Omission of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with clinically axillary lymph node-negative early breast cancer (OMSLNB): protocol for a prospective, non-inferiority, single-arm, phase II clinical trial in China.

INTRODUCTION: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a standard procedure for patients with clinically assessed negative axillary lymph nodes (cN0) during early-stage breast cancer (EBC). However, the majority of EBC patients have a negative pathological confirmation of the sentinel lymph node (SLN), and axillary surgery is inevitably associated with postoperative complications. Considering that SLNB has no therapeutic benefit, this trial aims to determine the safety of omitting SLNB in patients with cN0 early invasive breast cancer. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The OMSLNB trial is a prospective, single-arm, non-inferiority, phase II, open-label study design involving female breast cancer patients with a tumor of ≤3 cm in diameter, who are considered axillary lymph-node-negative based on two or more radiological examinations, including axillary lymph node ultrasonography. Eligible patients will avoid axillary surgery but will undergo breast surgery, which is not limited to breast-conserving surgery. The trial begins in 2023 and is scheduled to end in 2027. The primary endpoint is 3 year invasive disease-free survival (iDFS). The secondary endpoints include the incidence of breast cancer-related lymphoedema, patient-reported outcomes, locoregional recurrence, local recurrence and regional recurrence. It is expected that the 3 year iDFS in patients undergoing SLNB is about 90%, combined with a non-inferiority cut-off of 5%, 80% power, 95% CIs, 0.05 test level, and 10% loss to follow-up rate, the planned enrollment is 311 patients. All enrolled patients will be included in the intention-to-treat analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (No.2023-SR-193). All participants must provide written informed consent to be eligible. The protocol will be described in a peer-reviewed manuscript, and the results will be published in scientific journals and/or at academic conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05935150.

A review of the traditional uses, pharmacology, and toxicology of areca nut.

BACKGROUND: Areca nut, the fruit of A. catechu, is an important Chinese herbal medicine and is the first of China's "four southern medicines". The main chemical components are alkaloids, phenols, polysaccharides, amino acids, and terpenoids. The flowers, leaves, fruits and seeds of A. catechu contain high medicinal value. However, with the emergence of adverse reactions in people who chew areca nut, people have doubts about the safety of the use of areca nut. PURPOSE: In view of the two sides of pharmacology and toxicology of areca nut, this study comprehensively reviewed the components of different parts of A. catechu, the mechanism of pharmacology and toxicology, and the relationship between dosage and pharmacology and toxicology, in order to provide a new reference for the safe application of areca nut. METHODS: We used "Areca nut", "Betel nut", and known biologically active ingredients in areca nut, combined with "natural active ingredients", "pharmacological activity", and "toxicological effect" as keywords to search in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and CNKI up to March 2024. RESULTS: A large number of studies have shown that low-dose areca nut has pharmacological effects such as deworming, anti-inflammatory, improving gastrointestinal function, lowering blood lipids, preventing atherosclerosis, anti-depression properties. The important mechanism involved in these effects is to reduce the generation of ROS, inhibit the activation of NADPH oxidase, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, affect MAPK, AKT, TLR, NF-κB, Nrf-2, PI3 K, STAT3 signaling pathway, reduce COX-2, IL-1ß m RNA, MCP-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA gene expression, reduce IL-6, IL-8, IGE levels, activate AMPK signaling pathway, change the ion level in cells, and increase Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. It interferes with the biochemical metabolic process of bacteria. Long-term consumption of areca nut in large quantities will cause some adverse reactions or related malignant diseases to the human body. CONCLUSION: We reviewed the pharmacological and toxicological effects and related mechanisms of areca nut, revealed the relationship between dose and pharmacological and toxicological effects, and discussed how to reduce the toxicity of areca nut and improve the comprehensive utilization of areca nut. It provides a reference for the study of the relationship between areca nut and human health, as well as the safe and rational use and full development and utilization of areca nut.

Natural Gastrointestinal Stable Pea Albumin Nanomicelles for Capsaicin Delivery and Their Effects for Enhanced Mucus Permeability at Small Intestine.

Natural nanodelivery systems are highly desirable owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, these delivery systems face challenges from potential degradation in the harsh gastrointestinal environment and limitations imposed by the intestinal mucus barrier, reducing their oral delivery efficacy. Here, gastrointestinal stable and mucus-permeable pea albumin nanomicelles (PANs) with a small particle size (36.42 nm) are successfully fabricated via pre-enzymatic hydrolysis of pea albumin isolate (PAI) using trypsin. Capsaicin (CAP) is used as a hydrophobic drug model and loaded in PAN with a loading capacity of 20.02 µg/mg. PAN exhibits superior intestinal stability, with a 40% higher CAP retention compared to PAI in simulated intestinal digestion. Moreover, PAN displays unrestricted movement in intestinal mucus and can effectively penetrate it, since it increases the mucus permeability of CAP by 2.5 times, indicating an excellent ability to overcome the mucus barrier. Additionally, PAN enhances the cellular uptake and transcellular transport of CAP with endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi and Golgi/plasma membrane pathways involved in the transcytosis and exocytosis. This study suggests that partially enzymatically formed PAN may be a promising oral drug delivery system, effectively overcoming the harsh gastrointestinal environment and mucus barrier to improve intestinal absorption and bioavailability of hydrophobic bioactive substances.

Determination of o-quinones in foods by a derivative strategy combined with UHPLC-MS/MS.

As primary polyphenol oxidant products, the occurrence of o-quinone is greatly responsible for quality deterioration in wine, including browning and aroma loss. The high reactivity of o-quinone causes huge difficulty in its determination. Herein, a derivative strategy combined with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis was established with chlorogenic acid quinone (CQAQ) and 4-methylcatechol quinone (4MCQ) as model compounds. Method validation demonstrated its efficiency for two analytes (R2 > 0.99, accuracy 98.71-106.39 %, RSD of precision 0.46-6.11 %, recovery 85.83-99.37 %). This approach was successfully applied to detect CQAQ and 4MCQ, suggesting its applicability in food analysis. CQAQ in coffee was much more than 4MCQ and with the deepening of baking degree, CQAQ decreased and 4MCQ increased. The amounts of CQAQ in various vegetables were markedly different, seemingly consistent with their respective browning degrees in practical production. This study developed an accurate and robust analytical approach for o-quinones, providing technical support for their further investigation in foods.

Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Lowering IgE-Binding Capacity of Soybean 7S: Comparison between Covalent and Noncovalent Interaction.

Allergenicity of soybean 7S protein (7S) troubles many people around the world. However, many processing methods for lowering allergenicity is invalid. Interaction of 7S with phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic acid (CHA), to structurally modify 7S may lower the allergenicity. Hence, the effects of covalent (C-I, periodate oxidation method) and noncovalent interactions (NC-I) of 7S with CHA in different concentrations (0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mM) on lowering 7S allergenicity were investigated in this study. The results demonstrated that C-I led to higher binding efficiency (C-0.3:28.51 ± 2.13%) than NC-I (N-0.3:22.66 ± 1.75%). The C-I decreased the α-helix content (C-1:21.06%), while the NC-I increased the random coil content (N-1:24.39%). The covalent 7S-CHA complexes of different concentrations had lower IgE binding capacity (C-0.3:37.38 ± 0.61; C-0.5:34.89 ± 0.80; C-1:35.69 ± 0.61%) compared with that of natural 7S (100%), while the noncovalent 7S-CHA complexes showed concentration-dependent inhibition of IgE binding capacity (N-0.3:57.89 ± 1.23; N-0.5:46.91 ± 1.57; N-1:40.79 ± 0.22%). Both interactions produced binding to known linear epitopes. This study provides the theoretical basis for the CHA application in soybean products to lower soybean allergenicity.

Synergistic effects of superfine grinding and high hydrostatic pressure on the contents, distribution, digestive behaviors and antioxidant activities of polyphenols in barley leaves.

Barley leaves (BLs) naturally contained abundant phenolics, most of which are hardly completely released from food matrix during gastrointestinal digestion. Superfine grinding (SFG) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) are generally used to treat the functional plants due to their effectiveness to cell wall-breaking and improvement of nutraceutical bioavailability. Thus, this study investigated the synergistic effects of SFG and HHP (100, 300, 500 MPa/20 min) on the bioaccessbility of typical phenolics in BLs during the simulated in-vitro digestion. The results demonstrated that the highest bioaccessbility (40.98%) was found in the ultrafine sample with HHP at 500 MPa. CLSM and SEM confirmed SFG led to microstructurally rapture of BLs. Moreover, the recovery index of ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP of HHP-treated ultrafine and fine BLs samples maximumly increased by 53.62% and 9.61%, respectively. This study is expecting to provide the theoretical basis to improve the consumer acceptance of BLs.

A 3'-pre-tRNA-derived small RNA tRF-1-Ser regulated by 25(OH)D promotes proliferation and stemness by inhibiting the function of MBNL1 in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: We explored the potential novel anticancer mechanisms of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), a vitamin D metabolite with antitumour effects in breast cancer. It is stable in serum and is used to assess vitamin D levels in clinical practice. Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs are small noncoding RNAs that generate various distinct biological functions, but more research is needed on their role in breast cancer. METHODS: Small RNA microarrays were used to explore the novel regulatory mechanism of 25(OH)D. High-throughput RNA-sequencing technology was used to detect transcriptome changes after 25(OH)D treatment and tRF-1-Ser knockdown. RNA pull-down and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry were used to explore the proteins bound to tRF-1-Ser. In vitro and in vivo functional experiments were conducted to assess the influence of 25(OH)D and tRF-1-Ser on breast cancer. Semi-quantitative PCR was performed to detect alternative splicing events. Western blot assay and qPCR were used to assess protein and mRNA expression. RESULTS: The expression of tRF-1-Ser is negatively regulated by 25(OH)D. In our breast cancer (BRCA) clinical samples, we found that the expression of tRF-1-Ser was higher in cancer tissues than in paired normal tissues, and was significantly associated with tumour invasion. Moreover, tRF-1-Ser inhibits the function of MBNL1 by hindering its nuclear translocation. Functional experiments and transcriptome data revealed that the downregulation of tRF-1-Ser plays a vital role in the anticancer effect of 25(OH)D. CONCLUSIONS: In brief, our research revealed a novel anticancer mechanism of 25(OH)D, unveiled the vital function of tRF-1-Ser in BRCA progression, and suggested that tRF-1-Ser could emerge as a new therapeutic target for BRCA.

High hydrostatic pressure induced gastrointestinal digestion behaviors of quercetin-loaded casein delivery systems under different calcium concentration.

Casein micelle has a structure of outer hydrophilicity and inner hydrophobicity, its typical digestion characteristic is gastric coagulation. Based on calcium content as the key factor to control this process, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was firstly used to modify the micelle structure by mediating the tight connection between casein molecules themselves and with colloidal calcium, then the quercetin-loaded delivery systems were prepared. And in order to investigate the effect of exogenous calcium, calcium chloride was added for digestion. The results indicated that HHP broke the limitation of casein micelles as delivery carriers for hydrophobic components and increased the EE from 51.18 ± 3.07 % to 76.17 ± 3.41 %. During gastric digestion, higher pressure and exogenous calcium synergistically increased the clotting ability and inhibited the release of quercetin. In the small intestine, curds decomposed more slowly under higher pressure and calcium concentration, so the degradation of quercetin was effectively inhibited.

The aggregation of casein micelles induced by Ca2+ during in vitro digestion: effects on the release of loaded anthocyanins.

Colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) confers a modifiable structure to micellar casein (MC), which endows it with potential advantages as a delivery carrier. However, it is difficult to achieve multipattern release of the core material in the intestine with MC as a single wall. In this study, we prepared an anthocyanin-casein-based delivery system utilizing MC with different freezing degrees as the wall material with the objective of achieving the controlled release of anthocyanin as the model core in the intestine. The results showed that freezing could significantly reduce the CCP level up to 50%. Static in vitro simulated digestion with the addition of exogenous Ca2+ showed that the designed delivery system exhibited low anthocyanin release (15%-35%) in the gastric tract. The pattern of release in the intestine depended on the CCP dissociation degree. High and low dissociation degrees corresponded to slow release (from 15% to 65% within 2 h) and burst release (from 35% to 90% within 5 min), respectively. WAXS/SAXS analysis revealed that exogenous serum Ca2+ inherent in simulated gastric fluid and endogenous serum Ca2+ induced by CCP dissociation was synergistically involved in the reconstitution of CCP-mediated nanoclusters and large aggregates. The freezing degree of MC determined the endogenous serum Ca2+ level, which influenced the gastric aggregation behavior of wall MC and ultimately led to a fairly different gastrointestinal release behavior of anthocyanins.

Gastric aggregation of micellar casein powders induced by high hydrostatic pressure: Effect of serum Ca2+ level.

Micellar casein (MC) has a unique gastric colloidal behavior in response to Ca2+ cross-linking, and its aggregation properties are closely related to pepsin and gastric acid. In this study, MC with different levels of colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) was obtained by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at different pressures, followed by spray drying to obtain the powders. Different amounts of calcium chloride (exogenous Ca2+) were added to MC powders prior to in vitro simulated digestion to investigate the effect of exogenous serum Ca2+ levels on the aggregation behavior and the structure change of curds generated in gastric tract. The results revealed that HHP induced the emergence of more Ca2+-binding sites, thus Ca2+ was more likely to bind to MC matrix with low CCP levels. Meanwhile, high serum Ca2+ level provided more opportunities to form aggregates. The Highest pressure (500 MPa) with the highest Ca2+ level (5 mM) caused the lowest solubility aggregates, which were only 30% at the end of gastric digestion (120 min), half of the control sample (0 MPa with 0.15 mM Ca2+). The results of wide-angle X-ray scattering / small-angle X-ray scattering suggested that both pepsin and gastric acid-induced aggregation via Ca2+ as a bridge. For pepsin, Ca2+ cross-linked between para-κ-casein; For gastric acid, Ca2+ recombined phosphorylation sites and caused cross-linking of casein subunits.

Toward the bioactive potential of myricitrin in food production: state-of-the-art green extraction and trends in biosynthesis.

Myricitrin is a member of flavonols, natural phenolic compounds extracted from plant resources. It has gained great attention for various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, as well as cardio-/neuro-/hepatoprotective activities. These effects have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo models, making myricitrin a favorable candidate for the exploitation of novel functional foods with potential protective or preventive effects against diseases. This review summarized the health benefits of myricitrin and attempted to uncover its action mechanism, expecting to provide a theoretical basis for their application. Despite enormous bioactive potential of myricitrin, low production, high cost, and environmental damage caused by extracting it from plant resources greatly constrain its practical application. Fortunately, innovative, green, and sustainable extraction techniques are emerging to extract myricitrin, which function as alternatives to conventional techniques. Additionally, biosynthesis based on synthetic biology plays an essential role in industrial-scale manufacturing, which has not been reported for myricitrin exclusively. The construction of microbial cell factories is absolutely an appealing and competitive option to produce myricitrin in large-scale manufacturing. Consequently, state-of-the-art green extraction techniques and trends in biosynthesis were reviewed and discussed to endow an innovative perspective for the large-scale production of myricitrin.

From polyphenol to o-quinone: Occurrence, significance, and intervention strategies in foods and health implications.

Polyphenol oxidation is a chemical process impairing food freshness and other desirable qualities, which has become a serious problem in fruit and vegetable processing industry. It is crucial to understand the mechanisms involved in these detrimental alterations. o-Quinones are primarily generated by polyphenols with di/tri-phenolic groups through enzymatic oxidation and/or auto-oxidation. They are highly reactive species, which not only readily suffer the attack by nucleophiles but also powerfully oxidize other molecules presenting lower redox potentials via electron transfer reactions. These reactions and subsequent complicated reactions are capable of initiating quality losses in foods, such as browning, aroma loss, and nutritional decline. To attenuate these adverse influences, a variety of technologies have emerged to restrain polyphenol oxidation via governing different factors, especially polyphenol oxidases and oxygen. Despite tremendous efforts devoted, to date, the loss of food quality caused by quinones has remained a great challenge in the food processing industry. Furthermore, o-quinones are responsible for the chemopreventive effects and/or toxicity of the parent catechols on human health, the mechanisms by which are quite complex. Herein, this review focuses on the generation and reactivity of o-quinones, attempting to clarify mechanisms involved in the quality deterioration of foods and health implications for humans. Potential innovative inhibitors and technologies are also presented to intervene in o-quinone formation and subsequent reactions. In future, the feasibility of these inhibitory strategies should be evaluated, and further exploration on biological targets of o-quinones is of great necessity.

Bamboo Shoots Modulate Gut Microbiota, Eliminate Obesity in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice and Improve Lipid Metabolism.

Bamboo shoots (BS) have a variety of nutritional benefits; however, their anti-obesity effect and its underlying mechanism of action are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of BS against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced gut dysbiosis in mice. After 12 weeks of feeding C57BL/6J mice either on a normal or an HFD with or without BS, metabolic indicators, including blood lipids and glucose tolerance, were measured. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics were used to identify alterations in gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolic profiling. The results demonstrated that BS supplementation reduced body weight by 30.56%, mitigated liver damage, and improved insulin resistance and inflammation in obese mice. In addition, BS increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels and SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Norank_f_Muribaculaceae), and reduced levels of harmful bacteria (e.g., Blautia and Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia). Finally, BS increased many beneficial fecal metabolites, such as fatty acids and bile acids, which are highly relevant to the altered gut microbiota. Based on the modulatory effect of BS on microbiota composition and gut metabolite levels observed in this study, we suggest that BS may be beneficial in treating obesity and its related complications.

Combination of α-lactalbumin and gum arabic for microencapsulation of L-menthol: The effects on flavor release during storage and rehydration.

L-menthol-containing food products generally show the flavor loss during storage due to their high volatility. The hydrophobicity of L-menthol also causes the inadequate flavor release during rehydration. In this study, the stability of L-menthol was enhanced by microencapsulation and the effect of different powder drying techniques was also investigated. The highest efficiency (76.58-78.66 %) and loading content (18.58-28.35 mg/g) of encapsulations were obtained by using a mass ratio of 2:1(α-LA: GA). Then they were dried by non-thermal spray freeze drying (SFD) technique compared to spray drying (SD) and freeze-drying (FD) process. The SFD particles were shown to be spherical and porous with the highest porosity (86.82 %). α-LA/GA based microparticles with spherical shapes were demonstrated to largely enhance flavor retention during high humidity storage. In addition, the porous structures of SFD powders could cause rapid rehydration in liquid models, and the release behaviors of loaded L-menthol followed the Fickian diffusion. Consequently, the SFD technique shows great potential to produce microparticles by regulating the release behaviors of L-menthol during storage and rehydration.

The effect of Maillard reaction on the lactose crystallization and flavor release in lactose/WPI/inulin encapsulation.

The crystallization of lactose usually causes the structural collapse and core material escape of flavor encapsulations. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different grafting degrees of WPI-inulin Maillard reaction products on the lactose crystallization and the subsequent release behaviors. Ethyl acetate was chosen as the model volatile flavor and the encapsulations were prepared by freeze-drying. The results found that the encapsulation efficiency was significantly increased from 30% to over 80% by using MRPs as wall materials. Those microparticles showed the greater flavor retention and lower moisture adsorption. In addition, the encapsulations produced by the proper Maillard reaction times (e.g., 48 h and 72 h) could effectively delay the lactose crystallization and thus improve the structural stability of the matrix. This innovation finding aims to use the Maillard reaction to control the crystallization behaviors and enhance the usefulness of high-lactose containing products in encapsulation systems.

Bamboo shoot dietary fiber alleviates gut microbiota dysbiosis and modulates liver fatty acid metabolism in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Introduction: Obesity is a common nutritional disorder characterized by an excessive fat accumulation. In view of the critical role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity and metabolic diseases, novel dietary therapies have been developed to manage obesity by targeting the gut microbiome. In this study, we investigated anti-obesity effects of bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF) and the potential mechanisms. Methods: After 12 weeks of intervention with BSDF in high-fat mice, we detected obesity-related phenotypic indicators, and made transcriptomic analysis of liver tissue. Then we analyzed the changes of gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, explored the effect of BSDF on gut microbiota metabolites, and finally verified the importance of gut microbiota through antibiotic animal model. Results and discussion: We found that BSDF was effective in reducing lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissue and alleviating dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Liver transcriptome analysis results showed that BSDF could improve lipid metabolism and liver injury by modulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and fatty acid metabolic pathways. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of gut microbiota composition showed that BSDF significantly enriched beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Dubosiella, and Alloprevotella. Analysis of fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota metabolites revealed that BSDF increased the levels of several short-chain fatty acids and enriched bile acids, which may be important for improving lipid metabolism. Notably, the obesity-related metabolic disorders were abrogated after the abrogation of gut microbiota, suggesting that gut microbiota is a key factor in the beneficial effects of BSDF. Conclusion: Our study suggests that BSDF as a prebiotic supplement has the potential to improve obesity by improving gut microbiota and modulating host PPAR and fatty acid metabolic pathways.

Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel-based neoadjuvant regimen: A promising treatment option for HER2-low-positive breast cancer.

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) with solvent-based paclitaxel (Sb-P), liposomal paclitaxel (Lps-P), nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (Nab-P), and docetaxel in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low-positive and HER2-zero breast cancers. A total of 430 patients receiving 2-weekly dose-dense epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) followed by 2-weekly paclitaxel (Sb-P, Lps-P, or Nab-P), or 3-weekly EC followed by 3-weekly docetaxel for NST were enrolled in the study. In HER2-low-positive patients, the pathological complete response (pCR) rate in Nab-P group was significantly higher than that in the other three paclitaxel groups (2.8 % in Sb-P group, 4.7 % in Lps-P group, 23.2 % in Nab-P group and 3.2 % in docetaxel group, p < 0.001). In HER2-zero patients, the pCR rate did not differ significantly among the four paclitaxel groups (p = 0.278). The NST regimen containing Nab-P could be considered a promising treatment option in HER2-low-positive breast cancer.

Investigation of the Quinone-quinone and Quinone-catechol products using 13C labeling, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS.

Quinones are highly reactive oxidants and play an essential role in inducing quality deterioration of fruit and vegetable products. Here, a novel stable isotope-labeling approach in combination with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, was successfully applied in tracking quinone reaction pathways in both real wines and model reaction systems. Unexpectedly, the binding products of quinone-quinone and quinone-catechol that are not derived from either nucleophilic reaction or redox reaction were discovered and showed the significant high peak area.Self-coupling reactions of semiquinone radicals might provide a possible interpretation for the formation of quinone-quinone products, and a charge transfer reaction coupled with a complementary donor-acceptor interaction is feasibly responsible for the products with a quinone-catechol structure. These findings endow a new perspective for quinone metabolic pathway in foods.

A method on acrylamide elimination: Comparing and tracing reaction pathways of acrylamide and catechin (catechin quinone) using UHPLC-Q-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry.

Acrylamide (AA) elimination is significant in thermal-processing foods that rich in carbohydrate and asparagine. Here, catechin (CAT) and its quinone were utilized to investigate and evaluate the reaction rate of AA's characteristics (electrophilicity, oxidizing ability, and nucleophilicity) and trace the reaction pathways to eliminate AA in model system at 25 °C and 150 °C. It is revealed that AA prefers nucleophilic additions with quinone (kAA-CATQ = 1.1E-2 min-1 > kAA-CAT = 3.1E-3 min-1). It is prone to react with the B ring of CAT (kAA-4MC = 1.4E-3 min-1) via the redox reaction, rather than the A ring (kAA-PHL = 1.0E-4 min-1) through the electrophilic reaction. For the investigation of unknown products resulting from the above reactions, a process incorporating mechanism and tentative product speculation was implemented. Thirteen products were partially detected based on the extracted ion chromatography and MS spectrum from UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. These results provide a new perspective to eliminate AA in thermal-processing foods.