Intratumoral histological and molecular heterogeneity in an adult diffuse glioma.

Adult-type diffuse gliomas are the most prevalent type of malignant adult brain tumors. Intratumoral heterogeneity can hinder accurate diagnosis and subsequent treatment. This case report documents a tumor with intratumoral heterogeneity, both histologically and by methylation analysis, located within the left cerebral hemisphere of a 29-year-old female. She presented after a witnessed generalized tonic clonic seizure at home. Two years prior she had a witnessed seizure; however, no brain imaging was done at the time. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on this admission, showed a mass lesion in the left frontal operculum with poorly identified margins and right-sided midline shift. Sampling from the left temporal lobe showed an IDH-mutant, ATRX-mutant astrocytoma, which appeared grade 4 in the enhancing anterior portion and grade 2 in the left temporal lobe. Methylation analysis confirmed this heterogeneity. In summary, this is an excellent example of tumor heterogeneity both histologically and by molecular analysis. It is probable, given the clinical history of presentation 2 years prior, that this tumor originated as a low-grade glioma and subsequently evolved.

Establishing a committee for antemortem reviews of suspect Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, neurodegenerative disease. In Ireland, clinical diagnostics and laboratory testing remain the responsibility of the managing clinician and the Neuropathology Department at the Beaumont Hospital, respectively. Centralized review of individual cases is not undertaken. AIMS: To determine how diagnostic processes for CJD could be improved in Ireland and to outline the structure and referral process for a new CJD review panel at the Beaumont Hospital. METHODS: We surveyed Irish neurologists' experiences on the management of CJD in Ireland. We measured turnaround times (TAT) for CSF samples referred for diagnostic CJD testing. Finally, we retrospectively reviewed imaging of autopsy-proven CJD cases to compare with initial reports. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of neurologists supported a national central review of suspect CJD cases. A second clinical opinion was considered to be of likely benefit by 79%. Additionally, 93% reported that a centralized review of neuroradiology would be useful. All respondents felt that expediting turnaround of CSF analysis would be of benefit. The average TAT for CSF testing was 35.4 days. In retrospective review of imaging, all patients demonstrated MRI findings consistent with CJD. However, in only one of these cases were the initial pre-autopsy radiological findings reported as being consistent with CJD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the need for improvements to the Irish National CJD Surveillance Unit to maximize antemortem diagnostic accuracy. On foot of this, a clinical CJD Multidisciplinary Team (CJD MDT) has been established to provide a second opinion on (i) the patient's clinical history, (ii) neuroradiology and (iii) and neurophysiology reports (where available).

Sinonasal outcomes associated with the use of BioGlue® in endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.

Concerns have been raised in the neurosurgical literature regarding the use of BioGlue®, a tissue sealant initially developed for cardiothoracic surgery, due to reports of an increased incidence of infection, wound breakdown, and CSF fistulae. The aim of this study was to determine if the use of BioGlue® in skull base repair impacts on the sinonasal outcomes and the incidence of post-operative infection following endoscopic pituitary surgery. SNOT-22 questionnaires were completed pre-operatively, and at 6, 12, and 24 weeks post-operatively by 50 patients. Pre- and post-operative MRI scans were reviewed and assessed for evidence of post-operative sinusitis. Patient records were consulted to ascertain the incidence of post-operative infection. Repeated measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for data analysis. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the mean SNOT-22 scores across the four time intervals (F(1.605, 78.642) = 9.180, p = 0.001). This difference was powered by a deterioration at 6 weeks that recovered completely by 12 weeks. The mean SNOT-22 score in the study cohort at 24 weeks was 16.84/110 (range 0-57, ± 2.04) which was lower than the mean pre-operative score and is consistent with mild rhinosinusitis. There were no cases of post-operative meningitis and 1/50 (2%) case of post-operative sinusitis in this cohort. The use of BioGlue® in endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery does not appear to lead to significant sinonasal morbidity. Previous concerns about the use of BioGlue® in transcranial procedures may not apply to extradural application of this tissue sealant in endoscopic transnasal surgery.

Neuroimaging of central diabetes insipidus.

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) occurs secondary to deficient synthesis or secretion of arginine vasopressin peptide from the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (HNS). It is characterized by polydipsia and polyuria (urine output >30mL/kg/day in adults and >2l/m2/24h in children) of dilute urine (<250mOsm/L). It can result from any pathology affecting one or more components of the HNS including the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, supraoptic or paraventricular nuclei, and median eminence of the hypothalamus, infundibulum, stalk or the posterior pituitary gland. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA), and a dedicated pituitary or sella protocol is essential. CT can provide complimentary diagnostic information and is also of value when MRI is contraindicated. The most common causes are benign or malignant neoplasia of the HPA (25%), surgery (20%), and head trauma (16%). No cause is identified in up to 30% of cases, classified as idiopathic CDI. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the HNS is crucial when evaluating a patient with CDI. Establishing the etiology of CDI with MRI in combination with clinical and biochemical assessment facilitates appropriate targeted treatment. This chapter illustrates the wide variety of causes and imaging correlates of CDI on neuroimaging, discusses the optimal imaging protocols, and revises the detailed neuroanatomy required to interpret these studies.

Predicting post-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak following endoscopic transnasal pituitary and anterior skull base surgery: a multivariate analysis.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative CSF leak is the major source of morbidity following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with post-operative CSF leak in patients undergoing this surgery and facilitate the prospective identification of patients at higher risk of this complication. METHODS: A review of a prospectively maintained database containing details of 270 endoscopic transsphenoidal operations performed by the senior author over a 9-year period was performed. Univariate analysis was performed using the Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. A logistic regression model was constructed for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The rate of post-operative CSF leak in this series was 9%. On univariate analysis, previous surgery, resection of craniopharyngiomas, adenomas causing Cushing's disease and intra-operative CSF leaks were associated with an increased risk of post-operative CSF leak. The use of a vascularised nasoseptal flap and increasing surgical experience were associated with a decreased rate of CSF leak. On multivariate analysis, a resection of tumour for Cushing's disease (OR 5.79, 95% CI 1.53-21.95, p = 0.01) and an intra-operative CSF leak (OR 4.56, 95% CI 1.56-13.32, p = 0.006) were associated with an increased risk of post-operative CSF leak. Increasing surgical experience (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04-0.46, p = 0.001) was strongly associated with a decreased risk of post-operative CSF leak. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing surgical experience is a strong predictor of a decreased risk of developing post-operative CSF leak following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Patients with Cushing's disease and those who develop an intra-operative CSF leak should be managed with meticulous skull base repair and close observation for signs of CSF leak post-operatively.

Early repatriation post-thrombectomy: a model of care which maximises the capacity of a stroke network to treat patients with large vessel ischaemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Healthcare systems are challenged to provide access to thrombectomy in acute stroke patients. Either the "drip and ship" or "mothership" models result in increased numbers of patients in the endovascular stroke centre (ESC). We describe our approach for a "drip, ship, retrieve and leave" model repatriating patients immediately or within 24 hours of thrombectomy. METHODS: We included consecutive patients who underwent thrombectomy from January 2016 to June 2018. Patients from local region primary stroke centres (PSC) are immediately repatriated and those from remote region PSCs are admitted for 24 hours before repatriation. Key parameters recorded included clinical, radiological and timeline data as well as 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Patients who stayed beyond the intended time period in the ESC were analysed. RESULTS: From January 2016 to June 2018, 435 patients were transferred, with 352 patients in the local region group and 83 in the remote region group. The median NIHSS was 16 with a median ASPECTS of 9. Good functional outcome was seen in 47% of patients with a mortality rate of 19%. The local region group that were repatriated at the intended time period had a 90-day mRS 0-2 of 47% compared with 20% of those admitted to the ESC (P=0.006). Mortality rates were 20% and 27% respectively (P=0.377). The remote region group, repatriated at 24 hours' post-emergency endovascular thrombectomy had 90-day mRS 0-2 of 65% compared with 41% in the group admitted (P=0.042). Mortality rates were 4% and 22% respectively (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: This model enables the treatment of large numbers of patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischaemic stroke with thrombectomy within a national stroke service and system of care which would not otherwise be facilitated.

CNS lymphoma, the Irish experience: A retrospective review of neuropathologically confirmed cases over 10 years.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is rare, representing 2% of all brain tumors. The commonest subtype is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), with primary T-cell lymphomas (PCNSTL) accounting for ~ 2%. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and describe the key features of CNS lymphoma over a 10-year period in an Irish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective review was carried out using the neuropathology database in Beaumont hospital, the largest of two national neurosurgical centers, to identify all cases of CNS lymphoma from 2007 to 2017. Clinical, radiological, morphological, immunophenotype, and molecular information was recorded where available. RESULTS: We identified 149 cases of CNS lymphoma from 2007 to 2017, which equated to a cumulative incidence rate of 0.4/100,000 persons. Median age at diagnosis was 66 years, and 46% were male. 86% were classified as DLBCL (n = 128), 10% immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphoma (n = 15), 3% PCNSTL (n = 4), and 1% (n = 2) cases of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Location in declining frequency was as follows: supratentorial (n = 125), infratentorial (n = 22), spinal (n = 1), and orbital (n = 1). CONCLUSION: This is the first study in an Irish population to determine a cumulative incidence rate of CNS lymphoma, which is in line with larger international population-based registries. No significant trends in incidence rate have been observed from 2007 to 2017. DLBCL is the commonest subtype encountered. Rare variants including PCNSTL can pose a significant diagnostic challenge, and in this setting, molecular studies can be useful to confirm diagnoses.

IgG4 hypophysitis - a rare and underdiagnosed cause of pituitary gland and stalk mass-like thickening.

Our aim is to present a typical case of IgG4-related hypophysitis, which will offer insight into the aetiology and pathogenesis of this relatively newly described disease. IgG4 Related Disease is a protean systemic condition that mimics inflammatory, infectious, and malignant processes. Biopsy of affected organs will show a typical histopathological pattern.

Vertebroplasty for acute painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: An update.

Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are a common cause of back pain and disability and are usually osteoporotic in nature. Therapy aims to adequately control pain and allow early mobilisation and return of function while preventing additional fractures. A proportion of patients do not achieve adequate pain relief using conservative measures alone. Unwanted adverse effects from medications may also ensue. Vertebroplasty represents an alternative treatment option for VCFs. Patients with acute VCFs (≤6 weeks old) may gain the most benefit from vertebroplasty as healed fractures are not as amenable to cement injection. High-quality studies have reported conflicting results regarding the use of vertebroplasty in the treatment of acute VCFs. Despite high-quality evidence, varying study designs and heterogenous patient cohorts make interpretation of this data difficult. Only one sham-controlled randomised controlled trial (RCT) has evaluated vertebroplasty exclusively in patients with acute VCFs, reporting favourable results. Pooled data from RCTs also suggest vertebroplasty to be safe. This article provides a concise and critical review of the current literature regarding vertebroplasty for the treatment of acute VCFs.

Direct carotid puncture for endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy is the standard of care for acute ischemic strokes with proximal intracranial occlusion. Arterial access is commonly achieved with femoral artery puncture, although this is not always possible. In this case series, we describe 11 cases of anterior circulation stroke where direct carotid puncture was used to obtain vascular access. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A review of a prospectively maintained thrombectomy database over a 2-year period (August 2016 - August 2018) was undertaken to identify cases where direct carotid access was performed. CT and angiographic imaging were reviewed. Indications for carotid access, techniques used, technical success of procedure, recanalization rates, procedure-related complications, and patient outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Eleven patients out of 498 overall thrombectomy procedures (2.2% thrombectomies) underwent direct carotid access. Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 20. Seventy three percent of patients received intravenous thrombolysis. The direct carotid approach was performed following the failed femoral approach due to unfavorable aortic arch anatomy, vessel tortuosity, and severe atherosclerotic disease. Direct carotid puncture was successful in 10 patients, and unsuccessful in one. Successful recanalization (TICI 2b-3) was achieved in eight patients. One patient had spontaneously recanalized on angiography. There was failed recanalization in one patient with tandem ICA and M1 occlusion. Carotid access complications included one patient with both neck hematoma and asymptomatic ICA dissection, and one of delayed central retinal artery occlusion. CONCLUSION: This case series highlights direct carotid puncture as a successful alternative when the femoral approach is not possible, allowing thrombectomy in patients who would otherwise be unsuitable.

Acute multiple sclerosis lesion pathology does not predict subsequent clinical course-a biopsy study.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the clinical outcome in tumefactive demyelination remains limited. AIMS: This study aims to characterise the natural history of biopsy-proven, pathogen-free, cerebral demyelination in an adult Irish population. METHODS: We identified all patients with biopsy-proven demyelination in a single neuropathology centre between 1999 and 2017. A baseline, and at least one follow-up MRI scan was available in each instance (mean of 3 scans per patient), together with both the presenting and most recent clinical details including disability level and disease-modifying drugs. RESULTS: In 21 patients, white matter biopsies showed the following: macrophages with myelin debris, myelin-axonal dissociation, reactive astrocytes and occasional lymphocytes. During a mean follow-up time of 8 years (± 4.4), 17 patients developed MS, confirmed both clinically and on MRI, using the 2010 McDonald criteria: 11 relapsing remitting (RR) MS, four secondary progressive and two primary progressive MS. Four patients had a monophasic illness with lesion regression, without clinical or radiological evidence of any further disease activity on follow-up. The patients with progressive MS had significantly higher levels of physical disability than either the RRMS or monophasic patients. CONCLUSION: Uniform white matter subacute demyelination is associated with a diverse clinical course ranging from a monophasic illness to progressive MS, suggesting that extraneous factors distinct from the basic pathology significantly influence the clinical course in MS.

New onset seizures as a sole clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epileptic seizures frequently occur in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and are thought to represent a manifestation of cortical pathology. However, at present, seizures are not considered to be a typical clinical presentation of demyelination. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this case series, we identified four people, who presented with seizures as a sole presenting feature, with demyelinating imaging abnormalities that satisfy current diagnostic criteria for a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or early MS. CONCLUSION: Based on this case series, we propose that people presenting with de novo seizures, with concurrent radiological abnormalities suggestive of demyelination could potentially be considered to have a CIS.

Outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy with and without bridging thrombolysis for acute large vessel occlusion ischaemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for management of large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischaemic stroke is now current best practice. AIM: To determine if bridging intravenous (i.v.) alteplase therapy confers any clinical benefit. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients treated with EVT for LVO was performed. Outcomes were compared between patients receiving thrombolysis and EVT with EVT alone. Primary end-points were reperfusion rate, 90-day functional outcome and mortality using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH). RESULTS: A total of 355 patients who underwent EVT was included: 210 with thrombolysis (59%) and 145 without (41%). The reperfusion rate was higher in the group receiving i.v. tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29-3.73, P = 0.004), although this effect was attenuated when all variables were considered (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.22, 95% CI: 0.60-2.5, P = 0.580). The percentage achieving functional independence (mRS 0-2) at 90 days was higher in patients who received bridging i.v. tPA (AOR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.06-4.44, P = 0.033). There was no significant difference in major complications, including sICH (AOR 1.4, 95% CI: 0.51-3.83, P = 0.512). There was lower 90-day mortality in the bridging i.v. tPA group (AOR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.36-1.74, P = 0.551). Fewer thrombectomy passes (2 versus 3, P = 0.012) were required to achieve successful reperfusion in the i.v. tPA group. Successful reperfusion (modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction ≥2b) was the strongest predictor for 90-day functional independence (AOR 10.4, 95% CI:3.6-29.7, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study supports the current practice of administering i.v. alteplase before endovascular therapy.

Endovascular Retrieval of Dislodged Neurovascular Devices with a Stentriever: Case Series and Technical Review.

PURPOSE: Endovascular treatment of neurovascular disorders is now well established as effective and safe; however, the nature of the intracranial vasculature poses unique challenges. The unintentional dislodgement or fracture of a device and its migration within cerebral vessels is a complication with serious potential morbidity that must be managed urgently. In this series, the authors describe 7 cases of a stentriever being used to remove foreign objects from within the cerebral vasculature. METHODS: A retrospective search of all interventional neurovascular procedures performed in 2017 at a tertiary metropolitan hospital was performed to identify cases of dislodged devices. RESULTS: Five dislodged endovascular coils, 1 microcatheter, and 1 fractured stentriever were technically successfully retrieved. In 6 of the cases, the foreign object was successfully removed with a stentriever alone, whereas 1 case used a J-tip wire and a "J-tip flick" to manipulate the coil and facilitate retrieval. Stentrievers, particularly when used alone, confer the advantages of speed, cost, as well as being tailor-made for cerebral vessels. They also allow continuous blood flow when deployed, a critical advantage when considering cerebral perfusion. Critical techniques include the gradual deployment of the stentriever alongside the foreign object to allow its entanglement and partial resheathing, so that the foreign object can become pinned within the microcatheter. Stentrievers do remain limited by vessel caliber and are less able to entangle larger, stiffer devices. CONCLUSION: The migration of foreign devices during neurointerventional procedures is a serious complication requiring urgent treatment. This case series highlights the efficacy and advantages of using a stentriever and suggests its consideration as a first-line technique in recovering dislodged foreign bodies in the cerebral vasculature.

Decreasing incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and trends in subarachnoid hemorrhage in Ireland using data from a national database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective nationwide query of the Irish Hospital In-patient Enquiry System (HIPE). This is a national database of all in-patient activity in acute public hospitals in Ireland. Each HIPE entry records one episode of in-patient care. The study period ranged from 1997 to 2015. Population data was obtained from the Irish Central Statistics Office, and the annual prevalence of smoking from the Irish National Tobacco Control Office. We were therefore able to calculate both crude annual acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) incidence rates, as well as population-standardized rates, and compared them with trends in the annual smoking rates. RESULTS: The mean number of SAH cases per year is 549, with 465 cases in 1997 and 517 in 2015 (range: 465-624). The absolute incidence of SAH, therefore, remained relatively stable. Due to population increases over time, the population-adjusted rate of SAH therefore decreased, from 126.9/million people/year in 1997 to 111.5/million people/year in 2015. Nationally, there was a decrease in smoking prevalence, from 31% in 1998 to 19.2% in 2015. There was a statistically significant correlation between decreasing smoking rates and decreasing population-adjusted incidence of SAH (P=<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that the incidence of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in our population appears to be decreasing, a decrease which is correlated with decreasing smoking rates. This provides important data both in terms of the epidemiology of SAH, as well as the possible role of public-health interventions in tackling both smoking and declining rates of SAH.

Predictors of early progression of surgically treated atypical meningiomas.

BACKGROUND: Clinical behaviour of atypical meningiomas is not uniform. While, as a group, they exhibit a high recurrence rate, some pursue a more benign course, whereas others progress early. We aim to investigate the imaging and pathological factors that predict risk of early tumour progression and to determine whether early progression is related to outcome. METHODS: Adult patients with WHO grade II meningioma treated in three regional referral centres between 2007 and 2014 were included. MRI and pathology characteristics were assessed. Gross total resection (GTR) was defined as Simpson 1-3. Recurrence was classified into early and late (≤ 24 vs. > 24 months). RESULTS: Among the 220 cases, 37 (16.8%) patients progressed within 24 months of operation. Independent predictors of early progression were subtotal resection (STR) (p = 0.005), parafalcine/parasagittal location (p = 0.015), peritumoural oedema (p = 0.027) and mitotic index (MI) > 7 (p = 0.007). Adjuvant radiotherapy was negatively associated with early recurrence (p = 0.046). Thirty-two per cent of patients with residual tumour and 26% after GTR received adjuvant radiotherapy. There was a significantly lower proportion of favourable outcomes at last follow-up (mRS 0-1) in patients with early recurrence (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Atypical meningiomas are a heterogeneous group of tumours with 16.8% patients having recurrence within 24 months of surgery. Residual tumour, parafalcine/parasagittal location, peritumoural oedema and a MI > 7 were all independently associated with early recurrence. As administration of adjuvant radiotherapy was not protocolised in this cohort, any conclusions about benefits of irradiation of WHO grade II meningiomas should be viewed with caution. Patients with early recurrence had worse neurological outcome. While histological and imaging characteristics provide some prognostic value, further molecular characterisation of atypical meningiomas is warranted to aid clinical decision making.

Machine learning: a useful radiological adjunct in determination of a newly diagnosed glioma's grade and IDH status.

INTRODUCTION: Machine learning methods have been introduced as a computer aided diagnostic tool, with applications to glioma characterisation on MRI. Such an algorithmic approach may provide a useful adjunct for a rapid and accurate diagnosis of a glioma. The aim of this study is to devise a machine learning algorithm that may be used by radiologists in routine practice to aid diagnosis of both: WHO grade and IDH mutation status in de novo gliomas. METHODS: To evaluate the status quo, we interrogated the accuracy of neuroradiology reports in relation to WHO grade: grade II 96.49% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.88, 0.99); III 36.51% (95% CI 0.24, 0.50); IV 72.9% (95% CI 0.67, 0.78). We derived five MRI parameters from the same diagnostic brain scans, in under two minutes per case, and then supplied these data to a random forest algorithm. RESULTS: Machine learning resulted in a high level of accuracy in prediction of tumour grade: grade II/III; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 98%, sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.94; grade II/IV; AUC = 100%, sensitivity = 1.0, specificity = 1.0; grade III/IV; AUC = 97%, sensitivity = 0.83, specificity = 0.97. Furthermore, machine learning also facilitated the discrimination of IDH status: AUC of 88%, sensitivity = 0.81, specificity = 0.77. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate the ability of machine learning to accurately classify diffuse gliomas by both WHO grade and IDH status from routine MRI alone-without significant image processing, which may facilitate usage as a diagnostic adjunct in clinical practice.

Concentric and Eccentric Target MRI Signs in a Case of HIV-Associated Cerebral Toxoplasmosis.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is one of the most common causes of focal brain lesions in immunocompromised patients, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Differentiating toxoplasmosis from other central nervous system (CNS) lesions provides a significant clinical challenge. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain is key to prompt diagnosis and treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Several specific signs on MRI of brain have been described in recent literature including the "concentric target sign" and "eccentric target sign." We report a case of successfully treated HIV-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis in which both MRI signs were present simultaneously.