Effect of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment on physicochemical and 3D printing properties of wheat starch.

In recent years, the focus has shifted towards carbohydrate-based hydrogels and their eco-friendly preparation methods. This study involved an investigation into the treatment of wheat starch using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology over varying time gradients (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min). The objective was to systematically examine the impact of different treatment durations on the physicochemical properties of wheat starch and the suitability of its gels for 3D printing. Morphology of wheat starch remained intact after DBD treatment. However, it led to a reduction in the amylose content, molecular weight, and crystallinity. This subsequently resulted in a decrease in the pasting temperature and viscosity. Moreover, the gels of the DBD-treated starch exhibited superior 3D printing performance. After a 2-min DBD treatment, the 3D printed samples of the wheat starch gel showed no significant improvements, as broken bars were evident on the surface of the 3D printed graphic, whereas DBD-20 showed better printing accuracy and surface structure, compared to the original starch without slumping. These results suggested that DBD technology holds potential for developing new starch-based gels with impressive 3D printing properties.

Validation study on light scattering changes in kiwifruit during postharvest storage using time-resolved transmittance spectroscopy.

Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy has been well studied for characterizing the organic compounds in fruit and vegetables from pre-harvest to late harvest. However, due to the challenge of decoupling of optical properties, the relationship between the collected samples' spectral data and their properties, especially their mechanical properties (e.g., firmness, hardness, and resilience) is hard to understand. This study developed a time-resolved transmittance spectroscopic method to validate the light scattering changing characteristics in kiwifruit during shelf-life and in cold storage conditions. The experimental results demonstrated that the reduced scattering coefficient ([Formula: see text]) of 846 nm inside kiwifruit decreased steadily during postharvest storage and is more evident under shelf-life than in cold storage conditions. Moreover, the correlation between the [Formula: see text] and the storage time was confirmed to be much higher than that using the external color indexes measured using a conventional colorimeter. Furthermore, employing time-resolved profiles at this single wavelength, an efficacious mathematical model has been successfully formulated to classify the stages of kiwifruit softening, specifically early, mid-, and late stages. Notably, classification accuracies of 84% and 78% were achieved for the shelf-life and cold storage conditions, respectively.

Precise subtyping reveals immune heterogeneity for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

A significant proportion of breast cancer cases are characterized by hormone receptor positivity (HR+). Clinically, the heterogeneity of HR+ breast cancer leads to different therapeutic effects on endocrine. Therefore, definition of subgroups in HR+ breast cancer is important for effective treatment. Here, we have developed a CMBR method utilizing computational functional networks based on DNA methylation to identify conserved subgroups in HR+ breast cancer. Calculated by CMBR, HR+ breast cancer was divided into five subgroups, of which HR+/negative epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her2-) was divided into two subgroups, and HR+/positive epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Her2+) was divided into three subgroups. These subgroups had heterogeneity in the immune microenvironment, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte patterns, somatic mutation patterns and drug sensitivity. Specifically, CMBR identified two subgroups with the "Hot" tumor phenotype. In addition, these conserved subgroups were broadly validated on external validation datasets. CMBR identified the molecular signature of HR+ breast cancer subgroups, providing valuable insights into personalized treatment strategies and management options.

Visualization of Sugar Content Distribution of White Strawberry by Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging.

In this study, an approach to visualize the spatial distribution of sugar content in white strawberry fruit flesh using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI; 913-2166 nm) is developed. NIR-HSI data collected from 180 samples of "Tochigi iW1 go" white strawberries are investigated. In order to recognize the pixels corresponding to the flesh and achene on the surface of the strawberries, principal component analysis (PCA) and image processing are conducted after smoothing and standard normal variate (SNV) pretreatment of the data. Explanatory partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis is performed to develop an appropriate model to predict Brix reference values. The PLSR model constructed from the raw spectra extracted from the flesh region of interest yields high prediction accuracy with an RMSEP and R2p values of 0.576 and 0.841, respectively, and with a relatively low number of PLS factors. The Brix heatmap images and violin plots for each sample exhibit characteristics feature of sugar content distribution in the flesh of the strawberries. These findings offer insights into the feasibility of designing a noncontact system to monitor the quality of white strawberries.

Instantaneous Ablation Behavior of Laminated CFRP by High-Power Continuous-Wave Laser Irradiation in Supersonic Wind Tunnel.

Experimental and numerical investigations of the instantaneous ablation behavior of laminated carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) exposed to an intense continuous-wave (CW) laser in a supersonic wind tunnel are reported. We establish an in situ observation measurement in the experiments to examine the instantaneous ablation behavior. The surface recession depth is calculated by using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method, taking the ply angle of laminated CFRP as a reference. A coupled thermal-fluid-ablation numerical model incorporating mechanisms of oxidation, sublimation, and thermomechanical erosion is developed to solve the ablation-through problem of multilayer materials. The results show that the laser ablation depth is related to the laser power density, airflow velocity and airflow mode. Thermomechanical erosion is the primary ablation mechanism when the surface temperature is relatively low and the cavity flow mode is a closed cavity flow. When the surface temperature reaches the sublimation of carbon and the airflow mode is transformed to open cavity flow, sublimation plays a dominant role and the ablation rate of thermomechanical erosion gradually decreases.

Efficacy and Safety of 7-Day Non-Bismuth Concomitant Quadruple Therapy for First-Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication in the Elderly.

BACKGROUND: Aging may affect the efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of 7-day non-bismuth concomitant quadruple therapy as a first-line H. pylori infection eradication regimen in elderly individuals. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort with prospectively collected data from January 2013 to December 2019 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Kaohsiung. There were 408 naive infected subjects aged 20 years or older who were treated with 7 days of concomitant therapy as a first-line H. pylori eradication regimen. We divided the patients into an elderly group (aged ≥ 65 years) and a control group (aged < 65 years). Two patients were lost during follow-up in the elderly group and 29 patients were lost in the control group, resulting in 56 in the ≥ 65-year age group and 321 in the control group. The patients were asked to perform urea breath tests 8 weeks later. RESULTS: The eradication rates for the elderly and control groups were 93.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 83.3-98.1) and 84.0% (95% CI 79.7-87.7) (p = 0.070), respectively, in the intention-to-treat analysis, and 96.4% (95% CI 87.6-99.6) and 91.6% (95% CI 88.0-94.4) (p = 0.210), respectively, in the per-protocol (PP) analysis. The adverse event rates were 8.9% in the elderly group and 12.8% in the control group (p = 0.417). The compliance was 100% in both groups. No significant difference was seen in antibiotic resistance in either group. Multivariate analysis revealed that metronidazole resistance (odds ratio (OR) 6.870, 95% CI 1.182-39.919, p = 0.032) and dual-therapy resistance (OR 7.188, 95% CI 1.326-38.952, p = 0.022) were independent factors for eradication failure. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of non-bismuth concomitant quadruple therapy in the elderly cohort was comparable with that in the non-elderly cohort for first-line H. pylori eradication with acceptable adverse effects.

The Roles and Regulation of Ferroptosis in Cancer Progression.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, nonapoptotic form of regulatory death and has received extensive attention. Fenton reaction related to iron metabolism release high levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and the intracellular ROS content is closely related to various diseases; the iron ion concentration in many diseased cells is also disordered. In this paper, the advances in ferroptosis research are summarized, and the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, including inducers and regulatory protein of ferroptosis in cancer progression. We expect that this study will benefit the further development of basic research and clinical application of ferroptosis for cancer treatment.

Carbon nanotube sponges filled sandwich panels with superior high-power continuous wave laser resistance.

Effect of highly-porous and lightweight carbon nanotube sponges on the high-power continuous wave laser ablation resistance of the sandwich panel was investigated experimentally. As a comparison, thermal responses of monolithic plate, carbon nanotube film filled sandwich panel, unfilled sandwich panel and carbon nanotube sponge filled sandwich panel subjected to continuous wave laser irradiation were analyzed. Experimental results showed that the laser resistance of the carbon nanotube filled sandwich panel is obviously higher than the unfilled structure. The added failure time of the sandwich panel by filling the cores with the carbon nanotube sponge of unit mass was about 18 times and 33 times longer than that by filling with the conventional ablative and insulated material. It could be understood by the high thermal diffusion coefficient and latent heat of sublimation of the carbon nanotube sponge. During ablation by the continuous wave, the carbon nanotube sponge not only fast consumed the absorbed laser energy through phase change of a large-area material due to its high latent heat of sublimation, but also quickly dispersed the heat energy introduced by the continuous wave laser due to its high thermal diffusion coefficient, leading to the extraordinary laser ablation resistance.

Classification of Subgroups with Immune Characteristics Based on DNA Methylation in Luminal Breast Cancer.

Luminal breast cancer (BC) accounts for a large proportion of patients in BC, with high heterogeneity. Determining the precise subtype and optimal selection of treatment options for luminal BC is a challenge. In this study, we proposed an MSBR framework that integrate DNA methylation profiles and transcriptomes to identify immune subgroups of luminal BC. MSBR was implemented both on a key module scoring algorithm and "Boruta" feature selection method by DNA methylation. Luminal A was divided into two subgroups and luminal B was divided into three subgroups using the MSBR. Furthermore, these subgroups were defined as different immune subgroups in luminal A and B respectively. The subgroups showed significant differences in DNA methylation levels, immune microenvironment (immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint PD1/PD-L1 expression, immune cell cracking activity (CYT)) and pathology features (texture, eccentricity, intensity and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)). The results also showed that there is a subgroup in both luminal A and B that has the benefit from immunotherapy. This study proposed a classification of luminal BC from the perspective of epigenetics and immune characteristics, which provided individualized treatment decisions.

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to agriculture and forestry.

Depending on the uniformity of the quality attribute within agricultural products, there is often a need to develop non-destructive and efficient evaluation methods to assure their qualities. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well-suited method to characterize organic compounds, particularly when coupled with multivariate analysis methods. This review article introduces scientific and technical reports using the NIRS to evaluate food, agriculture, and forest products. Overall, basic spectroscopic research is continuously progressing; indeed, in combination with big-data information technology and spectral imaging techniques, material analysis is improving to maximize performance. Portable and low-cost devices have also been designed and produced, enabling remote analysis. Future advancements are expected to result in its applications in even more fields for online or at-line quality monitoring.

Recent advances and future directions on the valorization of spent mushroom substrate (SMS): A review.

Commercial mushrooms are cultivated on lignocellulose wastes, such as corncob, saw dust, straw and wood chips. Following the rapidly increasing global mushroom production, the efficient recycling and utilization of the by-product, known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has garnered much attention due to the serious pollution issues caused. Embracing the concept of 'circular economy', the SMSs have demonstrated immense potential in wide range of applications, including recycling as the substrate for new cultivation cycle of mushroom, biofertilizer and soil amendment, animal feed, renewable energy production and pollution bioremediation. The review provided an overview and recent advances focusing on these applications, analyzed the possible challenges and proposed future directions for sustainable development of global mushroom industry.

Randomized controlled trials for comparison of laparoscopic versus conventional open catheter placement in peritoneal dialysis patients: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The application of laparoscopic catheterization technology in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has recently increased. However, the advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic versus conventional open PD catheter placement are still controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the complications of catheterization in PD patients and to provide a reference for choosing a PD-catheter placement technique in the clinic. METHODS: We searched numerous databases, including Embase, PubMed, CNKI and the Cochrane Library, for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RESULTS: Eight relevant studies (n = 646) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed a lower incidence of catheter migration (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.90, P: 0.03) and catheter removal (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.79, P: 0.008) but a higher incidence of bleeding (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.18 to 8.97, P: 0.02) with a laparoscopic approach than with a conventional approach. There was no significant difference in the incidence of omentum adhesion (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.05 to 2.10, P: 0.24), hernia (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.09 to 1.68, P: 0.20), leakage (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.26, P: 0.23), intestinal obstruction (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.91, P: 0.90) or perforation (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.06 to 15.42, P: 0.97). The statistical analysis showed no significant difference in early (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.15 to 1.33, P: 0.15), late (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.41 to 1.90, P: 0.76) or total (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.12, P: 0.13) peritonitis infections between the 2 groups, and there are no no significant difference in early (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.06 to 2.36, P: 0.30), late (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.78 to 2.33, P: 0.16) or total (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 0.71 to 2.02, P: 0.17) tunnel or exit-site infections between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic catheterization and conventional open catheter placement in PD patients have unique advantages, but laparoscopic PD catheterization may be superior to conventional open catheter placement. However, this conclusion needs to be confirmed with further large-sample-size, multi-centre, high-quality RCTs.

Cognitive spectroscopy for wood species identification: near infrared hyperspectral imaging combined with convolutional neural networks.

From the viewpoint of combating illegal logging and examining wood properties, there is a contemporary demand for a wood species identification system. Several nondestructive automatic identification systems have been developed, but there is room for improvement to construct a highly reliable model. The present study proposes cognitive spectroscopy that combines near infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) with a deep convolutional neural network approach. We defined "cognitive spectroscopy" as a protocol that extracts features from complex spectroscopic data and presents the best results without human intervention. Overall, 120 samples representing 38 hardwood species were scanned using an NIR-HSI camera. A deep learning prediction model was built based on the principal component (PC) images obtained from the PC scores of hyperspectral images (wavelength range: 1000-2200 nm at approximately 6.2 nm interval). The results showed that the accuracy of wood species identification based on 6PC (PC1-PC6) images was 90.5%, which was considerably higher than the accuracy of 56.0% obtained with conventional visible images.

Incidence and predictors of retreatment in chronic hepatitis B patients after discontinuation of entecavir or tenofovir treatment.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the incidence and predictors of retreatment after discontinuation of either entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment in Taiwan. METHODS: A total of 535 non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients undergoing either ETV (n = 358) or TDF (n = 177) treatment were enrolled. Patients were followed for at least 12 months after stopping ETV or TDF treatment. Most patients (86.3%) fulfilled the retreatment criteria of Taiwan's National Health Plan. RESULTS: The 5-year cumulative rates of clinical relapse and retreatment were 52.1% and 47%, respectively, in 160 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients, and were 62% and 54.8%, respectively, in 375 HBeAg-negative patients. The median duration from the end of treatment until clinical relapse and retreatment was 40 and 57 weeks, respectively, for all patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that discontinuing TDF treatment, old age, male gender, and higher baseline HBsAg levels were independent factors of retreatment in HBeAg-positive patients; old age, HBV genotype B, and higher baseline and end-of-treatment HBsAg levels were independent factors in HBeAg-negative patients. A total of 18.8% of retreated patients satisfied the retreatment criteria of hepatic decompensation according to Taiwan's National Health Plan. Of the 64 patients who had clinical relapse without retreatment, 17 achieved sustained virological remission and 26 did not experience clinical relapse until their last visit after clinical relapse. Four patients developed HBsAg loss. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year retreatment rate was about 50% in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients. Discontinuing TDF treatment was an independent factor of retreatment in HBeAg-positive patients.

High-Resolution and Non-destructive Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of Nitrate and Its Dynamics in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Leaves by Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging.

Nitrate is an important component of the nitrogen cycle and is therefore present in all plants. However, excessive nitrogen fertilization results in a high nitrate content in vegetables, which is unhealthy for humans. Understanding the spatial distribution of nitrate in leaves is beneficial for improving nitrogen assimilation efficiency and reducing its content in vegetables. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging was used for the non-destructive and effective evaluation of nitrate content in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Leaf samples with different nitrate contents were collected under various fertilization conditions, and reference data were obtained using reflectometer apparatus RQflex 10. Partial least squares regression analysis revealed that there was a high correlation between the reference data and NIR spectra (r2 = 0.74, root mean squared error of cross-validation = 710.16 mg/kg). Furthermore, the nitrate content in spinach leaves was successfully mapped at a high spatial resolution, clearly displaying its distribution in the petiole, vein, and blade. Finally, the mapping results demonstrated dynamic changes in the nitrate content in intact leaf samples under different storage conditions, showing the value of this non-destructive tool for future analyses of the nitrate content in vegetables.

Enhanced production of triterpenoid in submerged cultures of Antrodia cinnamomea with the addition of citrus peel extract.

In recent years, Antrodia cinnamomea has become a well-known medicinal mushroom in Taiwan. Triterpenoids are considered one of the most biologically active components found in A. cinnamomea. The aim of this research is to investigate the feasibility of enhancing triterpenoid production in shake flask cultures of A. cinnamomea by adding citrus peel extract. As a result of its containing essential oils, citrus peel extract is inhibitory to mycelial growth. In the experiments, the appropriate adding time is determined to be on day 7. Of the various citrus peel extracts tested, tangerine proves to be the most effective in enhancing polyphenol and triterpenoid production. With an addition of 2% (v/v), the content and production of total polyphenols rises from 5.95 mg/g DW of the control and 56.73 mg/L to 23.52 mg/g DW and 224.39 mg/L, respectively, on day 28. The production of triterpenoids also increases from 99.93 to 1,028.02 mg/L, for more than a tenfold increase. An optimal level of tangerine peel additive is determined to be around 4%. Furthermore, when compared with the mycelia of the control culture, the profiles of the HPLC analysis show that the mycelia cultured with the tangerine-peel addition contain more kinds of triterpenoids. This study demonstrates that the addition of citrus peel extract effectively enhances the production of bioactive metabolites in the submerged cultures of A. cinnamomea.

Sustained low-efficiency daily diafiltration for diabetic nephropathy patients with acute kidney injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy, safety and cost of treating patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or sustained low-efficiency daily diafiltration with hemofiltration (SLEDD-f). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Medical records of patients with AKI/DN from January 2006 to December 2012 were reviewed. Fifty-five patients who received CRRT and 52 who received SLEDD-f were included in the study. CRRT and SLEDD-f were performed for 20-72 h per session and 8-10 h per session, respectively. Mortality and renal function recovery rates were evaluated 30 days after the initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and APACHE-II and SOFA scores, anticoagulant dose, inflammatory indices and cost were calculated at baseline and at the end of RRT. RESULTS: Of the 55 patients treated with CRRT, 49 (89.1%) had a 30-day survival rate and 30 (54.5%) had a 30-day renal recovery rate. Of the 52 patients with SLEDD-f, these rates were 92.3% (n = 48) and 61.5% (n = 32), respectively. The dosage of low-molecular-weight heparin in the CRRT and SLEDD-f groups was 15,230 ± 1,460 and 6,320 ± 490 U/day, respectively. The cost of hemopurification and the total cost for patients treated with CRRT was CNY 28,628 ± 5,576 (USD 4,210 ± 820) and CNY 38,828 ± 6,324 (USD 5,710 ± 930), respectively. These were higher than those for patients treated with SLEDD-f at CNY 13,260 ± 1,564 (USD 1,950 ± 230) and CNY 19,720 ± 2,652 (USD 2,900 ± 390), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SLEDD-f offered a similar chance of renal recovery and also had further advantages such as a lower heparin dosage, a shorter therapy time and lower hospitalization costs for patients than CRRT. Studies with larger, randomized sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.

Diagnostic value of phospholipase A2 receptor in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Detection of M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) can be used in serologic diagnosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), but there are limited data about the sensitivity and specificity of its diagnostic values. METHODS AND RESULTS: Meta-analysis of diagnostic test studies assessing the values of PLA2R in diagnosis of IMN. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases and congress abstracts were searched for studies reporting the value of PLA2R to predict IMN. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the guidelines of the updated Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. The results are summarized as sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (OR). Data from 10 studies involving 1,550 participants were analyzed. Across all settings, the diagnostic OR for serum anti-PLA2R level to predict IMN at different stages was 247.41, with sensitivity of 0.69 and specificity of 0.99. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of serum anti-PLA2R level for diagnosis of IMN in the active stage were 74.0 and 95.0%, respectively, with diagnostic OR of 54.22. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of biopsy anti-PLA2R for diagnosis of IMN at different stages was 73.0 and 83.0%, respectively, with diagnostic OR of 13.75. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows that serum anti-PLA2R level is of diagnostic value for IMN in the active stage. Future large-cohort prospective studies are required to reveal the diagnostic value of circulating anti-PLA2R antibodies versus PLA2R antigens in kidney biopsy for IMN at different stages.

Establishment of cultivating strategy for highly aggregated mycelia of Morchella esculenta in a stirred-tank bioreactor.

Mycelia of Morchella esculenta were found to aggregate rapidly in a submerged culture, which caused the decrease in dispersed mycelia and the problem of diffusion limitation. The effect of different agitation schemes on the growth of mycelia was investigated in a stirred-tank bioreactor. At the constant speed of 100 or 300 rpm, rapid aggregation caused the biomass concentration to drop to zero in 30 h, which was even worse than achieved under static culture. Intermittent agitation maintained a higher mycelium fragment concentration for 48 h and enhanced the biomass concentration to 4.73 g/L at 120 h. The operation with a polytron connection disrupted effectively mycelium aggregation, thus increasing the specific growth rate, biomass concentration and maximum productivity to 0.0613 1/h, 7.73 g/L and 0.0878 g/L h at 88 h, respectively. Moreover, logistic equations and genetic algorithm (GA) were used for the simulation of biomass growth and estimation of all kinetic coefficients. The operating strategy developed in this study could be used for the production of highly aggregated mycelia, which could also achieve a high cell-density culture in a stirred tank reactor.

Medium modification to enhance the formation of bioactive metabolites in shake flask cultures of Antrodia cinnamomea by adding citrus peel extract.

Antrodia cinnamomea has recently become a well-known medicinal mushroom in Taiwan. Bioactive compounds found in A. cinnamomea include: polysaccharide, sesquiterpene lactone, steroids and triterpenoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of adding citrus peel extract to enhance the formation of bioactive metabolites in the submerged culture of A. cinnamomea. With the exception of grapefruit, citrus peel extracts tested were proved to be beneficial to mycelial growth and to the production of intracellular polysaccharide. Lemon was the most effective for enhancing bioactive metabolite production. With an addition of 2% (v/v), the mycelium biomass concentration and intracellular polysaccharide content rose from 11.96 g DW/L of the control and 123.6 mg/g DW to 21.96 g DW/L and 230.8 mg/g DW, respectively, on day 8. The production of triterpenoids also increased from 86.7 to 282.9 mg/L. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that although the addition of peel extract could cause the lengthening of the exponential phase and reduce the specific growth rate, the production rate of biomass, intracellular polysaccharide and triterpenoids was still enhanced significantly.