Physicochemical control of solvation and molecular assembly of charged amphiphilic oligomers at air-aqueous interfaces.

HYPOTHESIS: Understanding the rules that control the assembly of nanostructured soft materials at interfaces is central to many applications. We hypothesize that electrolytes can be used to alter the hydration shell of amphiphilic oligomers at the air-aqueous interface of Langmuir films, thereby providing a means to control the formation of emergent nanostructures. EXPERIMENTS: Three representative salts - (NaF, NaCl, NaSCN) were studied for mediating the self-assembly of oligodimethylsiloxane methylimidazolium (ODMS-MIM+) amphiphiles in Langmuir films. The effects of the different salts on the nanostructure assembly of these films were probed using vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and Langmuir trough techniques. Experimental data were supported by atomistic molecular dynamic simulations. FINDINGS: Langmuir trough surface pressure - area isotherms suggested a surprising effect on oligomer assembly, whereby the presence of anions affects the stability of the interfacial layer irrespective of their surface propensities. In contrast, SFG results implied a strong anion effect that parallels the surface activity of anions. These seemingly contradictory trends are explained by anion driven tail dehydration resulting in increasingly heterogeneous systems with entangled ODMS tails and appreciable anion penetration into the complex interfacial layer comprised of headgroups, tails, and interfacial water molecules. These findings provide physical and chemical insight for tuning a wide range of interfacial assemblies.

A multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 2 clinical study of telitacicept in adult patients with generalized myasthenia gravis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of telitacicept in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) who tested positive for acetylcholine receptor antibodies or muscle-specific kinase antibodies and were receiving standard-of-care therapy. METHODS: Patients meeting the eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to receive telitacicept subcutaneously once a week for 24 weeks in addition to standard-of-care treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in the quantitative myasthenia gravis (QMG) score from baseline to week 24. Secondary efficacy endpoints included mean change in QMG score from baseline to week 12 and gMG clinical absolute score from baseline to week 24. Additionally, safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of the 41 patients screened were randomly selected and enrolled. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) reduction in QMG score from baseline to week 24 was 7.7 (± 5.34) and 9.6 (± 4.29) in the 160 mg and 240 mg groups, respectively. At week 12, mean reductions in QMG scores for these two groups were 5.8 (± 5.85) and 9.5 (± 5.03), respectively, indicating rapid clinical improvement. Safety analysis revealed no adverse events leading to discontinuation or mortalities. All patients showed consistent reductions in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and IgM levels throughout the study. CONCLUSION: Telitacicept demonstrated safety, good tolerability and reduced clinical severity throughout the study period. Further validation of the clinical efficacy of telitacicept in gMG will be conducted in an upcoming phase 3 clinical trial.

Preparation of valine-curcumin conjugate and its in vitro antibacterial and antitumor activity and in vivo biological effects on American eels (Anguilla rostrata).

Curcumin (Cur) exhibits diverse natural pharmacological activities, despite its limited water solubility (hydrophobicity) and low bioavailability. In this investigation, a valine-curcumin conjugate (Val-Cur) was synthesized through amino acid side chain modification, and its solubility increased to 1.78 mg/mL. In vitro experimental findings demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of Val-Cur against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was significantly superior to that of Cur. The inhibition rate of Val-Cur against HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells was higher than that of Cur at low concentrations (below 25 µmol/L), although the IC50 value of Val-Cur did not differ significantly from that of Cur. In vivo biological effects of Val-Cur were assessed by adding it into the feed (150 mg/kg) of American eels (Anguilla rostrata). Val-Cur significantly improved the growth performance (↑weight gain rate, ↑specific growth rate, and ↓feed conversion rate) and activities of intestinal digestive enzymes (amylase and lipase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase) in American eels. Additionally, Val-Cur significantly improved serum biochemical indices (↑high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ↓low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ↓aspartate and alanine aminotransferases). Furthermore, Val-Cur increased intestinal microbial diversity, reduced the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Spiroplasma, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas), and elevated the abundance of beneficial digestion-promoting bacteria (Romboutsia, Phyllobacterium, Romboutsia sedimentorum, and Clostridium butyricum) conducive to glucose metabolism (P < 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore water-soluble curcumin in aquaculture, and the findings will lay the groundwork for the potential application of water-soluble curcumin in the field of aquaculture.

Mito-tempo alleviates ox-LDL-provoked foam cell formation by regulating Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that Mito-Tempol (also known as 4-hydroxy-Tempo), a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-triggered foam cell formation. Given the effect of oxidative stress on activating the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which promotes foam cell formation, we aimed to explore whether Mito-Tempo inhibits ox-LDL-triggered foam cell formation by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome. The results revealed that Mito-Tempo re-activated Nrf2 and alleviated macrophage foam cell formation induced by ox-LDL, whereas the effects were reversed by ML385 (a specific Nrf2 inhibitor). Mito-Tempo restored the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 by decreasing ox-LDL-induced ubiquitination. Furthermore, Mito-Tempo suppressed ox-LDL-triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent pyroptosis, whereas the changes were blocked by ML385. Mito-Tempo decreased lipoprotein uptake by inhibiting CD36 expression and suppressed foam cell formation by regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Taken together, Mito-Tempo exhibits potent anti-atherosclerotic effects by regulating Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling.

A systematic review/meta-analysis of prevalence and incidence rates illustrates systemic underrepresentation of individuals racialized as Asian and/or Asian-American in ADRD research.

We investigate Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) prevalence, incidence rate, and risk factors in individuals racialized as Asian and/or Asian-American and assess sample representation. Prevalence, incidence rate, risk factors, and heterogeneity of samples were assessed. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, generating pooled estimates. Of 920 records across 14 databases, 45 studies were included. Individuals racialized as Asian and/or Asian-American were mainly from Eastern and Southern Asia, had higher education, and constituted a smaller sample relative to non-Hispanic white cohorts. The average prevalence was 10.9%, ranging from 0.4% to 46%. The average incidence rate was 20.03 (12.01-33.8) per 1000 person-years with a range of 75.19-13.59 (12.89-14.33). Risk factors included physiological, genetic, psychological, behavioral, and social factors. This review underscores the systemic underrepresentation of individuals racialized as Asian and/or Asian-American in ADRD research and the need for inclusive approaches accounting for culture, language, and immigration status. HIGHLIGHTS: There is considerable heterogeneity in the prevalence of ADRD among studies of Asian-Americans. There is limited data on group-specific risk factors for ADRD among Asian-Americans. The average prevalence of (ADRD) among Asian-Americans was found to be 7.4%, with a wide range from 0.5% to 46%.

MSC-derived exosomal miR-140-3p improves cognitive dysfunction in sepsis-associated encephalopathy by HMGB1 and S-lactoylglutathione metabolism.

MiRNAs in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosome (MSCs-exo) play an important role in the treatment of sepsis. We explored the mechanism through which MSCs-exo influences cognitive impairment in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Here, we show that miR-140-3p targeted Hmgb1. MSCs-exo plus miR-140-3p mimic (Exo) and antibiotic imipenem/cilastatin (ABX) improve survival, weight, and cognitive impairment in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice. Exo and ABX inhibit high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), IBA-1, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, p65/p-p65, NLRP3, Caspase 1, and GSDMD-N levels. In addition, Exo upregulates S-lactoylglutathione levels in the hippocampus of CLP mice. Our data further demonstrates that Exo and S-lactoylglutathione increase GSH levels in LPS-induced HMC3 cells and decrease LD and GLO2 levels, inhibiting inflammatory responses and pyroptosis. These findings suggest that MSCs-exo-mediated delivery of miR-140-3p ameliorates cognitive impairment in mice with SAE by HMGB1 and S-lactoylglutathione metabolism, providing potential therapeutic targets for the clinical treatment of SAE.

Dinuclear ytterbium(III) benzamidinate complexes with bridging S32-, Se22- and Te22- ligands: synthesis, structure and magnetic properties.

Treatment of Yb(II) complex [L2Yb(THF)2] (L = PhC(NSiMe3)2) with elemental sulfur, selenium or tellurium resulted in the isolation of a series of dinuclear Yb(III) complexes featuring side-on bound S32- (1), Se22- (2) or Te22- (3) moieties, respectively. Magnetic study on these complexes revealed that 3 is a rare lanthanide telluride single-molecule magnet (SMM).

Application of improved glomerular filtration rate estimation by a neural network model in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that creatinine (Cr)-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations - including the new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology creatinine (CKD-EPIcr) equation without race and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equation developed for the Chinese population - displayed suboptimal performance in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), which limited their clinical application for detecting changes in GFR levels in all cohorts. OBJECTIVE: To develop a neural network model based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) for evaluating GFR in Chinese NLUTD patients, and compare the diagnostic performance with Cr-based multiple linear regression equations for Chinese and the CKD-EPIcr equation without race. DESIGN: Single-center, cross-sectional study of GFR estimation from serum Cr, demographic data, and clinical characteristics in Chinese patients with NLUTD. PATIENTS: A total of 204 NLUTD patients, from 27 different geographic regions of China, were selected. A random sample of 141 of these subjects was included in the training sample set, and the remaining 63 patients were included in the testing sample set. METHODS: The reference GFR (rGFR) was assessed by the technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) double plasma sample method. A neural network model based on MLP was developed to evaluate GFR in the training sample set, which was then validated in the testing sample set and compared with Cr-based GFR equations. RESULTS: The MLP-based model showed significant performance improvement in evaluating the difference, absolute difference, precision, and accuracy of GFR estimation compared with the Cr-based GFR equations. Additionally, compared with the rGFR, we found that the MLP-based model provided an acceptable level of accuracy (greater than 85%, which was within a 30% deviation from the rGFR). CONCLUSION: The MLP-based model offered significant advantages in estimating GFR in Chinese NLUTD patients, and its application could be suggested in clinical practice.

Alterations in CX3CL1 Levels and Its Role in Viral Pathogenesis.

CX3CL1, also named fractalkine or neurotactin, is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine family that can chemoattract several immune cells. CX3CL1 exists in both membrane-anchored and soluble forms, with each mediating distinct biological activities. CX3CL1 signals are transmitted through its unique receptor, CX3CR1, primarily expressed in the microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, CX3CL1 acts as a regulator of microglia activation in response to brain disorders or inflammation. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the role of CX3CL1 in regulating cell adhesion, chemotaxis, and host immune response in viral infection. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the changes and function of CX3CL1 in various viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, to highlight the emerging roles of CX3CL1 in viral infection and associated diseases.

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes mellitus among elderly patients in the Lugu community.

BACKGROUND: Age is a significant risk factor of diabetes mellitus (DM). With the develop of population aging, the incidence of DM remains increasing. Understanding the epidemiology of DM among elderly individuals in a certain area contributes to the DM interventions for the local elderly individuals with high risk of DM. AIM: To explore the prevalence of DM among elderly individuals in the Lugu community and analyze the related risk factors to provide a valid scientific basis for the health management of elderly individuals. METHODS: A total of 4816 elderly people who came to the community for physical examination were retrospectively analyzed. The prevalence of DM among the elderly was calculated. The individuals were divided into a DM group and a non-DM group according to the diagnosis of DM to compare the differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood glucose, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and incidence of hypertension (HT), coronary heart disease (CHD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). RESULTS: DM was diagnosed in 32.70% of the 4816 elderly people. The BMI of the DM group (25.16 ± 3.35) was greater than that of the non-DM group (24.61 ± 3.78). The WHR was 0.90 ± 0.04 in the non-DM group and 0.90 ± 0.03 in the DM group, with no significant difference. The left SBP and SBP in the DM group were 137.9 mmHg ± 11.92 mmHg and 69.95 mmHg ± 7.75 mmHg, respectively, while they were 126.6 mmHg ± 12.44 mmHg and 71.15 mmHg ± 12.55 mmHg, respectively, in the non-DM group. These findings indicate higher SBP and lower DBP in DM patients than in those without DM. In the DM group, 1274 patients were diagnosed with HT, accounting for 80.89%. Among the 3241 non-DM patients, 1743 (53.78%) were hypertensive and 1498 (46.22%) were nonhypertensive. The DM group had more cases of HT than did the non-DM group. There were more patients with CHD or CKD in the DM group than in the non-DM group. There were more patients who drank alcohol more frequently (≥ 3 times) in the DM group than in the non-DM group. CONCLUSION: Older adults in the Lugu community are at a greater risk of DM. In elderly individuals, DM is closely related to high BMI and HT, CHD, and CKD. Physical examinations should be actively carried out for elderly people to determine their BMI, SBP, DBP, and other signs, and sufficient attention should be given to abnormalities in the above signs before further diagnosis.

Distribution characteristics of soil carbon density and influencing factors in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has low anthropogenic carbon emissions and large carbon stock in its ecosystems. As a crucial region in terrestrial ecosystems responding to climate change, an accurate understanding of the distribution characteristics of soil carbon density holds significance in estimating the soil carbon storage capacity in forests and grasslands. It performs a crucial role in achieving carbon neutrality goals in China. The distribution characteristics of carbon and carbon density in the surface, middle, and deep soil layers are calculated, and the main influencing factors of soil carbon density changes are analyzed. The carbon density in the surface soil ranges from a minimum of 1.62 kg/m2 to a maximum of 52.93 kg/m2. The coefficient of variation for carbon is 46%, indicating a considerable variability in carbon distribution across different regions. There are substantial disparities, with geological background, land use types, and soil types significantly influencing soil organic carbon density. Alpine meadow soil has the highest carbon density compared with other soil types. The distribution of soil organic carbon density at three different depths is as follows: grassland > bare land > forestland > water area. The grassland systems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have considerable soil carbon sink and storage potential; however, they are confronted with the risk of grassland degradation. The grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau harbor substantial soil carbon sinks and storage potential. However, they are at risk of grassland degradation. It is imperative to enhance grassland management, implement sustainable grazing practices, and prevent the deterioration of the grassland carbon reservoirs to mitigate the exacerbation of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. This highlights the urgency of implementing more studies to uncover the potential of existing grassland ecological engineering projects for carbon sequestration.

Construction of CDKN2A-related competitive endogenous RNA network and identification of GAS5 as a prognostic indicator for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is an innovative way of gene expression modulation, which plays a crucial part in neoplasia. However, the intricacy and behavioral characteristics of the ceRNA network in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain dismal. AIM: To establish a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A)-related ceRNA network and recognize potential prognostic indicators for HCC. METHODS: The mutation landscape of CDKN2A in HCC was first explored using the cBioPortal database. Differential expression analysis was implemented between CDKN2Ahigh and CDKN2Alow expression HCC samples. The targeted microRNAs were predicted by lncBasev3.0, and the targeted mRNAs were predicted by miRDB, and Targetscan database. The univariate and multivariate analysis were utilized to identify independent prognostic indicators. RESULTS: CDKN2A was frequently mutated and deleted in HCC. The single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that CDKN2A participated in cell cycle pathways. The CDKN2A-related ceRNA network-growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5)/miR-25-3p/SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) was successfully established. GAS5 was recognized as an independent prognostic biomarker, whose overexpression was correlated with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. The association between GAS5 expression and methylation, immune infiltration was explored. Besides, traditional Chinese medicine effective components targeting GAS5 were obtained. CONCLUSION: This CDKN2A-related ceRNA network provides innovative insights into the molecular mechanism of HCC formation and progression. Moreover, GAS5 might be a significant prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 fermented yogurt alleviated high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via the gut microbiota-butyric acid-hepatic lipid metabolism axis.

The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects and underlying mechanism of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 fermented yogurt (HF01-Y). Herein, obesity was induced in mice through a high-fat diet and the changes in the gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, combined with the expression levels of the liver AMPK signaling pathway to analyze the potential relationship between HF01-Y-mediated gut microbiota and obesity. The results showed that supplementation with HF01-Y improved obesity-related phenotypes in mice, including reduced body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, and decreased hepatic lipid droplet formation. In addition, HF01-Y altered the composition of the gut microbiota in obese mice, significantly upregulated norank_f__Muribaculaceae, unclassified_c__Clostridia, Blautia, unclassified_o__Bacteroidales, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, while downregulating unclassified_f__Desulfovibrionaceae, Colidextribacter, and unclassified_f__Oscillospiraceae. These alterations led to an increase of the cecum butyric acid content, which in turn indirectly promoted the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway, subsequently, inhibited fat synthesis, and promoted fatty acid oxidation related gene expression. Therefore, HF01-Y was likely to alleviate hepatic fat and relieve obesity by modulating the gut microbiota-butyric acid-hepatic lipid metabolism axis, ultimately promoting host health.

Benign mixed mammary tumor with sebaceous differentiation in a dog.

We describe here a case of canine mammary benign mixed tumor with sebaceous metaplasia in the right fifth mammary gland of an eight-year-old, intact female Poodle dog. Grossly, the mass was firm with off-white, poorly lobulated cut surfaces. Histologically, the luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells proliferated with cartilage formation and focal squamous metaplasia. Moreover, a large number of nests of various sizes, which were filled with foamy cells in the center and associated with basaloid reserve-like cells in the periphery, showed sebaceous gland-like structures. Immunohistochemically, myoepithelial cells and reserve-like cells in the metaplastic sebaceous gland-like structures were CK14, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and p63 positive, suggesting a possibility that these two components may have a common cell of origin.

Modulating Dimensionality of 2D Perovskite Layers for Efficient and Stable 2D/3D Perovskite Photodetectors.

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites have been widely adopted for improving the performance and stability of three-dimensional (3D) metal halide perovskite devices. However, rational manipulation of the phase composition of 2D perovskites for suitable energy level alignment in 2D/3D perovskite photodetectors (PDs) has been rarely explored. Herein, we precisely controlled the dimensionality of the 2D perovskite on CsPbI2Br films by tuning the polarity of the n-butylammonium iodide (BAI)-based solvents. In comparison to the pure n = 1 2D perovskite (ACN-BAI) formed by acetonitrile treatment, a mixture of n = 1 and n = 2 phases (IPA-BAI) generated by isopropanol (IPA) treatment guaranteed more robust defect passivation and favorable energy level alignment at the perovskite/hole transport layer interface. Consequently, the IPA-BAI PD exhibited a responsivity of 0.41 A W-1, a detectivity of 1.01 × 1013 Jones, and a linear dynamic range of 120 dB. Furthermore, the mixed-phase 2D layer effectively shielded the 3D perovskite from moisture. The IPA-BAI device retained 76% of its initial responsivity after 500 h of nonencapsulated storage at 10% relative humidity. This research provides valuable insights into the dimensional modulation of 2D perovskites for further enhancing the performance of 2D/3D perovskite PDs.

Identification of phenolic compounds from fermented Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplemented with Fuzhuan brick tea and their volatile composition and anti-obesity activity.

As a nutritious plant with valuable potential, the Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOL) leaf addition on Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) for the co-fermentation (MOL-FBT) was an industry innovation and a new route to make full use of MOL leaf. After optimization of the extraction conditions, the best conditions for the polyphenols extraction method from MOL-FBT (MFP) were 60°C for 40 min (1:80, V/W) using response surface methodology. A total of 30 phenolics were identified and quantified. Most of the polyphenols were increased after adding MOL leaf for co-fermentation compared to FBT polyphenols. In particular, caffeic acids were found only in MFP. Moreover, the MFP received high value in taste, aroma, and color. In total, 62 volatile flavor compounds, consisting of 3 acids, 5 alcohols, 15 aldehydes, 4 esters, 20 hydrocarbons, 10 ketones, and 5 others, were identified in MFP. In addition, MFP inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner and decreased lipid accumulation via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)/CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPα)/cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) axis and induced a brown adipocyte-like phenotype. In vivo experiments were further conducted to confirm the in vitro results. MFP regulated lipid accumulation, glucose/insulin tolerance, improved liver and kidney function, and inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by the PPARγ/CEBPα/CD36 axis and alleviated inflammation in high fat and high fructose diet-induced obese mice. In summary, MFP possesses high-quality properties and anti-obesity effects, as well as the great potential to be used as a novel functional food product.

Potential functionality of Cutibacterium acnes extracellular vesicles in atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris: A comparative proteomic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cutibacterium acnes is a commensal bacterium residing in healthy skin and plays a critical role in maintaining skin homeostasis. C. acnes has been considered closely related to acne vulgaris, while recent studies suggest that C. acnes and its metabolites may have a protective role in atopic dermatitis (AD) by modulating the immune system and maintaining skin homeostasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous vesicles secreted by bacteria that participate in bacteria-host interactions. METHODS: This study first compared C. acnes EVs from AD lesions (AD-EVs), acne lesions (Acne-EVs), and healthy skin (NC-EVs), using Label-free quantitative LC-MS/MS and validated differently expressed proteins by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Then Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK) and human primary keratinocytes (KC) were treated with C. acnes EVs isolated from different groups, and the expressions of inflammatory factors were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with the acne group, the AD group showed greater downregulation of proteins related to energy metabolism and carbon source utilization pathway. Differences in protein profile in AD and acne lesion-separated C. acnes EVs correspond to the abnormal sebum secretion pattern in both diseases. C. acnes EVs from different groups affected different expressions of Th1 and Th2 inflammatory factors and epidermal barrier markers in NHEK and KC, indicating different immunomodulatory potentials. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed distinct proteomic differences between AD-EVs and Acne-EVs, and provided insights into the functional differences of C. acnes EVs in AD and acne.

Mitigating heavy metal accumulation in tobacco: Strategies, mechanisms, and global initiatives.

The threat of heavy metal (HM) pollution looms large over plant growth and human health, with tobacco emerging as a highly vulnerable plant due to its exceptional absorption capacity. The widespread cultivation of tobacco intensifies these concerns, posing increased risks to human health as HMs become more pervasive in tobacco-growing soils globally. The absorption of these metals not only impedes tobacco growth and quality but also amplifies health hazards through smoking. Implementing proactive strategies to minimize HM absorption in tobacco is of paramount importance. Various approaches, encompassing chemical immobilization, transgenic modification, agronomic adjustments, and microbial interventions, have proven effective in curbing HM accumulation and mitigating associated adverse effects. However, a comprehensive review elucidating these control strategies and their mechanisms remains notably absent. This paper seeks to fill this void by examining the deleterious effects of HM exposure on tobacco plants and human health through tobacco consumption. Additionally, it provides a thorough exploration of the mechanisms responsible for reducing HM content in tobacco. The review consolidates and synthesizes recent domestic and international initiatives aimed at mitigating HM content in tobacco, delivering a comprehensive overview of their current status, benefits, and limitations.