RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by communication difficulty and social deficits. The current treatment employs the use of psychosocial therapy and medication as well as alternative treatments. This is a pilot study that assessed whether participation in judo improved behavior and social skills in children with ASD. METHODS: Twenty-four students from the Riverside Youth Judo Club were included in the study, after obtaining consent from their parents to participate. Inclusion criteria included participation in judo classes for more than one month and diagnosis of ASD and/or a developmental disability. Parent(s) of the children signed a consent form, filled out a study questionnaire and completed the Social Skills Improvement System Social-Emotional Learning Edition, Parent Form (SSIS-SEL). Parents also had the opportunity to volunteer their child's baseline SSIS-SEL assessment. SSIS-SEL data was taken for four participants and compared to the baseline. RESULTS: In the study questionnaire, 62.5% of parents agreed that their children demonstrated improvement across all six categories. The category with the greatest improvement was 'Behavior at home', while the category with the least improvement was 'Eye contact'. CONCLUSION: While the direct impact of judo on special needs children was difficult to assess due to variability in abilities and developmental milestones, we hope that improving awareness regarding the effectiveness of youth sports would impact the long-term quality of life for children with any developmental or mental disability and may help improve their social and behavioral skills in multiple environments.
RESUMEN
One-dimensional 1H NMR experiments were conducted for aqueous solutions of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides to measure the amide proton temperature coefficients and activation energy barriers for solvent exchange and evaluate the effect of pH on the solvent exchange properties. A library of mono- and oligosaccharides was prepared by enzymatic depolymerization of amide-containing polysaccharides and by chemical modification of heparin and heparan sulfate saccharides including members that contain a 3- O-sulfated glucosamine residue. The systematic evaluation of this saccharide library facilitated assessment of the effects of structural characteristics, such as size, sulfation number and site, and glycosidic linkage, on amide proton solvent exchange rates. Charge repulsion by neighboring negatively charged sulfate and carboxylate groups was found to have a significant impact on the catalysis of amide proton solvent exchange by hydroxide. This observation leads to the conclusion that solvent exchange rates must be interpreted within the context of a given chemical environment. On their own, slow exchange rates do not conclusively establish the involvement of a labile proton in a hydrogen bond, and additional supporting experimental evidence such as reduced temperature coefficients is required.
