Role of proteins and soluble peptides as limiting components during the co-composting of agro-industrial wastes.

The agri-food industry is at the centre of the circular economy, since the co-composting of its residual flows allows their management and adds value producing fertilisers. In this work, six composting piles were prepared combining agri-food sludge (AS), different fresh vegetable wastes (pepper waste (P), tomato waste (T), and leek waste (L), and, as bulking agents, vine shoot pruning (VS), garlic stalks (GS) and avocado leaves (AL)). Classical physico-chemical and chemical determinations and advanced instrumental methods (excitation-emission fluorescence (EEM) and gravimetric (TG, DTG and DTA) techniques) were used and compared to assess organic matter evolution and evaluate the quality of the composts obtained. The thermal profiles of the composting processes were viable to show the stabilization of the agri-food sludge with the different materials tested in the mixtures, reaching adequate levels of stabilization of organic matter. Preferential degradation of peptides and proteins was observed by fluorescence. This seemed to induce a limitation in the biodegradation of the remaining organic matter, indicating that these biomolecules are key in composting dynamics, acting as limiting components during the process. The results from thermogravimetric analysis indicated the degradation of labile compounds (e.g., carbohydrates and proteins), the most recalcitrant material becoming predominant at the maturity stage of the composting process. The rise in the thermogravimetric parameter R2 was associated with the increase in the concentration of more refracting compounds, which need more energy for their decomposition.

Comprehensive management of dog faeces: Composting versus anaerobic digestion.

The objective of this work was to study the possibilities to manage and recycle dog faeces (DF) using biological processes, using two approaches: composting (C) and anaerobic digestion (AD). Thus, different experiments have been carried out: i) two laboratory/pilot scale experiments (self-heating and composting tests) and one, on a commercial scale; ii) two AD experiments. In both approaches, municipal waste such as the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OMSW) and urban pruning waste (GW) were used as co-substrates. The results obtained regarding the optimization of the composting process indicated that the best strategy was the use of a 1:2 ratio of DF, a 1:4 ratio of OMSW, and a 1:4 ratio of GW, according to the thermal parameters studied (temperature and cumulative quadratic exothermic index (EXI2)), and the quality of the compost obtained. A potentially limiting factor of the process was the high salinity of the DF waste. In addition, AD experiments were performed on DF, OMSW, and GW wastes in controlled anaerobic systems at a laboratory scale. In these experiments, the biogas production obtained was 229 mL biogas/g total solids for the DF residue, 248 mL biogas/g total solids for GW, and 263 mL biogas/g total solids for OMSW. The co-digestion yields a clear improvement in the efficiency of the process against the use of a single residue, increasing the production of biogas by up to 27% with respect to that of the DF waste alone during the first 25 days of AD. The results obtained with these procedures have shown the possibilities to add value to this waste in an urban context where the circular economy represents an increasingly favourable scenario, including the generation of fertilisers and/or energy at a local scale, provided that the collection of dog faeces is optimized.

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle: a proposal for early surgical treatment.

We present a review of six cases of children with congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle, treated and followed up at the "La Fe" Hospital for Children. One of them had bilateral involvement. Five of them, including the bilateral case, were surgically treated at ages ranging from 18 months to 4 years. Bone graft and internal fixation with a Kirschner wire were used. Healing of the pseudarthrosis was obtained in all patients in 6-8 weeks. We discuss the suitability of early surgical treatment that, in our opinion, produces very satisfactory results.

[Prader-Willi syndrome large deletion on two brothers. Is this the exception that confirm the rule?]. / Dos hermanos con síndrome de Prader-Willy por deleción clásica. ¿Es la excepción que confirma la regla?

INTRODUCTION: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a neuroendocrine disorder could be due to: a large paternally derived chromosome deletion of 15q11-13, to maternal uniparental disomy (UPD), or imprinting mutation (IC); amongst this last group five families, with inherited microdeletion encompassing SNRPN were described; in these families excluded a typical large deletion. Families with more than a child with PWS by classic large deletion have not been published. CLINICAL CASES: We report on a family with three children, 2 of which had typical clinical findings of PWS: mental retardation, hypogonadism, hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity and also strabismus and synophridia; during pregnancy reduced fetal movement was noted. The Fish probes (SNRPN and D15S10), Methylation specific PCR (MPCR), Southern blot and microsatellite markers confirmed in the PWS brothers a large deletion at least of the area comprising between D15S63 and GABRA5. CONCLUSIONS: No previously described cases in the literature reviewed show for PWS brothers due to a classical deletion. Some possible reasons recurrence in this family could be: at random, germinal mosaicism, or abnormalities at gonadal level environmental factors such as hydrocarbon exposing occupations in fathers of PWS patients as has been referred to by different authors. The latter might be an explanation as the father was working from age of 17 and for over 12 years with paints at shipyards exposed to hydrocarbon and others mutagenic substances. We consider it would be important to bear this case in mind when giving genetic counseling.

Childhood periosteal chondroma.

We report here three fully documented cases of periosteal chondroma diagnosed and treated in our hospital. There have been few references since Lichtenstein first described this condition as a separate tumour, and none of them concerned children under 10 years old. deSantos accurately describes the radiological features of the tumour. All of our patients were under 10 years old at the moment of the appearance of the lesion, which was always detected in the long bones of the upper limbs. The study included a previous histological examination in two cases and a follow-up in all of them. From this study we learned that invasive diagnosis procedures are unnecessary as we could follow the behaviour and evolution of this cartilaginous benign tumour for a long period of time.