The impact of primary health care on AIDS incidence and mortality: A cohort study of 3.4 million Brazilians.

BACKGROUND: Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential for effective, efficient, and more equitable health systems for all people, including those living with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the impact of the exposure to one of the largest community-based PHC programs in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on AIDS incidence and mortality. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A retrospective cohort study carried out in Brazil from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2015. We conducted an impact evaluation using a cohort of 3,435,068 ≥13 years low-income individuals who were members of the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort, linked to AIDS diagnoses and deaths registries. We evaluated the impact of FHS on AIDS incidence and mortality and compared outcomes between residents of municipalities with low or no FHS coverage (unexposed) with those in municipalities with 100% FHS coverage (exposed). We used multivariable Poisson regressions adjusted for all relevant municipal and individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and contextual variables, and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We also estimated the FHS impact by sex and age and performed a wide range of sensitivity and triangulation analyses; 100% FHS coverage was associated with lower AIDS incidence (rate ratio [RR]: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.84) and mortality (RR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.56 to 0.82). FHS impact was similar between men and women, but was larger in people aged ≥35 years old both for incidence (RR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.72) and mortality (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.72). The absence of important confounding variables (e.g., sexual behavior) is a key limitation of this study. CONCLUSIONS: AIDS should be an avoidable outcome for most people living with HIV today and our study shows that FHS coverage could significantly reduce AIDS incidence and mortality among low-income populations in Brazil. Universal access to comprehensive healthcare through community-based PHC programs should be promoted to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS by 2030.

Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in nursing professionals: An accuracy study.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) represents a group of cardiovascular risk factors. This article aims to evaluate the accuracy of the tools of MetS diagnosis in Nursing professionals from Primary Health Care (PHC) in Bahia, Brazil. A cross-sectional study with a random sample selected according to essential health information for the diagnostic of MetS. For MetS diagnostic, we used EGIR, NCEP-ATPIII, AACE, IDF, Barbosa et al. (2006), and IDF/AHA/NHLBI (defined as gold standard) definition. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratio were estimated for each diagnostic tool and compared with the gold standard. Kappa statistic was used to determine the agreement between the diagnostic methods. One thousand one hundred and eleven nursing professionals were included in this study. Sensitivity varied from 15% to 95.1%, and specificity varied between 99.5% and 100%. IDF and Barbosa et al. (2006) definitions were more sensitive (95.1% and 92.8%, respectively), and EGIR, NCEP, ATP III, and IDF showed 100% specificity. IDF and Barbosa et al. (2006) use suitable metabolic syndrome identification and confirmation criteria. The highest agreement was found in the definition of the IDF, Barbosa et al. (2006) and the NCEP ATP III. Defining metabolic syndrome with a higher diagnostic accuracy could contribute to the screening and the early identification of nursing professionals with cardiovascular disease risk factors, which provide opportunities for appropriate prevention and treatment.

The effect of conditional cash transfers on tuberculosis incidence and mortality is determined by ethnoracial and socioeconomic factors: a cohort study of 54 million individuals in Brazil.

Background: Conditional Cash Transfers (CCT) are the world's most widely implemented interventions for poverty alleviation. Still, there is no solid evidence of the CCT effects on the reduction of the burden of Tuberculosis (TB) in marginalized and extremely vulnerable populations. We estimated the effect of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP), the largest CCT in the world, on TB incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rate using a nationwide cohort of 54.5 million individuals during a 12-year period in Brazil. Methods: We selected low-income individuals who entered in the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort and were linked to nationwide TB registries between 2004 to 2015, and compared BFP beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries using a quasi-experimental impact evaluation design. We employed inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) multivariable Poisson regressions, adjusted for all relevant socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare confounding variables - at individual and municipal level. Subsequently, we evaluated BFP effects for different subpopulations according to ethnoracial factors, wealth levels, sex, and age. We also performed several sensitivity and triangulation analyses to verify the robustness of the estimates. Findings: Exposure to BFP was associated with a large reduction in TB incidence in the low-income individuals under study (adjusted rate ratio [aRR]:0.59;95%CI:0.58-0.60) and mortality (aRR:0.69;95%CI:0.65-0.73). The strongest BFP effect was observed in Indigenous people both for TB incidence (aRR:0.37;95%CI:0.32-0.42), and mortality-aRR:0.35;95%CI:0.20-0.62), and in Black and Pardo people (Incidence-aRR:0.58;95%CI:0.57-0.59; Mortality -aRR:0.69;95%CI:0,64-0,73). BFP effects showed a clear gradient according to wealth levels and were considerably stronger among the extremely poor individuals for TB incidence (aRR:0.49, 95%CI:0.49-0.50) and mortality (aRR:0.60;95%CI:0.55-0.65). The BFP effects on case-fatality rates were also positive, however without statistical significance. Interpretation: CCT can strongly reduce TB incidence and mortality in extremely poor, Indigenous, Black and Pardo populations, and could significantly contribute to achieving the End TB Strategy targets and the TB-related Sustainable Development Goals.

The intersecting effects of race, wealth, and education on AIDS incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rate: a Brazilian cohort study of 28.3 million individuals.

The relationships between race, education, wealth, their intersections and AIDS morbidity/mortality were analyzed in retrospective cohort of 28.3 million individuals followed for 9 years (2007-2015). Together with several sensitivity analyses, a wide range of interactions on additive and multiplicative scales were estimated. Race, education, and wealth were each strongly associated with all of the AIDS-related outcomes, and the magnitude of the associations increased as intersections were included. A significantly higher risk of illness (aRR: 3.07, 95%CI:2.67-3.53) and death (aRR: 4.96, 95%CI:3.99-6.16) from AIDS was observed at the intersection of Black race, lower educational attainment, and less wealth. A higher case-fatality rate (aRR: 1.62, 95%CI:1.18-2.21) was also seen for the same intersectional group. Historically oppressed groups lying at the intersections of race, education, and wealth, had a considerably higher risk of illness and death from AIDS. AIDS-related interventions will require the implementation of comprehensive intersectoral policies that follow an intersectionality perspective.

Income determines the impact of cash transfers on HIV/AIDS: cohort study of 22.7 million Brazilians.

Living with extremely low-income is an important risk factor for HIV/AIDS and can be mitigated by conditional cash transfers. Using a cohort of 22.7 million low-income individuals during 9 years, we evaluated the effects of the world's largest conditional cash transfer, the Programa Bolsa Família, on HIV/AIDS-related outcomes. Exposure to Programa Bolsa Família was associated with reduced AIDS incidence by 41% (RR:0.59; 95%CI:0.57-0.61), mortality by 39% (RR:0.61; 95%CI:0.57-0.64), and case fatality rates by 25% (RR:0.75; 95%CI:0.66-0.85) in the cohort, and Programa Bolsa Família effects were considerably stronger among individuals of extremely low-income [reduction of 55% for incidence (RR:0.45, 95% CI:0.42-0.47), 54% mortality (RR:0.46, 95% CI:0.42-0.49), and 37% case-fatality (RR:0.63, 95% CI:0.51 -0.76)], decreasing gradually until having no effect in individuals with higher incomes. Similar effects were observed on HIV notification. Programa Bolsa Família impact was also stronger among women and adolescents. Several sensitivity and triangulation analyses demonstrated the robustness of the results. Conditional cash transfers can significantly reduce AIDS morbidity and mortality in extremely vulnerable populations and should be considered an essential intervention to achieve AIDS-related sustainable development goals by 2030.

The effect of primary health care on AIDS incidence and mortality: a cohort study of 3.4 million Brazilians.

Background: Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential for the health and wellbeing of people living with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the effects of one of the largest community-based PHC programs in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on AIDS incidence and mortality. Methods: A retrospective cohort study carried out in Brazil, from January 1 2007 to December 31 2015. We conducted a quasi-experimental effect evaluation using a cohort of 3,435,068 ≥13 years low-income individuals who were members of the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort, linked to AIDS diagnoses and deaths registries. We evaluated the effect of FHS on AIDS incidence and mortality and comparing outcomes between residents of municipalities with no FHS coverage with those in municipalities with full FHS coverage. We used multivariable Poisson regressions adjusted for all relevant municipal and individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and contextual variables, and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We also estimated FHS effect by sex and age, and performed a wide range of sensitivity and triangulation analyses. Findings: FHS coverage was associated with lower AIDS incidence (rate ratio [RR]:0.76, 95%CI:0.68-0.84) and mortality (RR:0.68,95%CI:0.56-0.82). FHS effect was similar between men and women, but was larger in people aged ≥35 years old both for incidence (RR 0.62, 95%CI:0.53-0.72) and mortality (RR 0.56, 95%CI:0.43-0.72). Conclusions: AIDS should be an avoidable outcome for most people living with HIV today, and our study shows that FHS coverage could significantly reduce AIDS incidence and mortality among low-income populations in Brazil. Universal access to comprehensive healthcare through community-based PHC programs should be promoted to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS by 2030.

The effects of social determinants of health on acquired immune deficiency syndrome in a low-income population of Brazil: a retrospective cohort study of 28.3 million individuals.

Background: Social determinants of health (SDH) include factors such as income, education, and race, that could significantly affect the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Studies on the effects of SDH on HIV/AIDS are limited, and do not yet provide a systematic understanding of how the various SDH act on important indicators of HIV/AIDS progression. We aimed to evaluate the effects of SDH on AIDS morbidity and mortality. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 28.3 million individuals was evaluated over a 9-year period (from 2007 to 2015). Multivariable Poisson regression, with a hierarchical approach, was used to estimate the effects of SDH-at the individual and familial level-on AIDS incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rates. Findings: A total of 28,318,532 individuals, representing the low-income Brazilian population, were assessed, who had a mean age of 36.18 (SD: 16.96) years, 52.69% (14,920,049) were female, 57.52% (15,360,569) were pardos, 34.13% (9,113,222) were white/Asian, 7.77% (2,075,977) were black, and 0.58% (154,146) were indigenous. Specific socioeconomic, household, and geographic factors were significantly associated with AIDS-related outcomes. Less wealth was strongly associated with a higher AIDS incidence (rate ratios-RR: 1.55; 95% confidence interval-CI: 1.43-1.68) and mortality (RR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.70-2.34). Lower educational attainment was also greatly associated with higher AIDS incidence (RR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.26-1.68), mortality (RR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.99-3.82) and case-fatality rates (RR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.31-4.01). Being black was associated with a higher AIDS incidence (RR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.45-1.61), mortality (RR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.57-1.83) and case-fatality rates (RR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.03-1.32). Overall, also considering the other SDH, individuals experiencing greater levels of socioeconomic deprivation were, by far, more likely to acquire AIDS, and to die from it. Interpretation: In the population studied, SDH related to poverty and social vulnerability are strongly associated with a higher burden of HIV/AIDS, most notably less wealth, illiteracy, and being black. In the absence of relevant social protection policies, the current worldwide increase in poverty and inequalities-due to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effects of war in the Ukraine-could reverse progress made in the fight against HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Funding: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NAIDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), US Grant Number: 1R01AI152938.

Association between burnout syndrome and obesity: A cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Burnout Syndrome (BS) is a response of organism against long-lasting exposure to occupational stressors. Those affected usually have comorbidities, as well as cardiovascular and metabolic problems. OBJECTIVE: Estimating the association between BS and obesity in primary health care nurses of in the state of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Population-analytical, cross-confirmatory, integrated and multicenter study, conducted with a random sample of primary health care nursing professionals in 43 municipalities from 07 mesoregions of Bahia, Brazil. This study was funded by the Brazilian Board for Scientific and Technological Development. The independent variable (BS) was evaluated by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) scale, and the dependent one (obesity) was based on the Body Mass Index (BMI)≥30. Effect modification and confounding factors were verified by crude, stratified, and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of BS and obesity was 17.7% and 12.7%, respectively. BS was statistically associated with obesity, even after adjustment (RPa: 1.85; CI 95% 1.11-3.06) per gender, age, physical activity, healthy eating, satisfaction with occupation, another job, night shift, primary health care (PHC) time, and working conditions. Effect-modifying variables were not identified. CONCLUSIONS: The specialized literature points out a path to the association identified here. New studies on the subject are relevant and should have more robust methodologies so that the path of causality is better clarified. In addition, occupational health programs become an alternative to control stress and, therefore, its complications, such as burnout and other health aggravations.

Fatores associados a acidentes com exposição a material biológico de trabalhadores da saúde da atenção básica e da média complexidade em cinco municípios baianos / Factors associated with occupational accidents involving exposure to biological material in primary care and medium complexity among workers in five municipalities in Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Introdução no trabalho em saúde podem ocorrer os acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico, potencial fonte de infecção para doenças graves. Objetivo estimar os fatores associados aos acidentes com exposição a material biológico entre trabalhadores da saúde da atenção básica e da média complexidade. Método estudo transversal, exploratório, realizado com trabalhadores da atenção básica e da média complexidade em cinco municípios baianos. O processamento dos dados incluiu análises descritivas, uni e multivariadas. Resultados a incidência dos acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico foi de 3,4%, atingindo a faixa etária entre 19 a 33 anos (RR: 2,06; IC 95%: 1,2 - 3,4), revelando ausência de prática regular de atividade de lazer (RR: 1,8; IC 95%:1,1-2,8), atuação na média complexidade (RR: 1,8; IC 95%: 1,2-2,8), exposição a agentes biológicos (RR: 3,7; IC 95%: 2,4 - 5,9) e trabalho de alta exigência (RR: 1,9; IC 95%: 1,1 - 3,3). Conclusão verifica-se ser necessária a priorização dos trabalhadores da saúde em ações de vigilância em ambientes de trabalho e programas voltados à prevenção dos acidentes como compromisso da área de saúde do trabalhador no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract Background: i n health work, work accidents may occur with exposure to biological material, a potential source of infection for serious diseases. Objective To estimate the factors associated with occupational accidents with exposure to biological material among health workers in primary care and medium complexity. Method A cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with primary care and medium complexity workers in five municipalities in Bahia, Brazil. Data processing included descriptive, univariate, and multivariate analyses. Results The incidence of occupational accidents with exposure to biological material was 3.4%. The associated factors were age group of 19 to33 years (RR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.2 - 3.4), absence of regular leisure activity (RR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1- 2.8), acting in medium complexity (RR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.8), exposure to biological agents (RR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.4 - 5, 9), and high-strain jobs (RR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1 - 3.3). Conclusion It is necessary to prioritize workers' health in actions to monitor work environments and programs aimed at preventing accidents as a commitment in occupational health, in the Unified Health System (SUS).

Occupational stress and common mental disorders: how do coping strategies work?

Introduction: Coping strategies are described as devices capable of minimizing the effects of occupational stress on workers' mental health. Objectives: To evaluate the association between occupational stressors and occurrence of common mental disorders and how coping strategies work in this relationship. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 3,343 healthcare workers from six municipalities in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Common mental disorders were measured by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire, and occupational stressors by the Job Content Questionnaire. Coping strategies included physical activity, leisure activities, social support at work, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, stratified by sex. Results: Occupational stressors were associated with common mental disorders, more strongly among women. The practice of physical activity contributed to reduce the prevalence of common mental disorders, regardless of occupational stressors. Leisure activities were associated with lower prevalence of common mental disorders, but without statistical significance, losing relevance in the presence of occupational stressors. Social support and smoking or drinking habits were not associated with common mental disorders and did not influence the relationship with occupational stressors. Conclusions: Occupational stressors are associated with common mental disorders, with emphasis on high demand, even after adjusted for coping strategies. The relationship between occupational stressors and mental is corroborated, with greater female vulnerability, as well as the role of positive coping strategies in protecting mental health. The pertinence of adopting measures that reduce stress at work, promote the adoption of positive coping strategies, and consider gender inequalities in these relationships.

Measurement of depression in the Brazilian population: validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8).

We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). A study with a sample of 4,170 individuals (≥ 15 years old) from the urban area. Conglomerate sampling was adopted in two stages (census sectors and streets), with weighting of estimates by sample weights. A structured questionnaire with sociodemographic data, the PHQ - the modules for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder - and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were used. In the evaluation of the PHQ-8, we verified the construct validity by analyzing the dimensional structure, convergent validity and internal consistency. We found a linear disorder without losses to maintain the four response categories. The factor analysis found unidimensionality of the depression construct, with strong factor loads, low residual variances, low residual correlation between items, good fit of the model, internal consistency and satisfactory convergent factorial validity (high loads and correlations with other tests/scales of similar constructs). The PHQ-8 has a one-dimensional structure with evidence of good validity and reliability, being suitable for use in the Brazilian population.

Evaluating the impact of social determinants, conditional cash transfers and primary health care on HIV/AIDS: Study protocol of a retrospective and forecasting approach based on the data integration with a cohort of 100 million Brazilians.

BACKGROUND: Despite the great progress made over the last decades, stronger structural interventions are needed to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Brazil is one of the largest and data-richest LMIC, with rapidly changing socioeconomic characteristics and an important HIV/AIDS burden. Over the last two decades Brazil has also implemented the world's largest Conditional Cash Transfer programs, the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP), and one of the most consolidated Primary Health Care (PHC) interventions, the Family Health Strategy (FHS). OBJECTIVE: We will evaluate the effects of socioeconomic determinants, BFP exposure and FHS coverage on HIV/AIDS incidence, treatment adherence, hospitalizations, case fatality, and mortality using unprecedently large aggregate and individual-level longitudinal data. Moreover, we will integrate the retrospective datasets and estimated parameters with comprehensive forecasting models to project HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence and mortality scenarios up to 2030 according to future socioeconomic conditions and alternative policy implementations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will combine individual-level data from all national HIV/AIDS registries with large-scale databases, including the "100 Million Brazilian Cohort", over a 19-year period (2000-2018). Several approaches will be used for the retrospective quasi-experimental impact evaluations, such as Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD), Random Administrative Delays (RAD) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM), combined with multivariable Poisson regressions for cohort analyses. Moreover, we will explore in depth lagged and long-term effects of changes in living conditions and in exposures to BFP and FHS. We will also investigate the effects of the interventions in a wide range of subpopulations. Finally, we will integrate such retrospective analyses with microsimulation, compartmental and agent-based models to forecast future HIV/AIDS scenarios. CONCLUSION: The unprecedented datasets, analyzed through state-of-the-art quasi-experimental methods and innovative mathematical models will provide essential evidences to the understanding and control of HIV/AIDS epidemic in LMICs such as Brazil.

[Influenza vaccine hesitancy among health workers, Bahia State, Brazil]. / Hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) da saúde, Bahia, Brasil.

The World Health Organization acknowledges vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten most serious global health threats. The study investigated the association between confidence, convenience, and complacency and influenza vaccine hesitancy among male and female health workers. The study included 453 workers in primary and medium-complexity health services in a medium-sized city in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Vaccine-hesitant individuals were defined as those who had not received an influenza vaccine in 2019. Structural equation models were used to assess interrelations between target predictive variables and vaccine hesitancy. One-fourth of the workers (25.4%) hesitated to be vaccinated for influenza. Lower confidence (standardized coefficient - SC = 0.261; p = 0.044) and higher complacency (SC = 0.256; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Convenience was not associated with vaccine hesitancy. Workers not involved in patient care, workers in medium-complexity services, and male workers reported less receptiveness from the health professional administering the vaccines. Fear of needles was associated with both lower confidence and greater vaccine hesitancy. History of vaccine reactions was not associated directly with vaccine hesitancy, but it was associated with greater complacency, that is, less perception of risk from vaccine-preventable diseases. Since annual influenza vaccination is recommended, influenza vaccine hesitancy can increase the burden of this disease in the population. The data back the hypothesis that factors related to confidence and complacency produce harms in this vaccine´s acceptance and should be considered in the development of strategies and actions for greater adherence to vaccination.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece a hesitação vacinal como uma das dez maiores ameaças à saúde pública no mundo. Este estudo investigou a associação entre confiança, conveniência e complacência e a hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) do setor saúde. Foram incluídos 453 trabalhadores(as) de serviços de atenção primária e média complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte do estado brasileiro da Bahia. Foram considerados hesitantes em vacinar aqueles que não receberam vacina para influenza em 2019. Modelos de equações estruturais foram utilizados para avaliar interrelações entre variáveis preditoras de interesse e hesitação vacinal. Um quarto dos(as) trabalhadores(as) (25,4%) hesitaram em se vacinar para influenza. Menor confiança (coeficiente padronizado - CP = 0,261; p = 0,044) e maior complacência (CP = 0,256; p < 0,001) associaram-se significativamente à hesitação vacinal. A conveniência não esteve associada à hesitação vacinal. Trabalhadores(as) não assistenciais, da média complexidade e do sexo masculino referiram menor acolhimento pelo profissional que administrava as vacinas. O medo de agulhas associou-se à menor confiança e à hesitação vacinal. História de reação vacinal não esteve associada diretamente com hesitação vacinal, mas associou-se à maior complacência, isto é, menor percepção do risco de doenças imunopreveníveis. Por ser uma vacina recomendada anualmente, a hesitação vacinal para influenza pode contribuir para aumentar a carga da doença na população. Os dados sustentam a hipótese de que fatores relacionados à confiança e complacência produzem prejuízos na aceitação desta vacina, devendo ser considerados no desenvolvimento de estratégias e ações para maior adesão à vacinação.

La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce la vacilación en la vacunación como una de las diez mayores amenazas para la salud pública en el mundo. Este estudio investigó la asociación entre confianza, conveniencia y complacencia, así como la indecisión para vacunarse contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as del sector salud. Se incluyeron a 453 trabajadores/as de servicios de atención primaria y media complejidad de una ciudad de tamaño medio en Bahía, Brasil. Se consideraron vacilantes para vacunarse a aquellos que no recibieron una vacuna contra la gripe en 2019. Se utilizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar interrelaciones entre variables predictoras de interés y vacilación en vacunarse. Un cuarto de los/as trabajadores/as (25,4%) dudaron en si vacunarse contra la gripe. Menor confianza (coeficiente estandarizado - CE = 0,261; p = 0,044) y mayor complacencia (CE = 0,256; p < 0,001) se asociaron significativamente a la vacilación en la vacunación. La conveniencia no estuvo asociada a la vacilación en la vacunación. Los trabajadores/as no asistenciales, de media complejidad y de sexo masculino informaron de una menor acogida por parte del profesional que administraba las vacunas. El miedo a las agujas se asoció a una menor confianza y a la vacilación en la vacunación. Un historial de reacción a la vacunación no estuvo asociado directamente con la vacilación en la vacunación, pero se asoció a una mayor complacencia, esto es, menor percepción del riesgo de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Al tratarse de una vacuna recomendada anualmente, la vacilación en la vacunación para la gripe puede contribuir a aumentar la carga de enfermedad en la población. Los datos sostienen la hipótesis de que factores relacionados con la confianza y la complacencia producen prejuicios en la aceptación de esta vacuna, debiendo ser considerados en el desarrollo de estrategias y acciones para una mayor adhesión a la vacunación.

Hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) da saúde, Bahia, Brasil / Influenza vaccine hesitancy among health workers, Bahia State, Brazil / Vacilación en la vacunación contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as de salud, Bahía, Brasil

Resumo: A Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece a hesitação vacinal como uma das dez maiores ameaças à saúde pública no mundo. Este estudo investigou a associação entre confiança, conveniência e complacência e a hesitação vacinal para influenza entre trabalhadores(as) do setor saúde. Foram incluídos 453 trabalhadores(as) de serviços de atenção primária e média complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte do estado brasileiro da Bahia. Foram considerados hesitantes em vacinar aqueles que não receberam vacina para influenza em 2019. Modelos de equações estruturais foram utilizados para avaliar interrelações entre variáveis preditoras de interesse e hesitação vacinal. Um quarto dos(as) trabalhadores(as) (25,4%) hesitaram em se vacinar para influenza. Menor confiança (coeficiente padronizado - CP = 0,261; p = 0,044) e maior complacência (CP = 0,256; p < 0,001) associaram-se significativamente à hesitação vacinal. A conveniência não esteve associada à hesitação vacinal. Trabalhadores(as) não assistenciais, da média complexidade e do sexo masculino referiram menor acolhimento pelo profissional que administrava as vacinas. O medo de agulhas associou-se à menor confiança e à hesitação vacinal. História de reação vacinal não esteve associada diretamente com hesitação vacinal, mas associou-se à maior complacência, isto é, menor percepção do risco de doenças imunopreveníveis. Por ser uma vacina recomendada anualmente, a hesitação vacinal para influenza pode contribuir para aumentar a carga da doença na população. Os dados sustentam a hipótese de que fatores relacionados à confiança e complacência produzem prejuízos na aceitação desta vacina, devendo ser considerados no desenvolvimento de estratégias e ações para maior adesão à vacinação.

Abstract: The World Health Organization acknowledges vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten most serious global health threats. The study investigated the association between confidence, convenience, and complacency and influenza vaccine hesitancy among male and female health workers. The study included 453 workers in primary and medium-complexity health services in a medium-sized city in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Vaccine-hesitant individuals were defined as those who had not received an influenza vaccine in 2019. Structural equation models were used to assess interrelations between target predictive variables and vaccine hesitancy. One-fourth of the workers (25.4%) hesitated to be vaccinated for influenza. Lower confidence (standardized coefficient - SC = 0.261; p = 0.044) and higher complacency (SC = 0.256; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Convenience was not associated with vaccine hesitancy. Workers not involved in patient care, workers in medium-complexity services, and male workers reported less receptiveness from the health professional administering the vaccines. Fear of needles was associated with both lower confidence and greater vaccine hesitancy. History of vaccine reactions was not associated directly with vaccine hesitancy, but it was associated with greater complacency, that is, less perception of risk from vaccine-preventable diseases. Since annual influenza vaccination is recommended, influenza vaccine hesitancy can increase the burden of this disease in the population. The data back the hypothesis that factors related to confidence and complacency produce harms in this vaccine´s acceptance and should be considered in the development of strategies and actions for greater adherence to vaccination.

Resumen: La Organización Mundial de la Salud reconoce la vacilación en la vacunación como una de las diez mayores amenazas para la salud pública en el mundo. Este estudio investigó la asociación entre confianza, conveniencia y complacencia, así como la indecisión para vacunarse contra la gripe entre trabajadores/as del sector salud. Se incluyeron a 453 trabajadores/as de servicios de atención primaria y media complejidad de una ciudad de tamaño medio en Bahía, Brasil. Se consideraron vacilantes para vacunarse a aquellos que no recibieron una vacuna contra la gripe en 2019. Se utilizaron los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar interrelaciones entre variables predictoras de interés y vacilación en vacunarse. Un cuarto de los/as trabajadores/as (25,4%) dudaron en si vacunarse contra la gripe. Menor confianza (coeficiente estandarizado - CE = 0,261; p = 0,044) y mayor complacencia (CE = 0,256; p < 0,001) se asociaron significativamente a la vacilación en la vacunación. La conveniencia no estuvo asociada a la vacilación en la vacunación. Los trabajadores/as no asistenciales, de media complejidad y de sexo masculino informaron de una menor acogida por parte del profesional que administraba las vacunas. El miedo a las agujas se asoció a una menor confianza y a la vacilación en la vacunación. Un historial de reacción a la vacunación no estuvo asociado directamente con la vacilación en la vacunación, pero se asoció a una mayor complacencia, esto es, menor percepción del riesgo de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Al tratarse de una vacuna recomendada anualmente, la vacilación en la vacunación para la gripe puede contribuir a aumentar la carga de enfermedad en la población. Los datos sostienen la hipótesis de que factores relacionados con la confianza y la complacencia producen prejuicios en la aceptación de esta vacuna, debiendo ser considerados en el desarrollo de estrategias y acciones para una mayor adhesión a la vacunación.

Measurement of depression in the Brazilian population: validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) / Mensuração da depressão na população brasileira: validação do Questionário de Saúde do Paciente (PHQ-8) / Medición de la depresión en la población brasileña: validación del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (PHQ-8)

We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). A study with a sample of 4,170 individuals (≥ 15 years old) from the urban area. Conglomerate sampling was adopted in two stages (census sectors and streets), with weighting of estimates by sample weights. A structured questionnaire with sociodemographic data, the PHQ - the modules for depression, generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder - and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were used. In the evaluation of the PHQ-8, we verified the construct validity by analyzing the dimensional structure, convergent validity and internal consistency. We found a linear disorder without losses to maintain the four response categories. The factor analysis found unidimensionality of the depression construct, with strong factor loads, low residual variances, low residual correlation between items, good fit of the model, internal consistency and satisfactory convergent factorial validity (high loads and correlations with other tests/scales of similar constructs). The PHQ-8 has a one-dimensional structure with evidence of good validity and reliability, being suitable for use in the Brazilian population.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Questionário de Saúde do Paciente (Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-8). Realizamos um estudo com uma amostra de 4.170 indivíduos (≥ 15 anos) em área urbana. A amostragem por conglomerado foi adotada em duas etapas (setores censitários e ruas) com ponderação das estimativas por pesos amostrais. Foi utilizado questionário estruturado com dados sociodemográficos, o PHQ - com módulos para depressão, transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e transtorno do pânico - e o Questionário de Autorrelato (Self-Reporting Questionnaire; SRQ-20). Uma desordem linear sem perdas foi encontrada para manter as quatro categorias de resposta. A análise fatorial revelou unidimensionalidade do construto depressão com cargas fatoriais fortes, baixas variâncias residuais, baixa correlação residual entre os itens, bom ajuste do modelo, consistência interna e validade fatorial convergente satisfatória e altas correlações com outros instrumentos de construtos semelhantes. O PHQ-8 possui estrutura unidimensional com evidência de boa validade e confiabilidade, sendo adequado para uso na população brasileira.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión brasileña del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-8). Se trata de un estudio con una muestra de 4.170 individuos (≥ 15 años) en un área urbana. El muestreo por conglomerados fue adoptado en dos etapas (sectores censuales y calles) con ponderación de las estimaciones por pesos muestrales. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un cuestionario estructurado con datos sociodemográficos, el PHQ -con módulos para depresión, trastorno de ansiedad generalizada y trastorno de pánico- y el Cuestionario de Autoinforme (Self-Reporting Questionnaire; SRQ-20). Al evaluar el PHQ-8 se verificó la validez de su construcción a través de su estructura dimensional, validez convergente y consistencia interna. Se encontró un desorden lineal sin pérdidas para mantener las cuatro categorías de respuesta. El análisis factorizado encontró unidimensionalidad del constructo depresión con fuertes cargas factoriales, bajas varianzas residuales, baja correlación residual entre ítems, buen ajuste del modelo, consistencia interna y satisfactoria validez factorial convergente (altas cargas y correlaciones con otras pruebas/escalas de constructos similares). El PHQ-8 tiene una estructura unidimensional con evidencia de buena validez y confiabilidad, y es adecuado para su uso en la población brasileña.

Occupational stressors and work accidents among health workers.

OBJECTIVE: To test the association between occupational stressors and work accidents due to exposure to biological material (ATbio) in health workers, considering the isolated and combined analysis of the dimensions of two models, the demand-control model (DCM) and the effort-reward imbalance model (ERI). METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a representative sample of workers with higher, technical and secondary education, including health agents from primary and medium-complexity care units in five cities in Bahia. Random sampling was selected, stratified by geographic area, level of service complexity and occupation. The outcome variable was ATbio; The main exposure was occupational stressors, assessed by the DCM and ERI. Incidences and relative risks were estimated as a function of the acute, short-term nature of the outcome of interest. Associations between ATbio and isolated and combined DCM and ERI dimensions were tested. RESULTS: A total of 3,084 workers participated in the study. The global incidence of ATbio was 3.4% and was associated with high psychological demand, high effort and high commitment to work, adjusted for sex, age, education and work shift. High-strain work and a situation of imbalance between efforts and rewards were associated with ATbio. With the combination of the models, an increase in the measure of association with the outcome was observed. Significant associations of greater magnitude were observed in the complete combined models. ATbio's risk was 5.23 times higher among those exposed in both complete models compared to the absence of exposure in both models. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational stressors were associated with ATbio. Advantages in using the combined models were observed. The approach of different psychosocial dimensions has expanded the ability to identify exposed groups, offering a solid basis for interventions for ATbio's prevention in health.

Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Portuguese-Speaking Countries: A Structural Equations Modeling Approach.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (VH) has caused concerns due to the possible fluctuations that may occur directly impacting the control of the pandemic. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with COVID-19 VH in Portuguese-speaking countries. We developed a web survey (N:6,843) using an online, structured, and validated questionnaire. We used Measurement Models, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Exploratory Structural Equation Models, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis for the data analysis. The overall prevalence of COVID-19 VH in Portuguese-speaking countries was 21.1%. showed a statistically significant direct effect for VH: vaccine-related conspiracy beliefs (VB) (ß = 0.886), perceived stress (PS) (ß = 0.313), COVID-19 Misinformation (MIS) (ß = 0.259) and individual responses to COVID-19 (CIR) (ß = -0.122). The effect of MIS and CIR for VH was greater among men and of PS and VB among women; the effect of PS was greater among the youngest and of VB and CIR among the oldest. No discrepant differences were identified in the analyzed education strata. In conclusion, we found that conspiracy beliefs related to the vaccine strongly influence the decision to hesitate (not to take or to delay the vaccine). Specific characteristics related to gender, age group, social and cognitive vulnerabilities, added to the knowledge acquired, poorly substantiated and/or misrepresented about the COVID-19 vaccine, need to be considered in the planning of vaccination campaigns. It is necessary to respond in a timely, fast, and accurate manner to the challenges posed by vaccine hesitancy.

[Job dissatisfaction, psychosocial aspects, personal satisfaction, and mental health of male and female health workers]. / Insatisfação com o trabalho, aspectos psicossociais, satisfação pessoal e saúde mental de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da saúde.

The objective was to evaluate the relationship between job dissatisfaction and the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD), considering the psychosocial aspects of work and personal satisfaction. Cross-sectional study, with a sample of 3,084 health workers from five municipalities in Bahia. Structural equation modeling analysis, stratified by gender, was used. Dissatisfaction with work was the main exposure variable. The CMD, the outcome variable, was assessed by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Personal satisfaction (SAP), assessed by World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questions, and stressful (AE) and protective (AP) psychosocial aspects, measured by the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and the Effort-Reward Imbalance scale (ERI), were treated as latent variables. Dissatisfaction with work was associated with higher CMD prevalence, among men (0.160; CI95%: 0.024; 0.295) and women (0.198; CI95%: 0.135; 0.260). AEs were associated with greater dissatisfaction and higher CMD prevalence, while APs were associated with lower dissatisfaction and lower CMD prevalence, among men and women. Dissatisfaction with work mediated the effect of psychosocial aspects and personal satisfaction on the occurrence of CMD. The final model showed good adjustment. High job dissatisfaction, stressful psychosocial aspects, lack of protective aspects, and personal dissatisfaction were associated directly or indirectly with CMD. The results reinforce the need for actions to protect mental health at work by redesigning the harmful aspects identified and strengthening the aspects associated with the lower occurrence of CMD.

O objetivo foi avaliar a relação da insatisfação no trabalho e ocorrência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC), considerando os aspectos psicossociais do trabalho e a satisfação pessoal (SAP). Estudo transversal, em amostra de 3.084 trabalhadores/as de saúde de cinco municípios baianos. Empregou-se análise de modelagem de equações estruturais, estratificada por gênero. A insatisfação com o trabalho foi a variável de exposição principal. Os TMC, variável desfecho, foram avaliados pelo Self-Reporting Questionaire (SRQ-20). Satisfação pessoal, avaliada por questões do World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), e os aspectos psicossociais estressores (AE) e protetores (AP), mensurados pelo Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) e pela escala Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), foram tratadas como variáveis latentes. A insatisfação com o trabalho associou-se positivamente aos TMC, entre homens (0,160; IC95%: 0,024; 0,295) e mulheres (0,198; IC95%: 0,135; 0,260). Os AE associaram-se positivamente à insatisfação com o trabalho e aos TMC, enquanto os AP associaram-se negativamente a esses dois eventos, entre homens e mulheres. A insatisfação com o trabalho mediou o efeito dos aspectos psicossociais e da SAP na ocorrência de TMC. O modelo final apresentou bom ajuste nos grupos analisados. Elevada insatisfação, presença de aspectos psicossociais estressores, carência de aspectos protetores e insatisfação pessoal associaram-se aos TMC direta ou indiretamente. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de ações voltadas à proteção da saúde mental no trabalho em saúde com o redesenho dos aspectos nocivos identificados e fortalecimento dos aspectos associados à menor ocorrência de TMC.

El objetivo fue evaluar la relación de la insatisfacción en el trabajo y la ocurrencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC), considerando aspectos psicosociales del trabajo, así como la satisfacción personal. Se trata de un estudio transversal, en una muestra de 3084 trabajadores/as de salud de cinco municipios bahianos. Se utilizó un análisis de modelado de ecuaciones estructurales, estratificado por género. La insatisfacción con el trabajo fue la variable de exposición principal. Los TMC, variable de desenlace, se evaluaron mediante el Self-Reporting Questionaire (SRQ-20). Satisfacción personal (SAP), evaluada por cuestiones del World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), y los aspectos psicosociales estresores (AE) y protectores (AP), medidos por el Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) y por la escala Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), fueron tratadas como variables latentes. La insatisfacción con el trabajo se asoció positivamente a los TMC, entre hombres (0,160; IC95%: 0,024; 0,295) y mujeres (0,198; IC95%: 0,135; 0,260). Los AE se asociaron positivamente a la insatisfacción con el trabajo y a los TMC, mientras que los AP se asociaron negativamente a esos dos eventos, entre hombres y mujeres. La insatisfacción con el trabajo medió el efecto de los aspectos psicosociales y de la satisfacción personal en la ocurrencia de TMC. El modelo final presentó un buen ajuste en los grupos analizados. Elevada insatisfacción, presencia de aspectos psicosociales estresores, carencia de aspectos protectores e insatisfacción personal se asociaron a los TMC directa o indirectamente. Los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de acciones dirigidas a la protección de la salud mental en el trabajo en salud, con el rediseño de los aspectos nocivos identificados, así como el fortalecimiento de los aspectos asociados a una menor ocurrencia de TMC.

The Prevalence of Abdominal Adiposity among Primary Health Care Physicians in Bahia, Brazil: An Epidemiological Study.

BACKGROUND: Labor activities are demanding for workers and can induce occupational stress. Primary health care (PHC) workers have faced problems that can lead to the development of stress and abdominal obesity. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of abdominal adiposity among primary health care physicians in the metropolitan mesoregion of Salvador, Bahia. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with physicians from the family health units (FHUs) of the metropolitan mesoregion of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The number of FHUs corresponded to 41 teams (52 physicians). Anamnesis was performed and a questionnaire was applied. The clinical examination consisted of measuring waist circumference (WC), blood pressure levels (BP), and body mass index (BMI), as well as examining for acanthosis nigricans. Blood samples were collected for biochemical dosages. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: The sample included 41 physicians (response rate: 78.8%), of which 18 were women (44.0%). The percentage of overweight participants represented by BMI was 31.7%. The hypertriglyceridemia prevalence was 29.2%. HDL-c was low in 48.7% of the participants. The waist circumference measurement revealed a prevalence of abdominal adiposity of 38.8% (women) and 34.8% (men). CONCLUSIONS: Medical professionals in PHC are more susceptible to having higher abdominal adiposity, especially female physicians.

Psychological Distress in Men during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: The Role of the Sociodemographic Variables, Uncertainty, and Social Support.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationships between sociodemographic variables, intolerance to uncertainty (INT), social support, and psychological distress (i.e., indicators of Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) and perceived stress (PS)) in Brazilian men during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with national coverage, of the web survey type, and conducted with 1006 Brazilian men during the period of social circulation restriction imposed by the health authorities in Brazil for suppression of the coronavirus and control of the pandemic. Structural equation modeling analysis was performed. RESULTS: Statistically significant direct effects of race/skin color (λ = 0.268; p-value < 0.001), socioeconomic status (SES) (λ = 0.306; p-value < 0.001), household composition (λ = 0.281; p-value < 0.001), PS (λ = 0.513; p-value < 0.001), and INT (λ = 0.421; p-value < 0.001) were evidenced in the occurrence of CMDs. Black-skinned men with higher SES, living alone, and with higher PS and INT levels presented higher prevalence values of CMDs. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of PS and INT were the factors that presented the strongest associations with the occurrence of CMDs among the men. It is necessary to implement actions to reduce the stress-generating sources as well as to promote an increase in resilience and the development of intrinsic reinforcements to deal with uncertain threats.