Meta-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation with or without intravascular ultrasound guidance.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation. METHODS: MEDLINE and Embase databases were queried until July 2022 for comparative studies reporting procedure metrics for TIPS creation with or without IVUS guidance. Meta-analysis was performed with random-effects modelling for total procedural time, time to portal venous access, fluoroscopy time, iodinated contrast volume use, air kerma, dose area product, and number of needle passes. Intraoperative procedure-related complications were also reviewed. RESULTS: Of 95 unique records initially identified, 6 were eligible for inclusion. A total of 194 and 240 patients underwent TIPS with and without IVUS guidance. Pooled analyses indicated that IVUS guidance was associated with reduced total procedure time (SMD -0.76 [95% CI -1.02, -0.50] P < .001), time to portal venous access (SMD -0.41 [95% CI -0.67, -0.15] P = .002), fluoroscopy time (SMD, -0.54 [95% CI -1.02, -0.07]; P = .002), contrast volume use (SMD, -0.89 [95% CI -1.16, -0.63]; P < .001), air kerma (SMD, -0.75 [95% CI -1.11, -0.38]; P < .001) and dose area product (SMD, -0.98 [95% CI -1.77, -0.20]; P = .013). A total of 4.2 and 7.8 needle passes were required in the IVUS and non-IVUS group, respectively (SMD, -0.60 [95% CI -1.42, 0.21]; P = .134). Pooled complication rates were 15.2% (12/79) and 21.4% (28/131), respectively. CONCLUSION: IVUS guidance during TIPS creation improves procedural metrics including procedural time, contrast usage, and radiation exposure. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: (1) The use of IVUS during TIPS is associated with shorter procedural time, lower contrast usage, and radiation exposure. (2)The use of IVUS is not associated with higher complication rates.

Endovascular thrombectomy and repair of suprarenal inferior vena cava thrombosis: A case series.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to document the combined use of catheter-based thrombectomy/thrombolysis with endovascular repair of high-risk segments of the inferior vena cava in the setting of iatrogenic and traumatic injuries. While the use of endovascular techniques to treat caval thrombosis is well documented and often preferred due to its minimally invasive nature, there is still little literature that focuses on the nuances related to injury of high mortality areas of the IVC as a result of major trauma, transplant, and other surgical interventions. METHODS: An IRB-approved retrospective review of all patients undergoing IVC thrombectomy was performed at a single tertiary care academic center between January 2018 and July 2021. Cases were subsequently selected based on those who underwent primary mechanical thrombectomy followed by endovascular stenting (or angioplasty). Among this cohort, four patients who underwent this procedure in the context of iatrogenic and traumatic injuries were included. RESULTS: All four patients undergoing primary mechanical thrombectomy followed by endovascular stenting (or angioplasty) due to IVC thrombus and/or stenosis were technically successful with immediate positive clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical thrombectomy in conjunction with IVC recanalization via stenting may be a useful intervention with promising technical success and positive clinical outcomes for occlusive thrombosis and IVC stenosis.

Advancements in Interventional Oncology of the Chest: Transarterial Chemoembolization and Related Therapies.

While embolization therapy has been used for many years in the treatment of nonmalignant diseases of the chest, such as pulmonary arteriovenous malformation treatment and bronchial artery embolization for hemorrhage, the application of transarterial techniques to the treatment of chest neoplasms is relatively uncommon. Extrapolating from transarterial chemoembolization techniques used for liver malignancy, investigators have recently sought to expand the indications for transarterial techniques from the control of symptoms such as bleeding to the control of disease progression and potentially survival benefit in patients with malignancies in the chest. This article provides an overview of the current embolotherapy techniques used in the treatment of patients with thoracic malignancies.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding: 2021 Update.

Diverticulosis remains the commonest cause for acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding (GIB). Conservative management is initially sufficient for most patients, followed by elective diagnostic tests. However, if acute lower GIB persists, it can be investigated with colonoscopy, CT angiography (CTA), or red blood cell (RBC) scan. Colonoscopy can identify the site and cause of bleeding and provide effective treatment. CTA is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that is better tolerated by patients, can identify actively bleeding site or a potential bleeding lesion in vast majority of patients. RBC scan can identify intermittent bleeding, and with single-photon emission computed tomography, can more accurately localize it to a small segment of bowel. If patients are hemodynamically unstable, CTA and transcatheter arteriography/embolization can be performed. Colonoscopy can also be considered in these patients if rapid bowel preparation is feasible. Transcatheter arteriography has a low rate of major complications; however, targeted transcatheter embolization is only feasible if extravasation is seen, which is more likely in hemodynamically unstable patients. If bleeding site has been previously localized but the intervention by colonoscopy and transcatheter embolization have failed to achieve hemostasis, surgery may be required. Among patients with obscure (nonlocalized) recurrent bleeding, capsule endoscopy and CT enterography can be considered to identify culprit mucosal lesion(s). The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Iliofemoral Venous Thrombosis.

Iliofemoral venous thrombosis carries a high risk for pulmonary embolism, recurrent deep vein thrombosis, and post-thrombotic syndrome complicating 30% to 71% of those affected. The clinical scenarios in which iliofemoral venous thrombosis is managed may be diverse, presenting a challenge to identify optimum therapy tailored to each situation. Goals for management include preventing morbidity from venous occlusive disease, and morbidity and mortality from pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulation remains the standard of care for iliofemoral venous thrombosis, although a role for more aggressive therapies with catheter-based interventions or surgery exists in select circumstances. Results from recent prospective trials have improved patient selection guidelines for more aggressive therapies, and have also demonstrated a lack of efficacy for certain conservative therapies. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Infected Fluid Collections.

Infected fluid collections are common and occur in a variety of clinical scenarios throughout the body. Minimally invasive image-guided management strategies for infected fluid collections are often preferred over more invasive options, given their low rate of complications and high rates of success. However, specific clinical scenarios, anatomic considerations, and prior or ongoing treatments must be considered when determining the optimal management strategy. As such, several common scenarios relating to infected fluid collections were developed using evidence-based guidelines for management. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Urinary Tract Obstruction.

Acute obstructive uropathy is a medical emergency, which often is accompanied by acute renal failure or sepsis. Treatment options to resolve the acute obstructive process include conservative medical management, retrograde ureteral stenting, or placement of percutaneous nephrostomy or nephroureteral catheters. It is important to understand the various treatment options in differing clinical scenarios in order to guide appropriate consultation. Prompt attention to the underlying obstructive process is often imperative to avoid further deterioration of the patient's clinical status. A summary of the data and most up-to-date clinical trials regarding treatment options for urinary tract obstruction is outlined in this publication. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Embolization of Chest Neoplasms: The Next Frontier in Interventional Oncology?

The management of chest tumors and their sequelae has been an uncommon indication for transarterial embolization (TAE). More recently, vascular embolization has been increasingly performed for this indication. The most common reported indication for embolization of neoplastic disease in the chest is the control of bleeding resulting either from iatrogenic causes or from tumor invasion into a bronchus or vessel. A natural extension of the application of TAE to neoplasm-related hemoptysis is its burgeoning indication as a possible primary treatment for benign chest tumors, primary lung neoplasms, and metastatic disease in patients that are refractory to systemic therapies and have limited or no surgical options. The goals for this indication are tumor regression and management of bulk-related symptoms. In addition to bland TAE for this indication, authors have reported very initial results applying transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) to chest neoplasms with promising results that support feasibility and safety. This article is an up-to-date review of the management of chest tumors with embolization and its variants.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Biliary Obstruction.

Biliary obstruction is a serious condition that can occur in the setting of both benign and malignant pathologies. In the setting of acute cholangitis, biliary decompression can be lifesaving; for patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy, untreated obstructive jaundice may lead to biochemical derangements that often preclude continuation of therapy unless biliary decompression is performed (see the ACR Appropriateness Criteria® topic on "Jaundice"). Recommended therapy including percutaneous decompression, endoscopic decompression, and/or surgical decompression is based on the etiology of the obstruction and patient factors including the individual's anatomy. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Venous Thromboembolism-Inferior Vena Cava Filters.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE)-deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism-is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. The mainstay of VTE prophylaxis and therapy is anticoagulation. In select patients with VTE, inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used to prevent pulmonary embolism by trapping emboli as they pass from the lower extremity venous system through the IVC. These guidelines review the indications for placement of IVC filters in acute and chronic VTE, as well as the indications for retrieval of implanted IVC filters. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures.

Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) have various causes, including osteoporosis, neoplasms, and acute trauma. As painful VCFs may contribute to general physical deconditioning, management of painful VCFs has the potential for improving quality of life and preventing superimposed medical complications. Various imaging modalities can be used to evaluate a VCF to help determine the etiology and guide intervention. The first-line treatment of painful VCFs has been nonoperative or conservative management as most VCFs show gradual improvement in pain over 2 to 12 weeks, with variable return of function. There is evidence that vertebral augmentation (VA) is associated with better pain relief and improved functional outcomes compared to conservative therapy for osteoporotic VCFs. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for the management of painful pathologic VCFs, with management strategies including medications to affect bone turnover, radiation therapy, and interventions such as VA and percutaneous thermal ablation to alleviate symptoms. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Management of Biliary Strictures: State-of-the-Art Review.

Biliary strictures can be broadly classified as benign or malignant. Benign biliary strictures are most commonly iatrogenic in nature and are a consequence of hepatobiliary surgery. Cholangiocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas are the most common causes of malignant biliary obstruction. This article reviews state-of-the-art minimally invasive techniques used to manage these strictures. In addition, the roles of (a) recently introduced biodegradable biliary stents in the management of benign biliary strictures and (b) intraprocedural imaging and navigation tools, such as cone-beam CT, in percutaneous reconstruction of the biliary-enteric anastomosis are discussed.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Uterine Leiomyomas.

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are the most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age. When symptomatic, these patients can present with bleeding and/or bulk-related symptoms. Treatment options for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas include medical management, minimally invasive treatment such as uterine artery embolization, and surgical options, such as myomectomy. It is important to understand the role of these treatment options in various clinical scenarios so that appropriate consultation is performed. Furthermore, patients should be presented with the outcomes and complications of each of these treatment options. A summary of the data and clinical trials of the treatment options for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas is outlined in this article. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Central Venous Access.

Obtaining central venous access is one of the most commonly performed procedures in hospital settings. Multiple devices such as peripherally inserted central venous catheters, tunneled central venous catheters (eg, Hohn catheter, Hickman catheter, C. R. Bard, Inc, Salt Lake City UT), and implantable ports are available for this purpose. The device selected for central venous access depends on the clinical indication, duration of the treatment, and associated comorbidities. It is important for health care providers to familiarize themselves with the types of central venous catheters available, including information about their indications, contraindications, and potential complications, especially the management of catheters in the setting of catheter-related bloodstream infections. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Iliac Artery Occlusive Disease.

Iliac artery occlusive disease can present as a sudden-onset acute thrombotic or thromboembolic event or as a chronic progressive atherosclerotic process that presents as claudication progressing to rest pain. Depending on the clinical presentation, the diagnosis is usually confirmed through Doppler vascular ultrasound, CT angiography, or MR angiography; the choice of imaging is usually based on modality availability and the presence of patient comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease. The Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II classification system is commonly used to describe the extent of the peripheral vascular disease. Depending on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and radiologic extent of the disease process, therapeutic options for acute thrombotic cases can include supportive care, anticoagulation, thrombolytic therapy, surgical or catheter-directed mechanical thrombectomy, and surgical bypass. Therapeutic options for atherosclerotic disease include supportive measures such as behavior modification, a supervised exercise program, adjunctive treatment with anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications, angioplasty, stent placement, stent-graft placement, surgical or catheter-directed endarterectomy or plaque excision, and surgical bypass. This document describes the appropriateness of imaging in this patient population, treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios, and the likely prognosis for these patients. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chylothorax Treatment Planning.

Chylothorax is an uncommon but serious medical condition, which arises when intestinal lymphatic fluid leaks into the pleural space. Treatment strategies depend on the daily output and underlying etiology, which may be due to direct injury to lymphatic vessels or a nontraumatic disorder. Chest radiographs confirm the presence of pleural fluid and lateralize the process. In the setting of direct injury, lymphangiography can often be both diagnostic and facilitate a minimally invasive attempt at therapy. CT and MRI in this setting may be appropriate for cases when lymphangiography is not diagnostic. When the etiology is nontraumatic or unknown, CT or MRI can narrow the differential diagnosis, and lymphangiography is useful if a minimally invasive approach to treatment is desired. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Mesenteric Ischemia.

Mesenteric vascular insufficiency is a serious medical condition that may lead to bowel infarction, morbidity, and mortality that may approach 50%. Recommended therapy for acute mesenteric ischemia includes aspiration embolectomy, transcatheter thrombolysis, and angioplasty with or without stenting for the treatment of underlying arterial stenosis. Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia may respond to transarterial infusion of vasodilators such as nitroglycerin, papaverine, glucagon, and prostaglandin E1. Recommended therapy for chronic mesenteric ischemia includes angioplasty with or without stent placement and, if an endovascular approach is not possible, surgical bypass or endarterectomy. The diagnosis of median arcuate ligament syndrome is controversial, but surgical release may be appropriate depending on the clinical situation. Venous mesenteric ischemia may respond to systemic anticoagulation alone. Transhepatic or transjugular superior mesenteric vein catheterization and thrombolytic infusion can be offered depending on the severity of symptoms, condition of the patient, and response to systemic anticoagulation. Adjunct transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation can be considered for outflow improvement. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.

Management of Malignant Biliary Obstruction.

The diagnosis of malignant biliary obstruction combines the use of clinical evaluation, diagnostic imaging, tissue sampling, and minimally invasive options with the initial goal of identifying candidates for curative resection. The most common causes of obstruction are pancreatic adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, and most cases are too advanced for surgical options. Interventional radiologists and gastroenterologists offer palliative options for biliary drainage such as plastic stents and catheters, bare metal stents, and covered stents. This article provides an updated review of options and outcomes for the management of malignant biliary obstruction.

Indwelling and Retrieval Complications of Denali and Celect Infrarenal Vena Cava Filters.

PURPOSE: To compare indwelling and retrieval complications of Denali and Celect filters placed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted over 2 years at a single institution in which 171 Denali and 162 Celect filters were placed in 333 patients with a mean age of 62.3 years ± 15.7 (161 men; 48.3%). Filter indications included venous thromboembolic disease (n = 320; 96.1%) and surgical prophylaxis (n = 13; 3.9%). A jugular approach was used to place 303 filters (91.0%). Computed tomography (CT) follow-up, complications, and retrieval data were obtained. RESULTS: Follow-up CT imaging was performed on 58 filters from each group with lower incidences of caval strut penetration (one vs 12) and filter tilt (one vs 15) in the Denali filter group (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively). There was no difference in incidences of breakthrough pulmonary embolism (P = .68). Retrieval attempts were performed on 43 Denali and 53 Celect filters with mean indwelling times at retrieval of 128.2 and 144.1 days, respectively (P = .40). Mean fluoroscopy time at retrieval was lower in the Denali group (3.1 min vs 6.0 min; P = .01). There were fewer cases of complex retrieval in the Denali group (n = 2 vs 10; P = .06). Tilt, fluoroscopy time, and air kerma were associated with complex retrieval (P = .04, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively). There was one Denali filter deployment complication that led to retrieval failure. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that Denali filters are associated with lower incidences of strut penetration and filter tilt as well as shorter fluoroscopy time at retrieval compared with Celect filters when placed in the infrarenal IVC.