Ultrasonic extraction and purification of scutellarin from Erigerontis Herba using deep eutectic solvent.

Nowadays, deep eutectic solvent (DES) was widely used in the extraction of bioactive in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an alternative to organic solvents. While as, it is still a challenge for the removal of DES solvents and recovery of the extracted product. In this study, a simple, efficient and green technique of preparing scutellarin from Erigerontis Herba(EH) was proposed, combining ultrasonic assisted-DES extraction with anti-solvent purification. Firstly, different types of DES were prepared and studied for their abilities to extract scutellarin from EH. DES composed of choline chloride and acetamide (1:4 mol/mol) with 30% water obtained the highest extraction yield. Anti-solvent was proved as an efficient method to recover scutellarin from the DES extract with a content of purification up to 71.2%. Moreover, microscopic structural analysis was carried out to investigate the extract process and explain the extraction principle. Furthermore, the antioxidative activities of the DES extracts were evaluated, indicated that the bioactive property of scutellarin were still remained by using DES as the extraction solvent. In conclusion, the proposed simple and green ultrasonic assisted DES extraction method will serve as an effective alternative strategy to extract bioactive compounds from TCM.

Nacre-mimetic Strategy to Fabricate Waterborne FrGO/Zn/Epoxy Coatings with Dual Corrosion Protection.

The service life of metal and other infrastructure requires extending through eco-friendly, low-carbon technology. Here, a nacre-mimetic γ-Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide (FrGO)/zinc-containing epoxy coating (FrGO/Zn/epoxy coating) was fabricated by spraying a mixture of waterborne epoxy resin, zinc flakes, and magnetic conductive FrGO under a magnetic field. The FrGO, which was synthesized by in situ redox and precipitation, was aligned in the zinc-containing coatings (ZCC), and it oriented the zinc flakes in the direction of the magnetic field to mimic the lamellar structure of nacre. The obtained anti-corrosion coating showed enhanced barrier protection and cathodic protection, which was confirmed by the electrochemical tests and salt spray test results. The waterborne coatings less than 50 µm thick with parallelly aligned FrGO and 30 wt % zinc flakes exhibited a long cathodic period lasting more than 99 days and excellent barrier performance with a high initial coating resistance of 5.31 × 109 Ω·cm2, which was superior to that of the conventional zinc-rich coating containing 80 wt % zinc (80 days, 3.74 × 103 Ω·cm2). The dual anti-corrosion mechanism of the waterborne FrGO/Zn/epoxy coating was investigated. The integrity and long-term cathodic protection of the coatings were derived from the compactness achieved by the nacre-mimetic structure and the interface chemical and hydrogen bonding crosslinking interactions and the high, uniform zinc utilization achieved by the aligned FrGO-Zn charge transmission network. This work provides a feasible nacre-inspired strategy to fabricate a lightweight anti-corrosion waterborne ZCC that is resource-efficient and promising in creating compact materials with other functional properties, such as electromagnetic shielding and conductive networks.

Network integration and protein structural binding analysis of neurodegeneration-related interactome.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) usually connect with aggregation and molecular interactions of pathological proteins. The integration of accumulative data from clinical and biomedical research will allow for the excavation of pathological proteins and related interactors. It is also important to systematically study their interacting proteins in order to find more related proteins and potential therapeutic targets. Understanding binding regions in protein interactions will help functional proteomics and provide an alternative method for predicting novel interactions. This study integrated data from biomedical research to achieve systematic mining and analysis of pathogenic proteins and their interaction network. A workflow has been built as a solution for the collective information of proteins involved in NDs, related protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and interactive visualizations. It also included protein isoforms and mapped them in a disease-related PPI network to illuminate the impact of alternative splicing on protein binding. The interacting proteins enriched by diseases and biological processes (BPs) revealed possible regulatory modules. A high-resolution network with structural affinity information was generated. Finally, Neurodegenerative Disease Atlas (NDAtlas) was constructed with an interactive and intuitive view of protein docking with 3D molecular graphics beyond the traditional 2D network. NDAtlas is available at http://bis.zju.edu.cn/ndatlas.

A global study for acute myeloid leukemia with RARG rearrangement.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with retinoic acid receptor γ (RARG) rearrangement has clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features similar to classic acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, AML with RARG rearrangement is insensitive to alltrans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) and carries a poor prognosis. We initiated a global cooperative study to define the clinicopathological features, genomic and transcriptomic landscape, and outcomes of AML with RARG rearrangements collected from 29 study groups/institutions worldwide. Thirty-four patients with AML with RARG rearrangements were identified. Bleeding or ecchymosis was present in 18 (54.5%) patients. Morphology diagnosed as M3 and M3v accounted for 73.5% and 26.5% of the cases, respectively. Immunophenotyping showed the following characteristics: positive for CD33, CD13, and MPO but negative for CD38, CD11b, CD34, and HLA-DR. Cytogenetics showed normal karyotype in 38% and t(11;12) in 26% of patients. The partner genes of RARG were diverse and included CPSF6, NUP98, HNRNPc, HNRNPm, PML, and NPM1. WT1- and NRAS/KRAS-mutations were common comutations. None of the 34 patients responded to ATRA and/or ATO. Death within 45 days from diagnosis occurred in 10 patients (∼29%). At the last follow-up, 23 patients had died, and the estimated 2-year cumulative incidence of relapse, event-free survival, and overall survival were 68.7%, 26.7%, and 33.5%, respectively. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering using RNA sequencing data from 201 patients with AML showed that 81.8% of the RARG fusion samples clustered together, suggesting a new molecular subtype. RARG rearrangement is a novel entity of AML that confers a poor prognosis. This study is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200055810).

Evaluating the behavior and principle of deep eutectic solvent on ephedrine-type alkaloid extraction from Ephedrae Herba.

In this study, deep eutectic solvent (DES), as a new green solvent, was used to extract bioactive alkaloids from Ephedrae Herba using supersonic extraction. In a variety of tested hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs, DES composed of choline chloride and xylitol was proved to be the most efficient solvent. Factors affecting extraction efficiency, including the mole ratio of hydrogen bond acceptor/hydrogen bond donor, water contention, and solid/liquid ratio, were optimized individually. Under optimal conditions, the yield of ephedrine (EP) and pseudoephedrine obtained using this new method was 14.24 and 4.32 mg/g, respectively, which was higher than that using the traditional solvent (acidified water and methanol). Furthermore, the extraction mechanism of DES and EP was investigated using molecular dynamics simulation study. Structural properties such as radial distribution functions and average number of hydrogen bonds were then computed. The results showed that hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces are important driving forces of extraction; in addition, the hydrogen bonds between the Cl atom of choline chloride and N atom of EP played a dominant part in the extraction process. Based on the extraction principle, the extraction method using choline chloride as extraction solvent was also discussed.

Reassessment of Reliability and Reproducibility for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Subtyping.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease with diverse, often poor prognoses and treatment responses. In order to identify targetable biomarkers and guide personalized care, scientists have developed multiple molecular classification systems for TNBC based on transcriptomic profiling. However, there is no consensus on the molecular subtypes of TNBC, likely due to discrepancies in technical and computational methods used by different research groups. Here, we reassessed the major steps for TNBC subtyping, validated the reproducibility of established TNBC subtypes, and identified two more subtypes with a larger sample size. By comparing results from different workflows, we demonstrated the limitations of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, as well as batch effect removal across microarray platforms. We also refined the usage of computational tools for TNBC subtyping. Furthermore, we integrated high-quality multi-institutional TNBC datasets (discovery set: n = 457; validation set: n = 165). Performing unsupervised clustering on the discovery and validation sets independently, we validated four previously discovered subtypes: luminal androgen receptor, mesenchymal, immunomodulatory, and basal-like immunosuppressed. Additionally, we identified two potential intermediate states of TNBC tumors based on their resemblance with more than one well-characterized subtype. In summary, we addressed the issues and limitations of previous TNBC subtyping through comprehensive analyses. Our results promote the rational design of future subtyping studies and provide new insights into TNBC patient stratification.

Simulating the Dynamic Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity and Therapeutic Responses.

A tumor is a complex tissue comprised of heterogeneous cell subpopulations which exhibit substantial diversity at morphological, genetic and epigenetic levels. Under the selective pressure of cancer therapies, a minor treatment-resistant subpopulation could survive and repopulate. Therefore, the intra-tumor heterogeneity is recognized as a major obstacle to effective treatment. In this paper, we propose a stochastic clonal expansion model to simulate the dynamic evolution of tumor subpopulations and the therapeutic effect at different times during tumor progression. The model is incorporated in the CES webserver, for the convenience of simulation according to initial user input. Based on this model, we investigate the influence of various factors on tumor progression and treatment consequences and present conclusions drawn from observations, highlighting the importance of treatment timing. The model provides an intuitive illustration to deepen the understanding of temporal intra-tumor heterogeneity dynamics and treatment responses, thus helping the improvement of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Evaluation of green and efficient deep eutectic solvents as media for extracting alkaloids from lotus leaf.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were applied as eco-friendly solvents in this study for the extraction of alkaloids from lotus leaf, including O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine, nuciferine and roemerine. A series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs with different hydrogen bond donors and a acceptors were synthesized and screened for a suitable DESs for extraction of alkaloids from lotus leaf. The study results showed that the hydrophilic DES with choline chloride and propanediol had the highest extraction yield. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency-choline chloride-propanediol ratio, water content in deep eutectic solvents, solid-liquid ratio and extraction time-were investigated via a single-factor experiment. The optimized extraction conditions were 30% of water in choline chloride-propanediol (1:4) for heated extraction for 30 min and solid-liquid ratio 1:100 g/ml. Under optimum conditions, the extraction yields of O-nornuciferine, N-nornuciferine, nuciferine and roemerine were 0.069, 0.152, 0.334 and 0.041 g/100 g respectively, which were higher than those of methanol in acidified aqueous solution. This study suggests considerable potential for DESs as promising materials for the green and efficient extraction solvents for bioactive alkaloids from natural sources.

Surgical treatment of sternum comminuted fracture with memory alloy embracing fixator.

BACKGROUND: Sternal fracture can result from multiple types of severe chest trauma and carries significant risk. Surgical fixation is an effective method for sternal fracture. METHODS: The clinical data of patients with sternal fractures who presented to our hospital between August 2016 and July 2019 were collected. The 42 patients were divided into three groups, with 15 patients treated by internal fixation with NI-TI memory alloy embracing fixator, 10 patients receiving steel wire fixation, and 17 who received non-surgical treatment and who was designated as a control (conservative) group. Differences in clinical indices included the duration of surgery, blood loss, hospitalization, wound healing, hospitalization expenses, VAS scores, and patient satisfaction scores between the three groups was compared. The analysis of variance and t-test were used for quantitative variables, which were approximately normally distributed. Dichotomous data were compared used Pearson χ2 or Fisher's exact test, and a P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: All patients were cured, and there were no significant differences in general clinical features between the three groups (P>0.05). Thoracic deformity in the surgical groups was corrected anatomically and received better pain scores, while patients in the NI-TI memory alloy embracing fixator group showed advantages of bleeding and patient satisfaction (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Operative treatment for a sternal fracture is safe, effective and can quickly restore the stability of the thorax. Memory alloy embracing fixator is markedly superior to other fixator materials.

The capacity of ion adsorption and purification for coniferous forests is stronger than that of broad-leaved forests.

In the past few decades, industrialization has caused a large number of pollutants to be released into the atmosphere. Forest ecosystems play an important function in regulating the biogeochemistry and the circulation of metal ions pollutants. Forest ecosystems affect the absorption of pollutants and dissolution of nutrients from the atmosphere and vegetation canopy, thereby influencing the content and composition of forest floor leachate and soil solution. This study examined changes in acid anions (NO3-, SO42-, Cl-) and metal cations (K+, Ca2+, Na2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+) in rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, and forest floor leachate for five different forests (Larix principis-rupprechtii, Picea wilsonii, Picea crassifolia, Betula platyphylla and Rhododendron communities). The results showed that the enrichment capacity of acid anions and metal cations in the vegetation canopy of the coniferous forests (L. principis-rupprechtii, P. wilsonii, P. crassifolia) was stronger than that of the broad-leaved forests (B. platyphylla and Rhododendron communities). The content of acid anions and metal cations in stemflow of coniferous forests were 3.7-5.6 times and 0-9.3 times higher than those of broad-leaved forests, respectively. Corresponding values in throughfall were 1-1.4 times and 0.3-2.4 times, respectively. The contents of NO3-, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ in leachate filtered from the soil layers that are deepening gradually showed consistent decreasing trend for all the forest stands. In addition, NO3-, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, Fe3+, and Pb2+ were also concentrated in the topsoil, except for Cu2+ and Cd2+. Nevertheless, SO42- and Na+ were concentrated in the subsoil, whereas Ca2+ was concentrated in the upper soil layers. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in coniferous forest stands were 20-37% and 34-63% higher than those in broad-leaved forest stands, respectively. This results also shown that the contents of OC and TN has a strong correlation with the content of partial metal cations in soil and litter, indicating that coniferous forest stands had stronger ion scavenging and adsorption capacity in soil layer and litter layer than broad-leaved forest stands. Therefore, L. principis-rupprechtii, P. wilsonii, P. crassifolia had higher air pollutant adsorption and soil pollution remediation capacities than the other two forests. Thus, we recommend planting coniferous tree species (L. principis-rupprechtii, P. wilsonii and P. crassifolia) for eco-rehabilitation and water purification to improve the ecological service function of forest ecosystems.

OverCOVID: an integrative web portal for SARS-CoV-2 bioinformatics resources.

Outbreaks of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is still a threat to global human health. In order to understand the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and developing drug against COVID-19, a vast amount of genomic, proteomic, interatomic, and clinical data is being generated, and the bioinformatics researchers produced databases, webservers and tools to gather those publicly available data and provide an opportunity of analyzing such data. However, these bioinformatics resources are scattered and researchers need to find them from different resources discretely. To facilitate researchers in finding the resources in one frame, we have developed an integrated web portal called OverCOVID (http://bis.zju.edu.cn/overcovid/). The publicly available webservers, databases and tools associated with SARS-CoV-2 have been incorporated in the resource page. In addition, a network view of the resources is provided to display the scope of the research. Other information like SARS-CoV-2 strains is visualized and various layers of interaction resources is listed in distinct pages of the web portal. As an integrative web portal, the OverCOVID will help the scientist to search the resources and accelerate the clinical research of SARS-CoV-2.

In situ dissecting the evolution of gene duplication with different histone modification patterns based on high-throughput data analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

BACKGROUND: Genetic regulation is known to contribute to the divergent expression of duplicate genes; however, little is known about how epigenetic modifications regulate the expression of duplicate genes in plants. METHODS: The histone modification (HM) profile patterns of different modes of gene duplication, including the whole genome duplication, proximal duplication, tandem duplication and transposed duplication were characterized based on ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq datasets. In this study, 10 distinct HM marks including H2Bub, H3K4me1, H3K4me2, H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K9me2, H3K27me1, H3K27me3, H3K36me3 and H3K14ac were analyzed. Moreover, the features of gene duplication with different HM patterns were characterized based on 88 RNA-seq datasets of Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS: This study showed that duplicate genes in Arabidopsis have a more similar HM pattern than single-copy genes in both their promoters and protein-coding regions. The evolution of HM marks is found to be coupled with coding sequence divergence and expression divergence after gene duplication. We found that functionally selective constraints may impose on epigenetic evolution after gene duplication. Furthermore, duplicate genes with distinct functions have more divergence in histone modification compared with the ones with the same function, while higher expression divergence is found with mutations of chromatin modifiers. This study shows the role of epigenetic marks in regulating gene expression and functional divergence after gene duplication in plants based on sequencing data.

Bioinformatics resources facilitate understanding and harnessing clinical research of SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an unprecedented threat to public health. The pandemic has been sweeping the globe, impacting more than 200 countries, with more outbreaks still lurking on the horizon. At the time of the writing, no approved drugs or vaccines are available to treat COVID-19 patients, prompting an urgent need to decipher mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and develop curative treatments. To fight COVID-19, researchers around the world have provided specific tools and molecular information for SARS-CoV-2. These pieces of information can be integrated to aid computational investigations and facilitate clinical research. This paper reviews current knowledge, the current status of drug development and various resources for key steps toward effective treatment of COVID-19, including the phylogenetic characteristics, genomic conservation and interaction data. The final goal of this paper is to provide information that may be utilized in bioinformatics approaches and aid target prioritization and drug repurposing. Several SARS-CoV-2-related tools/databases were reviewed, and a web-portal named OverCOVID (http://bis.zju.edu.cn/overcovid/) is constructed to provide a detailed interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 basics and share a collection of resources that may contribute to therapeutic advances. These information could improve researchers' understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and help to accelerate the development of new antiviral treatments.

Sequence repetitiveness quantification and de novo repeat detection by weighted k-mer coverage.

DNA repeats are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and have been proved to play a vital role in genome evolution and regulation. A large number of approaches have been proposed to identify various repeats in the genome. Some de novo repeat identification tools can efficiently generate sequence repetitive scores based on k-mer counting for repeat detection. However, we noticed that these tools can still be improved in terms of repetitive score calculation, sensitivity to segmental duplications and detection specificity. Therefore, here, we present a new computational approach named Repeat Locator (RepLoc), which is based on weighted k-mer coverage to quantify the genome sequence repetitiveness and locate the repetitive sequences. According to the repetitiveness map of the human genome generated by RepLoc, we found that there may be relationships between sequence repetitiveness and genome structures. A comprehensive benchmark shows that RepLoc is a more efficient k-mer counting based tool for de novo repeat detection. The RepLoc software is freely available at http://bis.zju.edu.cn/reploc.

CircPlant: An Integrated Tool for circRNA Detection and Functional Prediction in Plants.

The recent discovery of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and characterization of their functional roles have opened a new avenue for understanding the biology of genomes. circRNAs have been implicated to play important roles in a variety of biological processes, but their precise functions remain largely elusive. Currently, a few approaches are available for novel circRNA prediction, but almost all these methods are intended for animal genomes. Considering that the major differences between the organization of plant and mammal genomes cannot be neglected, a plant-specific method is needed to enhance the validity of plant circRNA identification. In this study, we present CircPlant, an integrated tool for the exploration of plant circRNAs, potentially acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), and their potential functions. With the incorporation of several unique plant-specific criteria, CircPlant can accurately detect plant circRNAs from high-throughput RNA-seq data. Based on comparison tests on simulated and real RNA-seq datasets from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, we show that CircPlant outperforms all evaluated competing tools in both accuracy and efficiency. CircPlant is freely available at http://bis.zju.edu.cn/circplant.

Fabrication of Micro Ultrasonic Powder Molding Polypropylene Part with Hydrophobic Patterned Surface.

Constructing regular micro-structures with certain geometric characteristics on the surface of the polymer part can obtain some specific functions. Micro ultrasonic powder molding (micro-UPM) is an efficient processing technique for the fabrication of well-filled micro-structured Polypropylene (PP) parts. The micro-structure array on the surface of the core insert was obtained by low speed wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM-LS). PP polymer surfaces with micro-structured patterns were successfully replicated from the core insert surface after micro-UPM. By studying the detailed topography characterizations of micro-structured PP parts, the effects of processing parameters (ultrasonic energy, welding pressure and holding time) on the micro-structured filling show that when PP polymer was formed under the conditions of 1000 J, 115 kPa and 8 s during micro-UPM, well-filled micro-structured parts can be obtained. Besides, without low surface energy coating modification, the water contact angles (WCAs) of micro-structured PP parts increased from 85.3° to 146.8°, indicating that the wettability of the surface can be changed by replicating the micro-structure on PP parts after micro-UPM.

Ecohydrological effects of biocrust type on restoration dynamics in drylands.

Global climate change influences not only vascular plants, but also biological soil crusts (biocrusts), which play important roles in dryland vegetation dynamics by redistributing rainfall in soils. Different types of biocrusts, spanning a spectrum from cyanobacteria-dominated and moss-dominated, have distinct roles in rainfall redistribution patterns, but the ecohydrological effects of different biocrust types on dryland ecosystem dynamics remain largely unclear. This study developed an ecohydrological model with biocrust as a system state variable to explicitly explore the effects of different biocrust types on dryland vegetation dynamics in Shapotou region in northern China, particularly after restoration. The results indicated that both cyanobacteria- and moss-dominated biocrusts could support high grass cover (approximately 40%) after restoration. Cyanobacterial, but not moss biocrusts, could also maintain a high level of shrub cover (13 and 3%, respectively). Shifting from cyanobacteria to mosses gradually increased the biocrust cover from approximately 40% to 80%. The biocrust's water-holding capacity (the volume of water it can intercept per unit area) is likely be able to explain the dynamics of biocrust and shrub cover (with correlation efficiency of R2 = 0.972 and 0.987, respectively), but not grass cover (R2 = 0.224). The findings suggest that biocrust type may significantly affect coverage of biocrusts and shrubs, but not grass coverage, and global climate change may influence dryland restoration by altering biocrust types.

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of five ß-agonists in the environmental samples.

In this study, a simple and effective method was developed for the enantiomeric analysis of five ß-agonists (terbutaline, clorprenaline, tulobuterol, clenbuterol, and salbutamol) in water samples using deep eutectic solvent (DES) based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and chiral LC-MS. In such a framework, different kinds of hydrophobic DESs were tailored to examine their extraction ability for five ß-agonists from aqueous sample. After an initial screening, the primary factors affecting the extraction recovery of DES based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, such as hydrogen-bond acceptor/hydrogen-bond donor ratio, DES volume, type and volume of disperser solvent and so on, were investigated and optimized. Finally, the established method was validated and found to be linear, precise, and accurate. The method was successfully applied to analyze the five ß-agonists in water samples, which will help better understand the behavior of individual enantiomer and make accurate risk assessment on the ecosystem.

A practical guide for DNase-seq data analysis: from data management to common applications.

Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I)-hypersensitive site sequencing (DNase-seq) has been widely used to determine chromatin accessibility and its underlying regulatory lexicon. However, exploring DNase-seq data requires sophisticated downstream bioinformatics analyses. In this study, we first review computational methods for all of the major steps in DNase-seq data analysis, including experimental design, quality control, read alignment, peak calling, annotation of cis-regulatory elements, genomic footprinting and visualization. The challenges associated with each step are highlighted. Next, we provide a practical guideline and a computational pipeline for DNase-seq data analysis by integrating some of these tools. We also discuss the competing techniques and the potential applications of this pipeline for the analysis of analogous experimental data. Finally, we discuss the integration of DNase-seq with other functional genomics techniques.

Deep eutectic solvent as a green solvent for enhanced extraction of narirutin, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin from Aurantii Fructus.

INTRODUCTION: In the present study, a green and efficient extraction method using deep eutectic solvents as extraction solvent was developed for extracting the four major active compounds narirutin, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin from Aurantii Fructus. METHODOLOGY: A series of tunable deep eutectic solvents were prepared and investigated by mixing choline chloride or betaine to different hydrogen-bond donors, and betaine/ethanediol was found to be the most suitable extraction solvent. To achieve the best extraction yield, the primary factors affecting the extraction efficiency, such as hydrogen-bond acceptor/hydrogen-bond donor ratio, water content in deep eutectic solvents, extraction temperature, solid/liquid ratio and extraction time, were investigated. RESULTS: The optimal extraction conditions were 40% of water in betaine/ethanediol (1:4) at 60°C for heated extraction of 30 min and solid/liquid ratio 1:100 g/mL. Under the optimum extraction condition, the extraction yields of narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin were 8.39 ± 0.61, 83.98 ± 1.92, 3.03 ± 0.35 and 35.94 ± 0.63 mg/g, respectively, which were much higher than those of methanol as extraction solvent (5.5 ± 0.48, 64.23 ± 1.51, 2.16 ± 0.15 and 30.14 ± 0.62 mg/g). CONCLUSION: The present results showed that deep eutectic solvents could be promising green and efficient solvents for extraction of the bioactive ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine.