Evolution and legacy of East Asian aurochs.

Aurochs (Bos primigenius), once widely distributed in Afro-Eurasia, became extinct in the early 1600 s. However, their phylogeography and relative contributions to domestic cattle remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed 16 genomes of ancient aurochs and three mitogenomes of ancient bison (Bison priscus) excavated in East Asia, dating from 43,000 to 3,590 years ago. These newly generated data with previously published genomic information on aurochs as well as ancient/extant domestic cattle worldwide through genome analysis. Our findings revealed significant genetic divergence between East Asian aurochs and their European, Near Eastern, and African counterparts on the basis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data. Furthermore, we identified evidence of gene flow from East Asian aurochs into ancient and present-day taurine cattle, suggesting their potential role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of domestic cattle.

3D-Printed Hydrogel-Based Flexible Electrochromic Device for Wearable Displays.

Flexible electrochromic devices (FECDs) are widely explored for diverse applications including wearable electronics, camouflage, and smart windows. However, the manufacturing process of patterned FECDs remains complex, costly, and non-customizable. To address this challenge, a strategy is proposed to prepare integrated FECDs via multi-material direct writing 3D printing. By designing novel viologen/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel inks and systematically evaluating the printability of various inks, seamless interface integration can be achieved, enabling streamlined manufacturing of patterned FECDs with continuous production capabilities. The resultant 3D-printed FECDs exhibit excellent electrochromic and mechanical properties, including high optical contrast (up to 54% at 360 nm), nice cycling stability (less than 5% electroactivity reduction after 10 000 s), and mechanical stability (less than 19% optimal contrast decrease after 5000 cycles of bending). The potential applications of these 3D-printed hydrogel-based FECDs are further demonstrated in wearable electronics, camouflage, and smart windows.

Researching into Chinese university students' mental health in the post-pandemic era - problems and causes.

Introduction: Mental health challenges have still been widely pervasive among Chinese university students after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article aims to explore mental health challenges encountered by Chinese university students in the post-pandemic era and explain causes to these challenges using a qualitative approach. Methods: We conducted six focus group interviews with university students in Zhuhai, China, and altogether 61 students including 43 female students, and 18 male students participated in the study. Results: Our results indicate that sleep difficulties, anxiety, and stress are the three primary mental health challenges experienced by students. Academic pressure, social influence including peer pressure and pursuit of social acceptance, and pandemic related policies and measures are the causes to the above mental health challenges. Discussion: The results of this study will inform the development of mental health promotion, intervention, and education activities for university students to bolster their resilience and cope with mental health problems in the post-pandemic era. Meanwhile, our results could illuminate the services stakeholders provide to university students in the future.

Modelling the rheology of living cell cytoplasm: poroviscoelasticity and fluid-to-solid transition.

Eukaryotic cell rheology has important consequences for vital processes such as adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Experiments indicate that cell cytoplasm can exhibit both elastic and viscous characteristics in different regimes, while the transport of fluid (cytosol) through the cross-linked filamentous scaffold (cytoskeleton) is reminiscent of mass transfer by diffusion through a porous medium. To gain insights into this complex rheological behaviour, we construct a computational model for the cell cytoplasm as a poroviscoelastic material formulated on the principles of nonlinear continuum mechanics, where we model the cytoplasm as a porous viscoelastic scaffold with an embedded viscous fluid flowing between the pores to model the cytosol. Baseline simulations (neglecting the viscosity of the cytosol) indicate that the system exhibits seven different regimes across the parameter space spanned by the viscoelastic relaxation timescale of the cytoskeleton and the poroelastic diffusion timescale; these regimes agree qualitatively with experimental measurements. Furthermore, the theoretical model also allows us to elucidate the additional role of pore fluid viscosity, which enters the system as a distinct viscous timescale. We show that increasing this viscous timescale hinders the passage of the pore fluid (reducing the poroelastic diffusion) and makes the cytoplasm rheology increasingly incompressible, shifting the phase boundaries between the regimes.

The PP2A inhibitor LB-100 mitigates lupus nephritis by suppressing tertiary lymphoid structure formation.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ involvement and autoantibody production. Patients with SLE face a substantial risk of developing lupus nephritis (LN), which imposes a substantial burden on both patients and their families. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a widely distributed serine/threonine phosphatase that participates in regulating multiple signaling pathways. Inhibition of PP2A has been implicated in the treatment of various diseases. LB-100, a small molecule inhibitor of PP2A, has demonstrated anti-tumor therapeutic effects and high safety profile in preclinical experiments. However, the role of PP2A and its inhibitor has been insufficiently studied in LN. In this study, we assessed the potential effects of LB-100 in both MRL/lpr mice and R848-induced BALB/c mice. Our findings indicated that LB-100 administration led to reduced spleen enlargement, decreased deposition of immune complexes, ameliorated renal damage, and improved kidney function in both spontaneous and R848-induced lupus mouse models. Importantly, we observed the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in the kidneys of two distinct lupus mouse models. The levels of signature genes of TLS were elevated in the kidneys of lupus mice, whereas LB-100 mitigated chemokine production and inhibited TLS formation. In addition, we confirmed that inhibition or knockdown of PP2A reduced the production of T cell-related chemokines by renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC). In summary, our study highlighted the renal protective potential of the PP2A inhibitor LB-100 in two distinct lupus mouse models, suggesting its potential as a novel strategy for treating LN and other autoimmune diseases.

Blocking lncRNA HCG18 re-sensitizes Taxol resistant lung cancer cells to Taxol through modulating the miR-34a-5p/HDAC1 axis.

Lung cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide, associated with a poor survival rate. Taxol (Paclitaxel) is commonly used as a chemotherapeutic treatment for advanced lung cancers. While Taxol has improved clinical outcomes for lung cancer patients, a significant number of them develop resistance to Taxol, resulting in treatment failure. The role of the long noncoding RNA HCG18 in lung cancer and Taxol resistance has not yet been fully understood. To investigate this, we examined the expression of HCG18 and miR-34a-5p in lung tumors and normal lung tissues using qRT-PCR. We also assessed Taxol resistance through cell viability and apoptosis assays. Through the starBase online service, we analyzed the interactions between lncRNA and mRNA as well as miRNA and mRNA. We further validated the association between lncRNA and miRNA through luciferase and RNA pull-down assays. Our findings demonstrated that HCG18 was significantly upregulated in lung cancer tissues compared to normal lung tissues. Silencing HCG18 increased the sensitivity of lung cancer cells to Taxol. Additionally, our study established a Taxol-resistant cell line and observed a substantial upregulation of HCG18 in Taxol-resistant lung cancer cells. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that HCG18 could bind to miR-34a-5p, forming a competing endogenous RNA network, which was confirmed through luciferase assay. We found that miR-34a-5p was downregulated in lung cancer tissues and negatively correlated with Taxol resistance, as it directly bound to the 3'UTR region of HDAC1. Further results showed that inhibition of HCG18 significantly increased miR-34a-5p expression and sensitized lung cancer cells to Taxol. This sensitization could be reversed by inhibiting miR-34a-5p. Finally, we demonstrated in a xenograft mouse model that inhibition of HCG18 sensitized Taxol-resistant lung cancer cells to Taxol treatment by modulating the miR-34a-5p-HDAC1 axis. In conclusion, our in vitro and in vivo results uncover a novel molecular mechanism by which HCG18 promotes Taxol resistance through modulation of the miR-34a-5p/HDAC1 axis. These findings contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of chemo-resistant lung cancer.

Discovery and pharmacological characterization of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives as RORγ inverse agonists against prostate cancer.

The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) is regarded as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. Herein, we report the identification, optimization, and evaluation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives as novel RORγ inverse agonists, starting from high throughput screening using a thermal stability shift assay (TSA). The representative compounds 13e (designated as XY039) and 14a (designated as XY077) effectively inhibited the RORγ transcriptional activity and exhibited excellent selectivity against other nuclear receptor subtypes. The structural basis for their inhibitory potency was elucidated through the crystallographic study of RORγ LBD complex with 13e. Both 13e and 14a demonstrated reasonable antiproliferative activity, potently inhibited colony formation and the expression of AR, AR regulated genes, and other oncogene in AR positive prostate cancer cell lines. Moreover, 13e and 14a effectively suppressed tumor growth in a 22Rv1 xenograft tumor model in mice. This work provides new and valuable lead compounds for further development of drugs against prostate cancer.

In Situ Constructing Metal-Organic Complex Interface Layer Using Biomolecule Enabling Stabilize Zn Anode.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are considered as a promising candidate for next-generation large-scale energy storage due to their high safety, low cost, and eco-friendliness. Unfortunately, commercialization of ZIBs is severely hindered owing to rampant dendrite growth and detrimental side reactions on the Zn anode. Herein, inspired by the metal-organic complex interphase strategy, the authors apply adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to in situ construct a multifunctional film on the metal Zn surface (marked as ATP@Zn) by a facile etching method. The ATP-induced interfacial layer enhances lipophilicity, promoting uniform Zn2+ flux and further homogenizing Zn deposition. Meanwhile, the functional interlayer improves the anticorrosion ability of the Zn anode, effectively suppressing corrosion and hydrogen evolution. Consequently, the as-prepared ATP@Zn anode in the symmetric cell exhibits eminent plating/stripping reversibility for over 2800 h at 5.0 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, the assembled ATP@Zn||MnO2 full cells are investigated to evaluate practical feasibilities. This work provides an efficient and simple strategy to prepare stabilized Zn anode toward high-performance ZIBs.

Evaluating infection risks in buses based on passengers' dynamic temporal and typical spatial scenarios: A case study of COVID-19.

Conventional buses, as an indispensable part of the urban public transport system, impose cross-infection risks on passengers. To assess differential risks due to dynamic staying durations and locations, this study considered four spatial distributions (i = 1-4) and six temporal scenarios (j = 1-6) of buses. Based on field measurements and a risk assessment approach combining both short-range and room-scale effects, risks are evaluated properly. The results showed that temporal asynchrony between infected and susceptible individuals significantly affects disease transmission rates. The Control Case assumes that infected and susceptible individuals enter and leave synchronously. However, ignoring temporal asynchrony scenarios, i.e., the Control Case, resulted in overestimation (+30.7 % to +99.6 %) or underestimation (-15.2 % to -69.9 %) of the actual risk. Moreover, the relative difference ratios of room-scale risks between the Control Case and five temporal scenarios are impacted by ventilation. Short-range risk exists only if infected and susceptible individuals have temporal overlap on the bus. Considering temporal and spatial asynchrony, a more realistic total reproduction number (R) can be obtained. Subsequently, the total R was assessed under five temporal scenarios. On average, for the Control Case, the total R was estimated to be +27.3 % higher than j = 1, -9.3 % lower than j = 2, +12.8 % higher than j = 3, +33.0 % lower than j = 4, and + 77.6 % higher than j = 5. This implies the need for a combination of active prevention and real-time risk monitoring to enable rigid travel demand and control the spread of the epidemic.

Study by means of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance of the oxidation process in high oleic sunflower oil and palm oil during deep-frying of fish cakes.

This study aimed to compare the frying performance of palm oil (PO) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) during frying aquatic products. The quality change and frying performance of HOSO and PO during frying of fish cakes were investigated. The oxidation and hydrolysis products of both oils were explored by the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. The results showed that the color deepening rate of PO was higher than that of HOSO. After 18 h of frying, the total polar compound content of PO and HOSO reached 25.67% and 27.50%, respectively. HOSO had lower degree of oxidation than PO after 24 h of continuous frying. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content in HOSO and PO significantly decreased. The oleic acid content in HOSO remained above 80% during the frying process. The major aldehydes in both oils were (E, E)-2,4-alkadienals and n-alkanals and glycerol diesters (DAGs) were abundant in PO. Furthermore, the addition of fish cakes had slight effect on the quality of the frying oil. Therefore, HOSO is an appropriate candidate for frying owing to its excellent frying stability and nutritional value.

Impact of C-reactive protein on the effect of Roxadustat for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation, reflected by an increased blood C-reactive protein (CRP) level, is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is involved in the development of renal anemia. This systematic review aims to investigate the impacts of CRP on the efficacy of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) in the treatment of renal anemia in patients with CKD. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases including Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), from their inception to May 19, 2022. We systematically reviewed evidence from randomized controlled trials using HIF-PHIs for renal anemia treatment. The mean difference (MD) in changes in hemoglobin concentration (∆Hb) before and after treatment served as the meta-analysis outcome, utilizing a random-effects model. We compared groups with CRP levels greater than or equal to the upper limit of normal (ULN) and less than the ULN. Additionally, further analysis was conducted in the CRP ≥ ULN group comparing HIF-PHIs and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA). RESULTS: A total of 7 studies from 6 publications were included in the analysis. In the comparison between the CRP ≥ ULN group and the CRP < ULN group, 524 patients from 4 studies were incorporated into the analysis. All patients received roxadustat as the primary intervention. The pooled results revealed no significant difference in ΔHb between patients with CRP ≥ ULN and CRP < ULN at baseline (Mean Difference: 0.00, 95% Confidence Interval: -0.32 to 0.33, P = 0.99). Moreover, within the CRP ≥ ULN group, three studies involving 1399 patients compared the efficacy of roxadustat and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). The results indicated no significant difference in ΔHb between patients treated with ESAs and HIF-PHIs (Mean Difference: 0.24, 95% Confidence Interval: -0.08 to 0.56, P = 0.14). In terms of medication dosage, an increase in ESA dose over time was observed across various studies, particularly evident in the CRP ≥ ULN group, while the dose of roxadustat remains constant over time and is not influenced by the baseline levels of CRP. CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review demonstrates that roxadustat exhibits similar efficacy across different CRP levels. Moreover, within the CRP ≥ ULN group, roxadustat can maintain efficacy comparable to ESA without the necessity for dose escalation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CRD42023396704.

Long COVID manifests with T cell dysregulation, inflammation and an uncoordinated adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2.

Long COVID (LC) occurs after at least 10% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, yet its etiology remains poorly understood. We used 'omic" assays and serology to deeply characterize the global and SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in the blood of individuals with clear LC and non-LC clinical trajectories, 8 months postinfection. We found that LC individuals exhibited systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation. This was evidenced by global differences in T cell subset distribution implying ongoing immune responses, as well as by sex-specific perturbations in cytolytic subsets. LC individuals displayed increased frequencies of CD4+ T cells poised to migrate to inflamed tissues and exhausted SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells, higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and a mis-coordination between their SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cell responses. Our analysis suggested an improper crosstalk between the cellular and humoral adaptive immunity in LC, which can lead to immune dysregulation, inflammation and clinical symptoms associated with this debilitating condition.

Water quality analysis based on LSTM and BP optimization with a transfer learning model.

In the urban water environmental management, a fast and effective method for water quality analysis should be established with the rapid urbanization. In this study, the Beijing's sub-center was chosen as a case study, and long short-term memory (LSTM) and back propagation (BP) models were built, then a transfer learning model was proposed and applied to optimize the two models on the base of the upstream and downstream relationships in the rivers. The results indicated that the proposed deep learning model could improve NSE by 7% and 9% for LSTM and BP at the Dongguan Bridge gauge, respectively. At the Xugezhuang gauge in the Liangshui River, NSE was improved by 11% and 17%, respectively. At the Yulinzhuang gauge, it was improved by 16% and 13%, respectively. Because the upstream and downstream relationships were considered in the learning model, the model performance was obviously better. In brief, this method would provide an idea for the effective water quality model construction in the ungauged basins or regions.

Global genetic diversity, introgression, and evolutionary adaptation of indicine cattle revealed by whole genome sequencing.

Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. However, their adaptive genetic changes following their dispersal into East Asia from the Indian subcontinent have remained poorly documented. Here, we characterize their global genetic diversity using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from 354 indicine cattle of 57 breeds/populations, including major indicine phylogeographic groups worldwide. We reveal their probable migration into East Asia was along a coastal route rather than inland routes and we detected introgression from other bovine species. Genomic regions carrying morphology-, immune-, and heat-tolerance-related genes underwent divergent selection according to Asian agro-ecologies. We identify distinct sets of loci that contain promising candidate variants for adaptation to hot semi-arid and hot humid tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that the rapid and successful adaptation of East Asian indicine cattle to hot humid environments was promoted by localized introgression from banteng and/or gaur. Our findings provide insights into the history and environmental adaptation of indicine cattle.

Karyotype and genome size variation in Delphinium subg. Anthriscifolium (Ranunculaceae).

Five taxa of Delphiniumsubg.Anthriscifolium have been karyologically studied through chromosome counting, chromosomal measurement, and karyotype symmetry. Each taxon that we investigated has a basic chromosome number of x = 8, D.anthriscifoliumvar.savatieri, D.anthriscifoliumvar.majus, D.ecalcaratum, and D.callichromum were diploid with 2n = 16, while D.anthriscifoliumvar.anthriscifolium was tetraploid with 2n = 32. Monoploid chromosome sets of the investigated diploid taxa contained 1 metacentric chromosome, 3 submetacentric chromosomes, and 4 subtelocentric chromosomes. Higher interchromosomal asymmetry (CVCL) was present in D.ecalcaratum and D.callichromum than in other taxa. The highest levels of intrachromosomal asymmetry (MCA) and heterogeneity in centromere position (CVCI) were found in D.anthriscifoliumvar.majus. Diploid and tetraploid genome sizes varied by 3.02-3.92 pg and 6.04-6.60 pg, respectively. Karyotype and genome size of D.anthriscifoliumvar.savatieri, D.anthriscifoliumvar.majus, D.callichromum, and D.ecalcaratum were reported for the first time. Finally, based on cytological and morphological data, the classification of Delphiniumanthriscifolium was revised.

Structural variation and introgression from wild populations in East Asian cattle genomes confer adaptation to local environment.

BACKGROUND: Structural variations (SVs) in individual genomes are major determinants of complex traits, including adaptability to environmental variables. The Mongolian and Hainan cattle breeds in East Asia are of taurine and indicine origins that have evolved to adapt to cold and hot environments, respectively. However, few studies have investigated SVs in East Asian cattle genomes and their roles in environmental adaptation, and little is known about adaptively introgressed SVs in East Asian cattle. RESULTS: In this study, we examine the roles of SVs in the climate adaptation of these two cattle lineages by generating highly contiguous chromosome-scale genome assemblies. Comparison of the two assemblies along with 18 Mongolian and Hainan cattle genomes obtained by long-read sequencing data provides a catalog of 123,898 nonredundant SVs. Several SVs detected from long reads are in exons of genes associated with epidermal differentiation, skin barrier, and bovine tuberculosis resistance. Functional investigations show that a 108-bp exonic insertion in SPN may affect the uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophages, which might contribute to the low susceptibility of Hainan cattle to bovine tuberculosis. Genotyping of 373 whole genomes from 39 breeds identifies 2610 SVs that are differentiated along a "north-south" gradient in China and overlap with 862 related genes that are enriched in pathways related to environmental adaptation. We identify 1457 Chinese indicine-stratified SVs that possibly originate from banteng and are frequent in Chinese indicine cattle. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the unique contribution of SVs in East Asian cattle to environmental adaptation and disease resistance.

A stabilized linear finite element method for anisotropic poroelastodynamics with application to cardiac perfusion.

We propose a variational multiscale method stabilization of a linear finite element method for nonlinear poroelasticity. Our approach is suitable for the implicit time integration of poroelastic formulations in which the solid skeleton is anisotropic and incompressible. A detailed numerical methodology is presented for a monolithic formulation that includes both structural dynamics and Darcy flow. Our implementation of this methodology is verified using several hyperelastic and poroelastic benchmark cases, and excellent agreement is obtained with the literature. Grid convergence studies for both anisotropic hyperelastodynamics and poroelastodynamics demonstrate that the method is second-order accurate. The capabilities of our approach are demonstrated using a model of the left ventricle (LV) of the heart derived from human imaging data. Simulations using this model indicate that the anisotropicity of the myocardium has a substantial influence on the pore pressure. Furthermore, the temporal variations of the various components of the pore pressure (hydrostatic pressure and pressure resulting from changes in the volume of the pore fluid) are correlated with the variation of the added mass and dynamics of the LV, with maximum pore pressure being obtained at peak systole. The order of magnitude and the temporal variation of the pore pressure are in good agreement with the literature.

Effects of indoor temperature and its fluctuation on blood pressure and its variability.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one health threat globally. Adverse indoor thermal environments are associated with excess mortality caused by CVDs in the cold season. While many studies have focused on the impact of indoor temperature on CVDs, none has considered the fluctuation of indoor temperature. To quantify the effect of indoor temperature on blood pressure and the effect of indoor temperature fluctuation on blood pressure variability (BPV), 172 middle-aged and elderly people in areas that experience both hot summers and cold winters in China completed a household survey regarding their characteristics and living habits. A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was used to analyze the impact of indoor temperature on home blood pressure. A multiple linear model was used to analyze the effect of indoor temperature fluctuation on day-to-day home blood pressure variability. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between morning temperature below 18 °C and blood pressure, especially systolic blood pressure (SBP). At the same time, morning temperature fluctuations have an independent influence on BPV, and a deviation of morning temperature fluctuation greater than 1.1 °C significantly increased BPV. Morning temperature and its fluctuation threshold for the rise of SBP and its variability of middle-aged and elderly people were clarified, which can provide a basis for the design, operation, and evaluation of residential thermal environmental health performance for the middle-aged and elderly population in this area, thereby reducing the cardiovascular health risk of the corresponding population.

Pesticide residues in common fruits and vegetables in Henan Province, China.

In this study 3307 samples of 24 vegetables and fruits from 18 regions of Henan Province, China, were collected in 2021 with the aim of assessing the levels of pesticide residues and analysing the differences between different sources in Henan Province. Thirteen kinds of pesticides were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and detection rates were compared by the chi-square test. In all samples, except ginger, pimento, edible fungi and yam, pesticide residues were detected. The detection rates of difenoconazole, acetamiprid, carbendazim, procymidone, emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and dimethomorph in supermarkets and traditional farmers' markets were different. The difenoconazole group and the dimethomorph group were both statistically different (P < 0.05). This study showed common vegetables and fruits to contain pesticide residues in Henan Province and provided a scientific basis for their evaluation. Different sources take different regulatory measures to control pesticide residues to ensure food safety.

Post-acute immunological and behavioral sequelae in mice after Omicron infection.

Progress in understanding long COVID and developing effective therapeutics is hampered in part by the lack of suitable animal models. Here we used ACE2-transgenic mice recovered from Omicron (BA.1) infection to test for pulmonary and behavioral post-acute sequelae. Through in-depth phenotyping by CyTOF, we demonstrate that naïve mice experiencing a first Omicron infection exhibit profound immune perturbations in the lung after resolving acute infection. This is not observed if mice were first vaccinated with spike-encoding mRNA. The protective effects of vaccination against post-acute sequelae were associated with a highly polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response that was recalled upon BA.1 breakthrough infection but not seen with BA.1 infection alone. Without vaccination, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 was uniquely upregulated on multiple pulmonary immune subsets in the BA.1 convalescent mice, a process previously connected to severe COVID-19. Taking advantage of recent developments in machine learning and computer vision, we demonstrate that BA.1 convalescent mice exhibited spontaneous behavioral changes, emotional alterations, and cognitive-related deficits in context habituation. Collectively, our data identify immunological and behavioral post-acute sequelae after Omicron infection and uncover a protective effect of vaccination against post-acute pulmonary immune perturbations.