[Studies of the norm of Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale(KPCS)among parents of infants in urban areas of China].

Objective: To establish the norm of the Chinese version of Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS) in urban areas of China. Methods: From August to December 2017, the parents of 2 216 children (<36 months old) were selected from 15 cities (Beijing, Lianyungang, Hangzhou, Chengdu, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Changsha, Jinan, Guiyang, Ningbo, Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Maanshan, Chongqing and Wuhan) in 14 provinces by stratified random sampling. The general demographic characteristics and parents' parenting confidence were collected by a self-made questionnaire and KPCS Chinese version. The percentile norm was established. P3, P10 and P25 were used as the criteria to define the degree of lack of parenting confidence. Results: The age of mothers was (30.67±4.29). The age of the father was (32.50±4.99) years old. There were 726 (32.76%), 759 (34.25%) and 731 (32.99%) infants in 6-12, 12-23 and 24-35 months old groups. The total scores of P50, P25, P10 and P3 of KPCS (Chinese version) of infant parents in urban areas in China were 41, 38, 33, and 29 respectively. When the scores of parents were 34-37, 30-33, and ≤ 29, they were judged as mild, moderate, and severe lack of parenting confidence. There was no significant difference in the Chinese version of KPCS between parents of different age groups and parents of different gender (χ²=3.53, P=0.171; χ²=1.41, P=0.236). Each factor score≤P3 is defined as the boundary score, and the corresponding boundary scores of "parenting" "support" and "competence" were 13, 9, and 5 respectively. Conclusion: The Chinese version of KPCS can be used to assess the parenting confidence of infants in urban areas of China. It can used as one of the bases for scientific and objective evaluation of the parenting status of families.

[Practice of parenting and related factors on children aged 0-5 in the urban areas of China].

Objective: To characterize the relations between the practice of parenting and associated factors on children (0-5 years old) in urban areas of China, in order to provide evidence for promoting the early development of children and to provide positive guidance and service programs on parenting. Methods: A total of 4 515 parents from 15 cities (14 provinces) were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire. Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) was used, including parameters as: consistency and coercive parenting, positive encouragement, parent-child relationship and parental emotion adjustment, family relationship and parental teamwork aspects, etc. Both single factor analysis and multiple linear regression were used to examine the associations between parenting practice, individual, parental and family factors. Results: The mean score of PAFAS was 21.00 (15.00-28.00), associated with factors as children's age, only-child family, premature delivery, father's education level, confidence on parenting, problems regarding the parental mood, annual family income, family structure and behavior on seeking professional help, etc. Results showed that there were big differences on the practice of parenting in China and influenced by variety of factors. Conclusions: The general situation of parenting was well, in the urban areas of China. The practice of parenting was associated with a series of individual, parental and family factors. Programs on improving the parenting skills and promoting the early development of children, should be highlighted.