon sequestration. Therefore, we infer that artificial planting H. ammodendron in dryland could provide an opportunity for climate change mitigation, and the long-term time series data is needed to confirm its sustainable role of carbon sequestration in the future.

Dendrite initiation and propagation in lithium metal solid-state batteries.

All-solid-state batteries with a Li anode and ceramic electrolyte have the potential to deliver a step change in performance compared with today's Li-ion batteries1,2. However, Li dendrites (filaments) form on charging at practical rates and penetrate the ceramic electrolyte, leading to short circuit and cell failure3,4. Previous models of dendrite penetration have generally focused on a single process for dendrite initiation and propagation, with Li driving the crack at its tip5-9. Here we show that initiation and propagation are separate processes. Initiation arises from Li deposition into subsurface pores, by means of microcracks that connect the pores to the surface. Once filled, further charging builds pressure in the pores owing to the slow extrusion of Li (viscoplastic flow) back to the surface, leading to cracking. By contrast, dendrite propagation occurs by wedge opening, with Li driving the dry crack from the rear, not the tip. Whereas initiation is determined by the local (microscopic) fracture strength at the grain boundaries, the pore size, pore population density and current density, propagation depends on the (macroscopic) fracture toughness of the ceramic, the length of the Li dendrite (filament) that partially occupies the dry crack, current density, stack pressure and the charge capacity accessed during each cycle. Lower stack pressures suppress propagation, markedly extending the number of cycles before short circuit in cells in which dendrites have initiated.

Square Root Convexity of Fisher Information along Heat Flow in Dimension Two.

Recently, Ledoux, Nair, and Wang proved that the Fisher information along the heat flow is log-convex in dimension one, that is d2dt2log(I(Xt))≥0 for n=1, where Xt is a random variable with density function satisfying the heat equation. In this paper, we consider the high dimensional case and prove that the Fisher information is square root convex in dimension two, that is d2dt2IX≥0 for n=2. The proof is based on the semidefinite programming approach.

High-stability spherical lanthanide nanoclusters for magnetic resonance imaging.

High-nuclear lanthanide clusters have shown great potential for the administration of high-dose mononuclear gadolinium chelates in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The development of high-nuclear lanthanide clusters with excellent solubility and high stability in water or solution has been challenging and is very important for expanding the performance of MRI. We used N-methylbenzimidazole-2-methanol (HL) and LnCl3·6H2O to synthesize two spherical lanthanide clusters, Ln32 (Ln = Ho, Ho32; and Ln = Gd, Gd32), which are highly stable in solution. The 24 ligands L- are all distributed on the periphery of Ln32 and tightly wrap the cluster core, ensuring that the cluster is stable. Notably, Ho32 can remain highly stable when bombarded with different ion source energies in HRESI-MS or immersed in an aqueous solution of different pH values for 24 h. The possible formation mechanism of Ho32 was proposed to be Ho(III), (L)- and H2O → Ho3(L)3/Ho3(L)4 → Ho4(L)4/Ho4(L)5 → Ho6(L)6/Ho6(L)7 → Ho16(L)19 → Ho28(L)15 → Ho32(L)24/Ho32(L)21/Ho32(L)23. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the assembly mechanism of spherical high-nuclear lanthanide clusters. Spherical cluster Gd32, a form of highly aggregated Gd(III), exhibits a high longitudinal relaxation rate (1 T, r1 = 265.87 mM-1·s-1). More notably, compared with the clinically used commercial material Gd-DTPA, Gd32 has a clearer and higher-contrast T1-weighted MRI effect in mice bearing 4T1 tumors. This is the first time that high-nuclear lanthanide clusters with high water stability have been utilized for MRI. High-nuclear Gd clusters containing highly aggregated Gd(III) at the molecular level have higher imaging contrast than traditional Gd chelates; thus, using large doses of traditional gadolinium contrast agents can be avoided.

Development and Determinants of Topsoil Bacterial and Fungal Communities of Afforestation by Aerial Sowing in Tengger Desert, China.

It was previously reported that afforestation in the desert can help improve soil texture, carbon accumulation, and nutrient status. However, the effects of afforestation on soil microbial composition, diversity, and microbial interactions with soil physicochemical properties have been rarely evaluated quantitatively. Using the method of space-for-time substitutions, we assessed the development and determinants of topsoil bacterial and fungal communities over nearly 40 years of successive afforestation by aerial sowing in Tengger Desert, China. The results showed that afforestation by aerial sowing comprised a considerable proportion of Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria in the bacterial community in addition to the ubiquitous phyla found in desert but had fewer effects on the dominant phyla of the fungal community. At the phylum level, the bacterial community was clearly clustered into two groups. However, it was difficult to differentiate the constituents of the fungal community based on principal coordinate analysis. The richness of the bacterial and fungal communities was significantly higher after five years than at zero years and three years. Additionally, the bacterial community varied parabolically and reached its largest size at twenty years, while the fungal community increased exponentially. Soil physicochemical properties were found to have divergent effects on the abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities, among which salt- and carbon-associated properties (e.g., electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, total carbon, and organic carbon) were closely related with the abundance of bacterial-dominant phyla and the diversity of bacteria and fungi, but nutrient-associated properties (e.g., total phosphorus and available phosphorus) were not. The results indicate that afforestation through the salt secretions of plants leaves and carbon inputs from litter promote the development of topsoil bacterial and fungal communities in the desert.

Registration method for infrared and visible image of sea surface vessels based on contour feature.

In this paper, a modified infrared and visible image registration method based on contour feature is proposed. Our method firstly extracts the feature contour and eliminates sparkling waves contour of the sea surface, determines the main direction of the contour based on the contour image, then uses the improved Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) method as the feature point to construct the descriptor, completes the registration of the two images. 30 sets of infrared and visible-band vessels images were selected for registration experiments. Compared with previous reports, the experimental results showed that the proportion of effective feature points detected by this method can reach 70%, and the average number of effective feature points detected by proposed method can reach 196 in visible band image and 279 in infrared image. The running time was 5.3599s, shortened by 25% compared with previous reports, and the average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value was 2.3566, smaller by 75% compared with previous reports. An effective registration method is provided, which can be used for infrared and visible image processing and comprehensive utilization of information in marine scenes.

Epigenetic regulation of HBV-specific tumor-infiltrating T cells in HBV-related HCC.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HBV shapes the T-cell immune responses in HBV-related HCC. T cells can be recruited to the nidus, but limited T cells participate specifically in response to the HBV-related tumor microenvironment and HBV antigens. How epigenomic programs regulate T-cell compartments in virus-specific immune processes is unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We developed Ti-ATAC-seq. 2 to map the T-cell receptor repertoire, epigenomic, and transcriptomic landscape of αß T cells at both the bulk-cell and single-cell levels in 54 patients with HCC. We deeply investigated HBV-specific T cells and HBV-related T-cell subsets that specifically responded to HBV antigens and the HBV + tumor microenvironment, respectively, characterizing their T-cell receptor clonality and specificity and performing epigenomic profiling. A shared program comprising NFKB1/2-, Proto-Oncogene, NF-KB Sub unit, NFATC2-, and NR4A1-associated unique T-cell receptor-downstream core epigenomic and transcriptomic regulome commonly regulated the differentiation of HBV-specific regulatory T-cell (Treg) cells and CD8 + exhausted T cells; this program was also selectively enriched in the HBV-related Treg-CTLA4 and CD8-exhausted T cell-thymocyte selection associated high mobility subsets and drove greater clonal expansion in HBV-related Treg-CTLA4 subset. Overall, 54% of the effector and memory HBV-specific T cells are governed by transcription factor motifs of activator protein 1, NFE2, and BACH1/2, which have been reported to be associated with prolonged patient relapse-free survival. Moreover, HBV-related tumor-infiltrating Tregs correlated with both increased viral titer and poor prognosis in patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insight into the cellular and molecular basis of the epigenomic programs that regulate the differentiation and generation of HBV-related T cells from viral infection and HBV + HCC unique immune exhaustion.

Chronological and Carbohydrate-Dependent Transformation of Fatty Acids in the Larvae of Black Soldier Fly Following Food Waste Treatment.

Although black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can convert food waste into insectile fatty acids (FAs), the chronological and diet-dependent transformation of larval FAs has yet to be determined. This study focused on the dynamics of larval FA profiles following food waste treatment and characterized factors that may drive FA composition and bioaccumulation. Larval FA matters peaked on Day 11 as 7.7 ± 0.7% of food waste dry matter, maintained stably from Day 11-19, and decreased slightly from Day 19-21. The BSFL primarily utilized waste carbohydrates for FA bioconversion (Day 0-11) and shifted to waste FAs (Day 7-17) when the carbohydrates were close to depletion. The optimal time window for larvae harvest was Days 17-19, which fulfilled both targets of waste oil removal and larval FA transformation. Larval FAs were dominated by C12:0, followed by C18:2, C18:1, and C16:0. The waste-reducing carbohydrate primarily accounted for larval FA bioaccumulation (r = -0.947, p < 0.001). The increase in diet carbohydrate ratio resulted in the elevation of larval C12:0 yield, which indicated that larval C12:0-FA was primarily biosynthesized from carbohydrates and further transformed from ≥C16 FAs. This study elucidates the bioaccumulation process of larval FAs for food waste treatment and highlights the importance of waste carbohydrates for both the composition and transformation of larval FAs.