Fatliquor for fungus resistant leather-a sustainable ecofriendly approach.

Surface-active softening agents, such as Fatliquors, have a significant impact on the leather industry as they enhance the physicochemical properties of leather. This study focuses on analyzing the synthesis, properties, characterization, and sulfonation of Swietenia mahagoni seed oil to determine its potential as a fatliquoring agent for leather. An investigation was conducted to verify the alteration of Swietenia mahagoni oil through the analysis of its properties before and after the sulfonation process. A scientific analysis was carried on the oil using GC-FID, revealing the presence of various unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic, and arachidic acids. This demonstrates the sulfonating capability of this sky fruit seed oil. A fatliquor was created by sulfonating the oil, and the sulfonation was verified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra. The prominent peak observed at 1209 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra indicated the stretching of S=O in both sulfate and sulfonate groups. The newly formed protons (H-C-S or H-C-O) showed signals between δ 4.09 and 4.29 ppm in the 1H NMR spectra, confirming the sulfonation of the fatliquor that was prepared. Moreover, the change in the melting point of sulfonated Mahogany oil from 40.8 °C to 48.1 °C suggests increased saturation levels. The fatliquor's emulsion stability was found to be at a satisfactory level. After conducting tests on the treated leather, the physical strength and morphological structure was analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), the fatliquor improved the lubrication and strengthened the fibrous network structure of the leather, composed of thin and tight collagen fibers. The BOD5/COD ratio of the effluent from the experimental trial was determined to be 0.52, suggesting that the fatliquor developed is a biodegradable product. Finally, the antifungal capabilities of the fatliquor-treated leather were tested against four different fungus species: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium notatum, and Candida albicans, and the treated leather sample shown favorable antifungal activity.

Chemical profiles and pharmacological attributes of Apis cerana indica beehives using combined experimental and computer-aided studies.

The current study sought to determine the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties of distilled water-soluble extract of beehive (WSE-BH). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studies were used to characterize the chemical compositions obtained from beehives extracted in water and methanol (also fractions). The GC-MS analysis identified 19 compounds in WSE-BH, including high total phenol and flavonoid contents, compared with the methanol extract (21 compounds), ethyl acetate fraction (9 compounds), and CCl4 fraction (27 compounds). The oral administration of WSE-BH (50 and 150 mg/kg) showed significant anxiolytic activities assessed by time spent in (30.80% and 39.47%, respectively) and entry into (47.49% and 55.93%, respectively) the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Only the 150 mg/kg dose resulted in a significant effect on the number of head-dipping events in the hole-board test (HBT) (40.2 ± 2.33; p < 0.01) vs. diazepam (64.33 ± 3.16; p < 0.001). Both the 50 and 150 mg/kg doses resulted in significant (p < 0.001) decreases in immobility in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspensions test (TST), corresponding to the effect of fluoxetine. WSE-BH inhibited histamine-induced paw edema significantly beginning at 60 min, with the 150 mg/kg dose having the highest effect at 180 min. The current findings suggested that WSE-BH had anxiolytic, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Long-Evans Rat Through Feeding Fishes of Buriganga River and Their Histopathological Evaluation.

The study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of industrial discharges, including from tanneries, in terms of heavy metal loads in fin-fish of the Buriganga river, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and to find out the ultimate effects of feeding those heavy metal-contaminated fishes to Long-Evans rats to examine rats' heavy metal accumulation along with viable architectural alterations on various organs through histopathological screenings. Being the most edible by the populace, Labeo rohita was chosen for this purpose. Labeo rohita was collected from five different spots in the river close to the industrial outlets, covering three seasons: monsoon, winter, and summer throughout the year. Experiments unearthed that the deposition of heavy metals inside fishes always surpassed the standard margin, implying a pernicious aquatic milieu. The empirical data suggests that the mean concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd were higher than the permissible limits of WHO and FAO after feeding heavy metal-contaminated fishes for a period of 120 days. Seasonal variations were also taken into account, and it was noticed that rats fed with fish collected in winter had the highest heavy metal concentrations (P < 0.05). Significant architectural changes were observed during histopathological screening of rats' livers and kidneys characterized by necrosis, inflammation, and congestion. After gauging the obtained data, it might be concluded that consumption of heavy metal-contaminated fish entails accumulation of heavy metals, which causes histopathological changes in rats' livers and kidneys, including necrosis and severe structural deformational changes compared to those of control groups.

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, and In Silico Analyses of Sterculia villosa and Vernonia patula.

Our study aims to evaluate the chemical profiles and antioxidant activities of a methanolic extract of Sterculia villosa bark (MESV) and a methanolic extract of the Vernonia patula whole plant (MEVP). The chemical profiling of MESV and MEVP was performed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which identified 52 and 33 chemical compounds, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay indicated that both MESV and MEVP displayed concentration-dependent scavenging activities, and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for MEVP, MESV, and ascorbic acid were 305.30, 555.44, and 36.32 µg/mL, respectively. The total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of MESV were 81.44 ± 2.70 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry extract and 62.58 ± 1.93 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry extract, whereas these values for MEVP were 291.31 ± 6.61 mg QE/g dry extract and 58.99 ± 3.16 mg GAE/g dry extract, respectively. Molecular docking studies were also evaluated, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and toxicological properties were assessed. Therefore, these two plants, S. villosa and V. patula, showed potential options for further advanced studies into oxidative stress.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Water, Sediment and Common Fish Species of Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh and their Health Implications.

The present study emphasized on evaluating the extent of pollution of Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh due to the discharge of heavy metals from tanneries and other industries along with the health risks associated with the consumption of the heavy metals accumulated fish. For this purpose, three spots of Dhaleshwari River which are in the vicinity of the industrial outlet were selected for evaluating the seasonal status of heavy metals in water, sediment, and organs of three common fish species. Average concentrations of metals in water and sediment were in the order of Cr > Cd > Pb > Cu > As and Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd respectively. The average HM concentrations in water and sediment exceeded WHO and USEPA standards suggesting serious pollution to the aquatic environment. In fish organs, metal concentrations were in the order of Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd > As. Accumulation was highest in gills and lowest in muscles. Fish muscles had a relatively higher concentration of heavy metals (except As) exceeding the safe limits of FAO and WHO. Seasonal variation was also observed in water for all metals (p < 0.01), in sediment for Cu and As (p < 0.05), and in fish for Cr, Cd, and Cu (p < 0.05); higher concentrations were observed in winter. Bioconcentration factor analysis indicated that Cu, Pb, and Cr were more concentrated in fish. Health risk assessment reveals that the carcinogenic risk of Cr is associated with the consumption of contaminated fish species of the studied area.

Pharmacological insights and prediction of lead bioactive isolates of Dita bark through experimental and computer-aided mechanism.

Dita bark (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.) is an ethnomedicine used for the management of various ailments. This study aimed to investigate the biological properties of methanol extract of A. scholaris bark (MEAS), through in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches alongside its phytochemical profiling. Identification and nature of the bioactive secondary metabolites were studied by the established qualitative tests and GC-MS analysis. The antidepressant activity was determined by forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. The anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic effect was evaluated using inhibition of protein denaturation technique and clot lysis technique, respectively. Besides, computational studies of the isolated compounds and ADME/T analysis were performed by Schrödinger-Maestro (v11.1) software, and PASS prediction was conducted through PASS online tools. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites in MEAS. Treatment with MEAS revealed a significant reduction of immobility time in a dose-dependent manner in FST and TST. Besides, MEAS showed substantial anti-inflammatory effects at the higher dose (400 µg/mL) as well as revealed notable clot lysis effect as compared to control. In the case of computer-aided investigation, all compounds meet the condition of Lipinski's rule of five. PASS study also predicted for all compounds, and among these safe compound furazan-3-amine showed the most spontaneous binding energy for both antidepressant and thrombolytic activities, as well as 5-dimethylamino-6 azauracil, found promising for anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, the investigation concludes that MEAS can be a potent source of antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic agents.

Corrigendum to "Chemical profiles, pharmacological properties, and in silico studies provide new insights on Cycas pectinata" [Heliyon 6 (6), (June 2020) Article e04061].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04061.].

In vivo and in vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of Adenia trilobata (Roxb.).

Adenia trilobata, locally known as akandaphal in Bangladesh, has some traditional uses. Leaves and stems extracted with pure methanol (MEATL, MEATS) and fractioned by n-hexane (NFATL, NFATS), which was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of four extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, flavonol, and saponins. All four extracts of A. trilobata, exhibited a strong antioxidant activity while a moderately (MEATS = 328 µg/mL) to weakly toxic (NFATL = 616.85 µg/mL) LC50 observed in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In thrombolytic test, MEATL (18.54 ± 2.18%; P < 0.01) and MEATS (25.58 ± 4.76%; P < 0.0001) showed significant percentage of clot lysis in human blood. The in vivo analgesic activity carried by acetic acid test and formalin test, while the antidiarrheal activity assayed by two standard methods e.g., castor oil-induced diarrhea and castor oil-induced gastrointestinal motility. Both, in vivo model, showed an extremely significant (P < 0.0001) dose-dependent manner percentage of inhibition in comparison to the control group. Present results suggested, A. trilobata could be a potential source for antioxidative, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, analgesic, antidiarrheal agents which require further study to identify the mechanism of A. trilobata.

Chemical profiles, pharmacological properties, and in silico studies provide new insights on Cycas pectinata.

The current study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the phytochemical components of Cycas pectinata methanol extract (MECP), along with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, locomotor, anxiolytic, analgesic, and antidiarrheal activities. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH scavenging assay and the total phenol and total flavonoid contents, while the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by a protein denaturation assay. The in vivo locomotor effects were examined using the open field test and hole-cross test. The anxiolytic effect was examined using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, hole-board test (HBT), and light-dark test (LDT), while the analgesic activity was investigated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test. The antidiarrheal effect was evaluated by castor oil-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility. Ten bioactive compounds were selected on the basis of their biological activities and further investigated using in silico molecular docking simulation to correlate with the identified pharmacological properties. Additionally, the ADME properties of the compounds were evaluated according to their drug-likeness profile. MECP had a maximum total phenol content of 209.85 ± 3.40 gallic acid equivalents/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 105.17 ± 3.45 quercetin equivalents/g extract, with an IC50 value of 631.44 µg/mL. MECP (62.5-500 µg/mL) elicited 20.96-38.12% decreased protein denaturation compared to diclofenac sodium (65.40-83.50%), while a 35.72% (P < 0.001) clot lysis activity was observed for the 10 mg/mL concentration. MECP induced a dose-dependent reduction in locomotor activity, with a significant anxiolytic effect. In the analgesic test, MECP (200, 400 mg/kg) showed a 45.12% and 58.82% inhibition in analgesia, and the 400 mg/kg dose elicited a 27.5% inhibition in intestinal motility. These findings suggest that MECP might be effective in treating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological defects, but this requires further study.