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Purpose: Hyperprolactinaemia has been proposed to play a role in breast lesions pathophysiology. Thus far, controversial results have been reported for the relationship between hyperprolactinaemia and breast lesions. Moreover, the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in a population with breast lesions is scarcely reported. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in Chinese premenopausal women with breast diseases, and explore the associations between hyperprolactinaemia with different clinical characteristics. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study performed in the department of breast surgery of Qilu hospital of Shandong University. Overall, 1,461 female patients who underwent the serum prolactin (PRL) level assay before breast surgery from January 2019 to December 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two groups: before and after menopause. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software. Results: The results showed an elevated PRL level in 376 of the 1,461 female patients with breast lesions (25.74%). Furthermore, the proportion of hyperprolactinemia among premenopausal patients with breast disease (35.75%, 340/951) was significantly higher than among postmenopausal patients with breast disease (7.06%, 36/510). In premenopausal patients, the proportion of patients with hyperprolactinaemia and the mean serum PRL level were significantly higher in those diagnosed with fibroepithelial tumours (FETs) and in younger patients (aged < 35 years) than in those with non-neoplastic lesions and in those aged ≥ 35 years (both p < 0.05). Especially, the prolactin level exhibited steady ascending tendency for positive correlation with FET. Conclusion: Hyperprolactinaemia is prevalent in Chinese premenopausal patients with breast diseases, especially in those with FETs, which implies a potential association, to some extent, between the PRL levels in various breast diseases.
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The efficacy of antiretroviral drugs is limited by the development of drug resistance. Therefore, it is important to examine HIV drug resistance following the nationwide implementation of drug resistance testing in China since 2009. We conducted drug resistance testing in patients who were already on or new to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Shandong Province, China, from 2011 to 2013, and grouped them based on the presence or absence of drug resistance to determine the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, route of transmission and treatment status on drug resistance. We then examined levels of drug resistance the following year. The drug resistance rates of HIV patients on ART in Shandong from 2011 to 2013 were 3.45% (21/608), 3.38% (31/916), and 4.29% (54/1259), per year, respectively. M184V was the most frequently found point mutation, conferring resistance to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, while Y181C, G190A, K103N and V179D/E/F were the most frequent point mutations conferring resistance to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. In addition, the protease inhibitor drug resistance mutations I54V and V82A were identified for the first time in Shandong Province. Primary resistance accounts for 20% of the impact factors for drug resistance. Furthermore, it was found that educational level and treatment regimen were high-risk factors for drug resistance in 2011 (P<0.05), while treatment regimen was a high risk factor for drug resistance in 2012 and 2013 (P<0.05). Among the 106 drug-resistant patients, 77 received immediate adjustment of treatment regimen following testing, and 69 (89.6%) showed a reduction in drug resistance the following year. HIV drug resistance has a low prevalence in Shandong Province. However, patients on second line ART regimens and those with low educational level need continuous monitoring. Active drug resistance testing can effectively prevent the development of drug resistance.
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Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Seropositividad para VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Seropositividad para VIH/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , China , Farmacorresistencia Viral/genética , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mutación/genética , Tasa de Mutación , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The prognosis and prediction of axillary lymph node (ALN) metastases in breast cancer is traditionally based upon the biomarkers status of the primary tumor. Some retrospective studies showed significant discordance in receptor expression between primary and metastatic tumors. We aim to prospectively assess the incidence of discordant biomarkers status in primary tumor and ALN metastases and to evaluate the role of ALN biopsies for the reassessment of receptor status. Tissue arrays were constructed from 54 breast cancer patients with ALN metastases diagnosed. Arrays were immuno-stained to compare protein expression of four biomarkers including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and Ki67 by immunohistochemistry. The kappa value of consistency in the primary tumor and the metastatic lymph nodes were 0.465 for ER, 0.445 for PR, and 0.706 for HER2. Good consistency was shown for Ki67 expression in primary and metastases regions with T test. No significant difference is existed between primary tumor and ALN metastases. It is concluded that the good consistency is present for ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 between the primary tumor and the metastatic lymph nodes, suggesting that ER, PR, HER2, or Ki67 status in primary tumors could reflect their status in ALN metastases.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Metástasis Linfática/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Axila , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Antígeno Ki-67/análisis , Antígeno Ki-67/biosíntesis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Receptor ErbB-2/análisis , Receptor ErbB-2/biosíntesis , Receptores de Estrógenos/análisis , Receptores de Estrógenos/biosíntesis , Receptores de Progesterona/análisis , Receptores de Progesterona/biosíntesis , Análisis de Matrices TisularesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Kinesin family member 2a (KIF2A), a type of motor protein found in eukaryotic cells, is associated with development and progression of various human cancers. The role of KIF2A during breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression was studied. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining, real time RT-PCR and western blot were used to examine the expression of KIF2A in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues from breast cancer patients. Patients' survival in relation to KIF2A expression was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate analysis. Breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 was used to study the proliferation, migration and invasion of cells following KIF2A-siRNA transfection. RESULTS: The expression of KIF2A in cancer tissues was higher than that in normal adjacent tissues from the same patient (P < 0.05). KIF2A expression in cancer tissue with lymph node metastasis and HER2 positive cancer were higher than that in cancer tissue without (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between KIF2A expression levels in breast cancer and the survival time of breast cancer patients (P < 0.05). In addition, multivariate analysis indicated that KIF2A was an independent prognostic for outcome in breast cancer (OR: 16.55, 95% CI: 2.216-123.631, P = 0.006). The proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells in vitro were suppressed by KIF2A gene silencing (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: KIF2A may play an important role in breast cancer progression and is potentially a novel predictive and prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/mortalidad , Movimiento Celular/genética , Silenciador del Gen , Cinesinas/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Cinesinas/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Pronóstico , Interferencia de ARN , Carga Tumoral , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a cell adhesion molecule expressed in a variety of cell types. The role of CEACAM1 in breast cancer development and progression is largely unknown. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to examine CEACAM1 expression in breast cancer with long-term follow-up. CEACAM1 expression level in primary breast cancer was low or undetectable. In 65% of the cases, CEACAM1 expression within tumor tissue was lower than that in adjacent tissues. In 20% of the cases, CEACAM1 was negative. In 28.3% of cases, equivalent CEACAM1 expression level was detected in tumor and adjacent tissues. The expression level of CEACAM1 in tumor tissue was negatively correlated with patient mortality, while positively correlated with the expression level of ER+/PR+. CEACAM1 expression was not related with patients' age, pathological classification, lymphatic involvement and the size of tumor. The down-regulation of CEACAM1 was correlated with negative ER-/PR- and might be attributed to the malignant process of breast cancer. The prognosis of the patients with low CEACAM1 expression and high tumor pathological grade were poorer than those patients with high expression and low pathological grade, P < 0.05. Clinically, it is possible to predict the prognosis among the patients of breast cancer by measuring CEACAM1 gene expression in the tumor tissues.