Mesoionic tetrazolium-5-aminides: Synthesis, molecular and crystal structures, UV-vis spectra, and DFT calculations.

Tetrazolium-5-aminides have been prepared by the tert-butylation of 5-aminotetrazole and its N-methyl derivatives by the t-BuOH/HClO4 system followed by the treatment of the tetrazolium salts by alkali. The mesoionic compounds have been found to show a higher reactivity of the exocyclic N atom in comparison with 5-aminotetrazoles. The compounds reacted with 1,2-dibromoethane and 5-(methylsulfonyl)-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole with substitution of bromine and methylsulfonyl groups giving the corresponding tetrazolium salts or conjugate aminides. The obtained mesoionic tetrazoles have been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA/DSC analysis and for 1,3-di-tert-butyltetrazolium-5-aminide, its N,N'-ethylene-bridged bis-derivative and (1,3-di-tert-butyl-1H-tetrazol-3-ium-5-yl)(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)amide by single crystal X-ray analysis. The structural and spectral features of the tetrazolium-5-aminides are discussed by using quantum-chemical calculations.

Mimics of Pincer Ligands: An Accessible Phosphine-Free N-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,2-azole-3-carboxamide Framework for Binuclear Pd(II) Complexes and High-Turnover Catalysis in Water.

We report for the first time cyclic phosphine-free "head to tail" N,N,N pincer-like (pincer complexes mimicking) N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,2-azole-3-carboxamide Pd(II) complexes with deprotonated amide groups as high-turnover catalysts (TON up to 106, TOF up to 1.2 × 107 h-1) for cross-coupling reactions on the background of up to quantitative yields under Green Chemistry conditions. The potency of the described catalyst family representatives was demonstrated in Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck, and Sonogashira reactions on industrially practical examples. Corresponding ligands could be synthesized based on readily available reagents through simple chemical transformations. Within the complex structures, a highly unusual 1,3,5,7-tetraza-2,6-dipalladocane frame could be observed.

5-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-1H-tetrazole: Facile Synthesis and Application for the Preparation of Water Soluble Nanocrystals and Their Gels.

A facile method for the preparation of the novel capping ligand 5-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1H-tetrazole for the stabilization of water-soluble nanocrystals was developed. This effective synthetic procedure is based on the cycloaddition of sodium azide to 3,3'-dithiobis(propionitrile) followed by the reductive cleavage of a S-S bond with triphenylphosphine. The structure of the synthesized compound was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. A target tetrazole was successfully applied for the direct aqueous synthesis of CdTe and Au nanocrystals. CdTe nanocrystals capped with 5-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1H-tetrazole were found to reveal high photoluminescence efficiencies (up to 77 %). Nanocrystals capped with this tetrazole ligand are able to build 3D structures in a metal-ion-assisted gelation process in aqueous solution. Critical point drying of the as-formed hydrogels allowed the preparation of the corresponding aerogels, while preserving the mesoporous structure.

The first organocopper tetrazole derivative: synthesis and characterization.

1-(5-Amino-3-azapentyl)tetrazole dihydrochloride (HL·2HCl) was prepared by heterocyclization of diethylenetriamine with triethyl orthoformate and sodium azide followed by treatment with potassium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. The reaction of CuCl2, HL·2HCl and triethylamine (NEt3) in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 3 in water was found to generate a novel organometallic tetrazole derivative Cu2L2Cl2. This compound is present as a binuclear centrosymmetric molecular complex, in which C-deprotonated tetrazole L acts as a chelating ligand via the two amino N and tetrazole ring C coordination sites and the two copper atoms are linked together through two tetrazole ring N(4)-C(5) bridges. This complex is the first organocopper tetrazole derivative. When the molar ratio of the reagents in the abovementioned reaction was changed to 1 : 2 : 2, the complex Cu(HL)2Cl2 was formed along with Cu2L2Cl2. Pure Cu(HL)2Cl2 was isolated after reaction of the reagents in a molar ratio of 1 : 3 : 6. The complex Cu(HL)2Cl2 is present as a mononuclear molecular complex, with a chelating coordination mode of HL via the two amino N atoms only. Both complexes as well as HL·2HCl were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis.

Copper(II) tetrafluoroborate complexes with the N(3),N(4)-bridging coordination of 1-(tert-butyl)-1H-tetrazole: synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties.

1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-tetrazole (L) reacts with copper(ii) tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate to give the complexes [Cu2L8(H2O)2](BF4)4 (1) or [Cu3L6(H2O)6](BF4)6 (2) depending on the reaction conditions. These complexes, as well as compound L, were characterized using single crystal X-ray analysis. Complex 1 was found to comprise a dinuclear complex cation [Cu2L8(H2O)2](4+) (the Ci symmetry point group), with six tetrazole ligands L showing monodentate N(4)-coordination, and two ligands L providing two tetrazole ring N(3),N(4) bridges between the copper(ii) cations; water molecules complete the distorted octahedral coordination of the metal ions. Complex 2 includes a linear trinuclear complex cation [Cu3L6(H2O)6](6+) (the S6 symmetry point group), in which neighbouring copper(ii) cations are linked by three ligands L via tetrazole ring N(3),N(4) bridges; central and terminal metal ions show octahedral CuN6 and CuN3O3 coordination cores, respectively. The temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements of complex 2 revealed that the copper(ii) ions were weakly ferromagnetically coupled showing a coupling constant J of 2.2 cm(-1) {H = -2J(S1S2 + S2S3)}. The quantum-chemical investigation of the electronic structure and basicity of ligand L was carried out.

Gold(I) thiotetrazolates as thioredoxin reductase inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.

Gold(i) complexes with phosphane and thiotetrazolate ligands were prepared and investigated as a new type of bioactive gold metallodrugs. The complexes triggered very efficient inhibition of the enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which is an important molecular target for gold species. Strong cytotoxic effects were observed in MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma and HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, and the complexes also caused strong effects in vincristine resistant Nalm-6 leukemia cells. Cellular uptake studies showed elevated cellular gold levels for complexes containing a triphenylphosphane ligand, whereas trifurylphosphane analogues accumulated at significantly lower cellular concentrations.

Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of new tetrazole-based platinum(II) and palladium(II) chlorido complexes--potent cisplatin analogues and their trans isomers.

Two series of tetrazole-containing platinum(II) and palladium(II) chlorido complexes, trans-[ML(2)Cl(2)] (M=Pt, Pd) and cis-[PtL(2)Cl(2)]·nH(2)O (n=0, 1), where L is 1- or 2-substituted 5-aminotetrazole, have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Configuration of platinum(II) complexes obtained from the reaction of 5-aminotetrazoles with K(2)PtCl(4) has been found to vary depending on the nature of tetrazole derivatives and reaction conditions. According to in vitro cytotoxic evaluation, only platinum complexes display noticeable antiproliferative effect, and their cytotoxicity depends strongly on their geometry and hydrophobicity of the carrier ligands. The most promising complexes are cis-[Pt(1-apt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O and cis-[Pt(2-abt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O, where 1-apt is 5-amino-1-phenyltetrazole and 2-abt is 5-amino-2-tert-butyltetrazole. In comparison with cisplatin, they show comparable cytotoxic potency against cisplatin-sensitive human cancer cell lines, cis-[Pt(2-abt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O performing substantially higher activity against cisplatin-resistant cell lines. Cell cycle studies in H1299 cell line indicated that cis-[Pt(2-abt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O induced apoptosis launched from G2 accumulations. The DNA interaction with cis-[Pt(1-apt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O was followed by UV spectroscopy, circular dichroism, hydrodynamic and electrophoretic mobility studies. Both cis-[Pt(1-apt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O and cis-[Pt(2-abt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O complexes appeared to be significantly less toxic than cisplatin in mice, while only compound cis-[Pt(1-apt)(2)Cl(2)]·H(2)O displayed noticeable efficacy in vivo.

2-tert-Butyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-tetrazole as a chelating ligand in the direct synthesis of novel Cu(II) and heterobimetallic Cu(II)/Mn(II) complexes.

For the first time, a representative of the 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles, namely, 2-tert-butyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-tetrazole (L), has been found to participate in oxidative dissolution of copper powder in homometalic systems Cu0­L­NH4X­DMSO (X = Cl, SCN, ClO4) and heterobimetallic ones Cu0­Mn(OAc)2­L­NH4OAc­Solv (Solv = DMSO, DMF), providing the formation of molecular homometallic complexes [CuL2Cl2] (1), [CuL2(SCN)2] (2), and [CuL2(H2O)](ClO4)2 (3), heterobimetallic complex [Cu2MnL2(OAc)6] (4) from DMF solution and its mixture with complex [Cu2MnL2(OAc)6]·2DMSO (5) from DMSO solution. Free ligand L and complexes 1­4 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermal and X-ray single crystal analyses, whereas complex 5 was characterized by X-ray analysis only. Compounds 1­3 are mononuclear complexes, with chelating coordination mode of L via the tetrazole ring N4 and pyridine ring N7 atoms. Heterobimetallic complexes 4 and 5 possess trinuclear structures, with a linear Cu­Mn­Cu arrangement of the metal atoms, linked by the acetate anions; each copper(II) atom is decorated by a chelating unit of L via the tetrazole ring N1 and pyridine ring N7 atoms in complex 4, and via the N4, N7 atoms in complex 5. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements of complex 4 revealed a weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the paramagnetic copper(II) and manganese(II) ions (J = −2.5 cm(−1), g(Cu) = 2.25 and g(Mn) = 2.01), with magnetic exchange through the acetato bridges.

2-Ethyl-6-methylpyridin-3-ol and its salt bis(2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridinium) succinate.

The title compounds, C(8)H(11)NO, (I), and 2C(8)H(12)NO(+)·C(4)H(4)O(4)(2-), (II), both crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c. In the crystal structure of (I), intermolecular O-H···N hydrogen bonds combine the molecules into polymeric chains extending along the c axis. The chains are linked by C-H···π interactions between the methylene H atoms and the pyridine rings into polymeric layers parallel to the ac plane. In the crystal structure of (II), the succinate anion lies on an inversion centre. Its carboxylate groups interact with the 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridinium cations via intermolecular N-H···O hydrogen bonds with the pyridine ring H atoms and O-H···O hydrogen bonds with the hydroxy H atoms to form polymeric chains, which extend along the [101] direction and comprise R(4)(4)(18) hydrogen-bonded ring motifs. These chains are linked to form a three-dimensional network through nonclassical C-H···O hydrogen bonds between the pyridine ring H atoms and the hydroxy-group O atoms of neighbouring cations. π-π interactions between the pyridine rings and C-H···π interactions between the methylene H atoms of the succinate anion and the pyridine rings are also present in this network.

Two succinic acid derivatives of 2-ethyl-6-methylpyridin-3-ol.

Crystals of bis(2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridinium) succinate-succinic acid (1/1), C(8)H(12)NO(+)·0.5C(4)H(4)O(4)(2-)·0.5C(4)H(6)O(4), (I), and 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridinium hydrogen succinate, C(8)H(12)NO(+)·C(4)H(5)O(4)(-), (II), were obtained by reaction of 2-ethyl-6-methylpyridin-3-ol with succinic acid. The succinate anion and succinic acid molecule in (I) are located about centres of inversion. Intermolecular O-H···O, N-H···O and C-H···O hydrogen bonds are responsible for the formation of a three-dimensional network in the crystal structure of (I) and a two-dimensional network in the crystal structure of (II). Both structures are additionally stabilized by π-π interactions between symmetry-related pyridine rings, forming a rod-like cationic arrangement for (I) and cationic dimers for (II).

An X-ray powder diffraction study of cis-dichloridobis(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-amine-κN(4))platinum(II), a tetrazole-containing analogue of cisplatin.

The structure of the title compound, cis-[PtCl(2)(C(2)H(5)N(5))(2)], was analysed using in-house X-ray powder diffraction data at room temperature. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined using Rietveld analysis. A slightly distorted square-planar coordination geometry is formed around the Pt atom by two Cl atoms and two ring N atoms of the 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-amine ligands, which are in a cis configuration. The planes of the tetrazole rings are inclined at 79.7 (7) and 73.8 (6)° with respect to the coordination plane, with their substituents oriented in such a way that the complex as a whole has approximate C(2) symmetry. Intermolecular N-H···Cl hydrogen bonds mediate the formation of a three-dimensional supramolecular network.

Copper(II) chloride and bromide complexes with 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-amine: an X-ray powder diffraction study.

The complex catena-poly[[dibromidocopper(II)]-bis(mu-2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-amine)-kappa(2)N(4):N(5);kappa(2)N(5):N(4)], [CuBr(2)(C(2)H(5)N(5))(2)](n), (I), and the isotypic chloride complex catena-poly[[dichloridocopper(II)]-bis(mu-2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-amine)-kappa(2)N(4):N(5);kappa(2)N(5):N(4)], [CuCl(2)(C(2)H(5)N(5))(2)](n), (II), were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction at room temperature. The crystal structure of (I) was solved by direct methods, while the Rietveld refinement of (II) started from the atomic coordinates of (I). In both structures, the Cu atoms lie on inversion centres, adopting a distorted octahedral coordination of two halogen atoms, two tetrazole N atoms and two 5-amine group N atoms. Rather long Cu-N(amine) bonds allow consideration of the amine group as semi-coordinated. The compounds are one-dimensional coordination polymers, formed as a result of 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-amine ligands bridging via a tetrazole N atom and the amine N atom. In the polymeric chains, adjacent Cu atoms are connected by two such bridges.

A tetrazol-5-yl analogue of glycine, 5-ammoniomethyl-1H-tetrazolide, and its copper(II) complex.

A nonclassical tetrazole isostere of glycine, viz. zwitterionic 5-ammoniomethyl-1H-tetrazolide, C(2)H(5)N(5), (I), crystallizes in the chiral P3(1) space group, similar to gamma-glycine. The crystal packing of (I) is determined by a set of classical hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network that is practically the same as that in gamma-glycine. The Cu(II) complex of (I), poly[[bis(mu(2)-5-aminomethyl-1H-tetrazolido-kappa(3)N(1),N(5):N(4))copper(II)] dihydrate], {[Cu(C(2)H(4)N(5))(2)].2H(2)O}(n), (II), is a layered coordination polymer formed as a result of tetrazole ring bridges. The Cu(II) cations lie on inversion centres, are surrounded by four anions and adopt elongated octahedral coordination. Water molecules are located in the interlayer space and connect the layers into a three-dimensional network via a system of hydrogen bonds.

Stereoselective synthesis of 9alpha-hydroxylated ecdysteroids.

Treatment of ecdysteroids with excess of TBAF in THF was shown to proceed with stereoselective oxidation at the 9alpha position of the carbon skeleton. The stereochemistry of the products was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Using this method, 9alpha-hydroxyecdysteroids were obtained in good yield. The results open a route to novel type of natural and modified steroids that are difficult to access otherwise.

catena-Poly[cobalt(II)-di-µ-chlorido-κCl:Cl-µ-1,5-dimethyl-1H-tetra-zole-κN:N]: an X-ray powder investigation.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [CoCl(2)(C(3)H(6)N(4))](n), contains two Co atoms, both lying on inversion centres, two Cl atoms and one 1,5-dimethyl-tetra-zole ligand. The coordination polyhedra of both Co atoms adopt flattened octa-hedral geometry, with two N atoms from two ligands in axial positions and four Cl atoms in equatorial sites. Neighbouring Co atoms are linked together via two bridging Cl atoms and one tetra-zole ring to form polymeric chains running along the a axis.

trans-Dichloridotetrakis-[1-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-1H-tetrazole-κN]cobalt(II).

The title cobalt(II) complex, [CoCl(2)(C(3)H(6)N(4)O)(4)], was obtained from metallic cobalt by direct synthesis. There are two Co atoms in the asymmetric unit, each lying on an inversion centre and adopting a distorted octa-hedral coordination. Classical and non-classical hydrogen bonds are responsible for formation of a three-dimensional polymeric network in the crystal.

Two derivatives of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles: 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine and {(E)-[1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]iminomethyl}dimethylamine.

The geometric features of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine, C(7)H(6)N(6)O(2), correspond to the presence of the essential interaction of the 5-amino group lone pair with the pi system of the tetrazole ring. Intermolecular N-H...N and N-H...O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of infinite chains running along the [110] direction and involve centrosymmetric ring structures with motifs R(2)(2)(8) and R(2)(2)(20). Molecules of {(E)-[1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]iminomethyl}dimethylamine, C(12)H(16)N(6)O, are essentially flattened, which facilitates the formation of a conjugated system spanning the whole molecule. Conjugation in the azomethine N=C-N fragment results in practically the same length for the formal double and single bonds.

Synthesis of 5,10-seco analogs of testosterone.

A number of 5,10-seco analogs of testosterone has been synthesized starting from products of the radical oxidation of 3beta,17beta-diacetoxy-5alpha-androstan-5alpha-ol. The obtained compounds possess a flexible 10-membered ring with substituents (O, -OH) at C-3 and C-5. Similar derivatives with an (E)- and (Z)-Delta(1(10))-double bond have been prepared also. X-ray analysis and a combination of NMR experiments have been used for their structure elucidation and conformation analysis.

Synthesis and molecular structure of 14,15-pyrrolidino-and 14,16-ethano derivatives of estrone.

Hydrolysis of 3-methoxy-16alpha-nitro-14,17-ethenoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17beta-yl acetate under weakly basic conditions leads to formation of 3-methoxy-2'-oxopyrrolidino-[4',5':14beta,15beta]-estra-1,3,5 (10)-trien-17-one, the structure of which has been confirmed by X-ray analysis and some chemical transformations. The reactivity of 3-methoxy-16alpha-nitro-14,17-ethanoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17beta-yl acetate under various conditions of basic hydrolysis has been investigated. The derived compounds have been identified by means of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis.

catena-Poly[[bis-[1-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-1H-tetra-zole-κN]copper(II)]-di-µ-chlorido]: a powder study.

The crystal structure of the title polymeric complex, [CuCl(2)(C(3)H(6)N(4)O)(2)](n), was obtained by the Rietveld refinement from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data collected at room temperature. The unique Cu(II) ion lies on an inversion center and is in a slightly distorted octa-hedral coordination environment. In the hydroxy-ethyl group, all H atoms, the O atom and its attached C atom are disordered over two positions; the site occupancy factors are ca 0.6 and 0.4. The OH group is involved in an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond.