A novel Doppler spectral index for differentiating benign from malignant lung tumors.

PURPOSE: It has been reported that the resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) are of limited value in differentiating lung cancers from benign lesions. We hypothesized that a vascular work index (VWI), derived from Doppler spectral waveforms, would yield better results. METHODS: Forty-one patients were enrolled, 20 of them having malignancies and 21 having benign lesions. The VWI was defined as the square of peak systolic velocity times the time-velocity integral. Maximal VWI, minimal RI, and minimal PI of each tumor were used for analysis. RESULTS: Significantly higher VWI values were found in malignant tumors compared with benign lesions (p < 0.0001). VWI was shown by analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve to be a best predictor of lung malignancies than PI and RI (p < 0.05), with a 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.98) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. CONCLUSIONS: VWI may be a useful index to help differentiate malignant from benign lung tumors.

Intake of vitamin A-rich foods and lung cancer risk in Taiwan: with special reference to garland chrysanthemum and sweet potato leaf consumption.

A case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between the consumption of local common foods that are rich in vitamin A and the risk of lung cancer in Taiwan. A total of 301 incident lung cancer cases, 602 hospital controls, and 602 neighborhood controls were recruited. The consumption of 13 food items and vitamin supplements was estimated by use of a food frequency questionnaire. The conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer risk with each control group as reference by adjustment of covariates. A reduced risk for lung cancer was found to be associated with increased intakes of vitamin A, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene from 13 food items. More servings of vegetables (AOR for the highest versus the lowest quartile = 0.67-0.70, 95% CI = 0.42-1.08, (plinear trend )= 0.04), garland chrysanthemum (AOR for the highest versus the lowest tertile = 0.58-0.74, 95% CI = 0.37-1.14, (plinear trend )<= 0.04) and sweet potato leaves (AOR for the highest versus the lowest tertile = 0.43-0.65, 95% CI = 0.28-0.96, (plinear trend )<= 0.03) were associated with the reduced risk for lung cancer. In conclusion, higher consumption of vitamin A-rich vegetables, especially garland chrysanthemum and sweet potato leaves might provide potential protection from lung cancer.

Acupuncture therapy results in immediate bronchodilating effect in asthma patients.

BACKGROUND: According to previous data on asthma in the English literature, there are some results that show encouraging effects of acupuncture improving pulmonary function in asthma patients. We designed a prospective randomized crossover controlled study to determine the efficacy of acupuncture in asthma patients. METHODS: Eighteen asthma patients with bronchodilator response >20% improvement of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were initially randomly assigned to receive 1 performance of real acupuncture (RA) or sham acupuncture (SA) in a blinded manner. After a washout period, the patients were crossed over. Spirometry was done and recorded before and after acupuncture. RESULTS: Sixteen of 18 patients completed the study. The mean (+/-SD) FEV1 values before and after RA were 1.52 +/- 0.45L and 1.67 +/- 0.40L, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean (+/-SD) FEV1 values before and after SA were 1.49 +/- 0.40L and 1.49 +/- 0.41L, respectively (p = 0.838, not significant). The percentage change in FEV1 values after RA was better than after SA (RA, 11.57 +/- 8.11%; SA, 0.32 +/- 7.76%; p = 0.003), while the bronchodilator response of FEV1 from simple inhalation bronchodilator was better than that for RA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In asthma patients, acupuncture treatment may result in immediate improvement of FEV1, but the degree of improvement is less than that from inhalation bronchodilator.

Double-blind randomized parallel group study comparing the efficacy and safety of tiotropium and ipratropium in the treatment of COPD patients in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of tiotropium and ipratropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Taiwan. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study was conducted at six hospitals in Taiwan. COPD patients aged > or = 40 years, with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) < or = 65% of predicted and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) < or = 70% were enrolled. After a 2-week screening/baseline period, 132 patients were randomized to receive 4 weeks of treatment with either tiotropium 18 microg once daily from a dry powder inhaler (HandiHaler) or two puffs of ipratropium 20 microg four times daily from a metered dose inhaler. The primary outcome was the change in trough FEV1 from baseline to week 4. The secondary outcome measures were trough FVC response, FEV1 and FVC responses at 2 hours postinhalation. RESULTS: After 4 weeks, trough FEV1 had increased by 61.7 +/- 25.3 mL for tiotropium but decreased by 16.4 +/- 27.9 mL for ipratropium. The difference between groups was significant (p < 0.05; 95% CI, 10-146.1). The trough FVC also increased by 137.2 +/- 49.3 mL for tiotropium but was decreased by 84.5 +/- 54.5 mL for ipratropium (p < 0.001; 95% CI, 89.0-354.3). No major drug-related adverse events associated with tiotropium and ipratropium were observed. CONCLUSION: Tiotropium 18 microg once daily using HandiHaler was significantly more effective than ipratropium 40 microg four times daily in improving trough FEV1 and FVC over a 4-week period. The safety profiles of both drugs are comparable.

Virtual bronchoscopy for diagnosis of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Virtual bronchoscopy is a new method for viewing helical/spiral computed tomography (CT) images of the tracheobronchial trees. Using commercially available software to process the CT data, the tracheobronchial trees can be inspected through a series of three-dimensional images. Recently, this technique has been increasingly used to detect benign and malignant airway stenosis. We report the findings of virtual bronchoscopy in a 41-year-old man with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Several tiny nodules were evident in the lower trachea. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed 1 month later during a planned surgery for laryngeal papillomas, and the findings were in agreement with virtual bronchoscopy. Detection of intrabronchial spreading in RRP is important since peripheral seeding of RRP can cause complications, including recurrent pneumonia, obstructive atelectasis, hemoptysis, and, rarely, may degenerate to squamous cell carcinoma. Virtual bronchoscopy is an alternative method for inspecting the tracheobronchial trees in patients with RRP when laryngeal papillomas impede fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

Endometriosis associated with hemothorax.

Bloody pleural effusion is rarely associated with endometriosis. To effectively treat this condition, it is important to differentiate the malady from other common diseases such as malignancy or tuberculosis. We describe the case of a 40-year-old multiparous female featuring right-sided hemothorax presenting with right shoulder pain and progressive shortness of breath for the preceding 2 months. Thoracoscopy disclosed grossly negative findings apart from multiple small pores in the right hemi-diaphragm with blood clots within them. Examination of the thoracoscopic biopsy specimens showed chronic pleuritis without evidence of malignancy or tuberculosis. Pelvic endometriosis was considered a possible diagnosis according to the results of abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan, transvaginal sonography, and the results of dilatation and curettage. Periodic episodes of symptoms concurrent with menstruation led to the suspicion of a relationship between these conditions in our patient. Despite the patient undergoing an abdominal total hysterectomy and adhesiolysis without salpingo-oophorectomy, recurrent right-sided bloody pleural effusion developed 1.5 months subsequent to surgery. As a consequence, danazol (400 mg/day) was maintained because of the endometriosis associated with pleural effusion. One year of regular follow-up later, there was no evidence of recurrent pleural effusion. We considered that the bloody pleural fluid arose via seepage from the pelvic endometriosis through the pores of the right hemi-diaphragm during menstruation.

Loss of E-cadherin expression correlates with poor differentiation and invasion into adjacent organs in gastric adenocarcinomas.

Perturbation in E-cadherin expression leads to loss of cellular adhesion with possible consequence of cellular transformation and tumor progression. The aims of this study were to determine E-cadherin expression in each subtype of gastric cancer classified by different classification systems, and to investigate the role of E-cadherin in cell differentiation, cancer invasion and metastasis. Expression of E-cadherin was analyzed in 84 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopahotlogical parameters. Our results showed loss of E-cadherin expression in 0% (0/3), 20.0% (9/45), 48% (15/31), 100% (3/3) and 100% (2/2) of papillary, tubular, poorly differentiated, signet-ring cell, and mucinous adenocarcinoma by Japanese histological classification. The reduction of E-cadherin expression was inversely correlated with the grade of differentiation. According to the histological classification of Lauren and Ming, the frequency of lost E-cadherin expression was higher in diffuse type (65%) and infiltrative type (64%) gastric cancer than in intestinal type (20%, P<0.001) and expanding type cancer (22%, P<0.001), respectively. The loss of E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with tumor invasion (P<0.05). Furthermore, there was a borderline association between the loss of E-cadherin expression and poor survival (P=0.109). These data demonstrated a striking correlation between E-cadherin expression and the differentiation of gastric carcinoma. The loss of E-cadherin expression may contribute to gastric cancer invasion to adjacent organs.

Establishment of red fluorescent protein-tagged HeLa tumor metastasis models: determination of DsRed2 insertion effects and comparison of metastatic patterns after subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with cervical cancer. In this report, we establish novel fluorescent HeLa tumor metastasis models to determine whether HeLa transfected with the enhanced red fluorescent protein (DsRed2) gene in vitro and xenotransplanted through subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous route into SCID mice would permit the detection of tumor micro-metastasis in vivo. Our results showed that DsRed2 insertions did not interfere the tumorigenic properties of HeLa cells. We also demonstrated that DsRed2-transduced HeLa cells maintained stable high-level DsRed2 expressions during their growth in vivo. DsRed2 fluorescence clearly demarcated the primary seeding place and readily allowed for the visualization of distant micro-metastasis and local invasion at the single-cell level. Lung metastasis, the major cause of cervical carcinoma related death, was found in all three models. However, intravenous injections of the HeLa-DsRed2 cells established tumor foci in the lung, while subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections only established lung metastasis at single-cell levels. The DsRed2 tagged HeLa cancer model allowed detection and investigation of physiologically relevant patterns of cancer invasion and metastasis in vivo.