Dental caries experience in a Hungarian police student population.

The aim of this study was to assess the caries experience of Hungarian police students and to evaluate its relationship with nutrition, oral hygiene habits, behavioural and social factors. This representative cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted in a dental office of the Miskolc Law Enforcement Secondary School in Hungary in 2008. Altogether 792 Hungarian police student volunteers (male/female ratio was 90.3/9.7%, age: 20.4 ± 1.3 years, mean ± SD) participated in the study. Caries experience was measured using World Health Organization criteria and a validated questionnaire was used to collect social and oral health behaviour data. The DMFT number was 10.3 ± 5.7 (mean ± SD). Significant relationships were found between the DMFT value and the education of fathers, frequency of dental attendance, and use of dental floss (p < 0.05). D and T components of caries prevalence showed significant relationships with the frequency of dental attendance, while from the components the FT value showed statistically significant relationships with the education of fathers and the MT component with the use of dental floss (p < 0.05). Based on the results of this survey, strategies aiming at effective caries-preventive programmes should be established in police student populations ensuring the official basic requirements on their health condition and suitability for subsequent service. The published information can be used as a base for new strategies, and allows the evaluation of the effects of a carefully planned and implemented health care system.

Unstimulated whole saliva flow rate in relation to sicca symptoms in Hungary.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of xerostomia and the related oral and extraoral dryness symptoms in Hungary, to evaluate the association of those symptoms with the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate, and to find correlation between the level of UWS flow rate and the oral health status of the questioned patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 600 patients between the age of 18 and 92 years, 265 male, 335 female, were selected in accordance with the current regional age and residence distribution scheme of the Hungarian Statistical Office. A questionnaire was designed to determine the subjective presence or absence of the sicca symptoms. UWS flow rate and the dental and periodontal status were determined. RESULTS: The percentages of subjective symptoms in the questioned subjects were oral dryness, 34%; reduced salivation, 11%; mucous saliva, 15%; dysphagia, 13%; glossopyrosis, 7%; dysphonia, 31%; dysgeusia, 9%; nasal dryness, 32%; ocular dryness, 21%; itching, 40% and xeroderma, 60%. Vaginal dryness was 14%, vaginal itching was 16% in the interviewed women. The grade of xerostomia, dysphagia, tiredness, and additionally the gingival bleeding index showed a negative correlation with the UWS flow rate. After all decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF-T) mean values, gingival bleeding index and plaque index were significantly higher in hyposalivators, compared with those who had normal flow rates CONCLUSION: This cross sectional study, representative of the Hungarian population, clearly shows that one-third of the adult population suffers from xerostomia. The clinical severity of the xerostomia demonstrated a strong relationship with the lower levels of UWS flow rate. Reduced levels of UWS flow rate in this study were also shown to be associated with dysphagia, fatigue, and increased DMF-T numbers. The data show that oral dryness, its associated desiccation symptoms and its clinical manifestations are significant health problems in Hungary.

Effect of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse on dental plaque accumulation and gingival health.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the influence of amine fluoride (AmF)/stannous fluoride (SnF2) containing toothpaste and mouthrinse on plaque accumulation and gingival health of young adults after 4 weeks use. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Forty-two young adults (mean age: 28.33 +/- 7.19 years) were examined for the Plaque Index (PI; Silness and Löe, 1964) and Gingival Index (GI; Löe and Silness, 1963) scores, and divided randomly into two groups. Both groups used AmF/SnF2 containing toothpaste twice a day for 3 min toothbrushing, and one group after toothbrushing rinsed with AmF/SnF2 containing mouthrinse for 30 s. After 4 weeks the probands were re-examined. RESULTS: Statistically significant decrease in dental plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) index values were found at the end of the study. The reduction of PI and GI values was significant in all groups but it was higher in the combined (toothpaste + mouthrinsing) group, than using toothpaste only. CONCLUSION: The regular combined use of AmF/SnF2 toothpaste and mouthrinse was more effective in the reduction of plaque accumulation and maintenance of gingival health than the toothpaste alone.

A comparison of the shaping characteristics of two nickel-titanium endodontic hand instruments.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping characteristics of Ni-Ti K-files and Ni-Ti S-files manipulated by hand. METHODOLOGY: A total of 60 extracted human roots were embedded in resin blocks. The embedded roots were divided into three groups: (i) roots with straight; (ii) apically curved; and (iii) continuously curved canals. Each of the three groups was randomly divided into two subgroups; one subgroup in each group was prepared with Ni-Ti K-files and the other with Ni-Ti S-files. The files were used with a step-back technique and enlarged so that the master apical file was size 30, and the canals were stepped back to size 40. The performance of the files was assessed by the superimposition of projected radiographs taken in bucco-lingual and mesio-distal directions before and after the preparation. The results were analysed statistically using analysis of covariance and Duncan's multiple range test. RESULTS: Although canal preparation using Ni-Ti K-files was quicker, there were no statistically significant differences between file types. The Ni-Ti S-file removed significantly more material at the most coronal level (P < 0.05). There were minor differences between instruments at the apical level. Only in the proximal view of apically curved canals prepared with Ni-Ti S-files was significantly more dentine removed from the outer aspect of the curvature (P < 0.05). At the middle level (wide danger zone) the Ni-Ti S-files removed more dentine from the inner aspect of the curvature in those roots with apically curved canals. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study, preparation with Ni-Ti K-files produced more appropriate shapes in roots with apically curved canals than Ni-Ti S-files.

[Cephalometric aspects of progressive systemic sclerosis--a case report]. / A Progresszív Szisztémás Sclerosis és kefalometriai vonatkozásai--egy eset kapcsán.

The Progressive Systemic Sclerosos (PSS) is an autoimmune disease which affects mainly the middle age groups and is manifested in the fibrosis of different internal organs. The disease is important for the dentist because of the restricted mouth opening leading to the difficulties in oral hygiene and the routine dental treatment. The oral involvement in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis has already been studied, and a few alteration and radiological changes were detected. However cephalometric analysis of this patient group has not been performed up to now. In our study the oral clinical and radiological signs of the disease has been described in a patient with PSS. Cephalometric analysis (according to Ricketts, modified and to Holdoway) has been used to show the radiological anomalies of her jaws and soft tissues. The most important data of the jaws were registered in changes of SNB and AB angles. In soft tissues the most important cephalometrical changes were in the perioral region probably because of the sclerosis. This method (cephalometric method) would be a new possibility to describe objectively the clinical signs (mainly the changes in soft tissues) of patients with PSS.

[Comparative epidemiologic examination of caries in adolescents]. / Osszehasonlító caries epidemiológiai vizsgálatok serdülókorú fiatalokban.

The aim of the study was to assess the caries prevalence and oral hygiene in groups of adolescents living in two Hungarian towns and to establish correlations with socio-economical factors. Examinations of caries and oral hygiene were performed in 586 14-16-year-old children. The percentage of caries free children was 5.1%, the DMFT and DMFS values were 6.97 +/- 4.67 and 9.95 +/- 7.94 respectively. The VPI index was 41.6 +/- 32.7% (mean +/- S.D.), and showed positive correlation with the caries prevalence. The DMFT and DMFS values, as well as VPI decreased as the educational level of the father had increased. The number of siblings had a worsening effect on DMFT, DMFS and VPI values.

[Comparative epidemiologic study of caries in German and Hungarian adolescents]. / Német és magyar serdülókorú fiatalok összehasonlító caries epidemiológiai vizsgálata.

The aim of the study was to assess the trend of caries prevalence in German and Hungarian population sample. The authors examined 15-16-year-old Hungarian adolescents in Debrecen and Budapest in 1997 (451 persons), then re-examined them in 1999 (377 persons). These data were compared to those of 15-16 and 17-18-year-old adolescents examined in the Eastern part of Germany (Plauen) in 1991 (668 persons) and in 1995 (586 persons). The results showed significant caries reduction in Germany. The DMFT values of 17-18-year-old adolescents were nearly half in Germany (x = 5.2) compared to those of Hungary (x = 9.0). This fact suggests the necessity of introduction of effective preventive programs including salt fluoridation in Hungary.

[Morphologic alterations of tooth crown in patients with Turner syndrome and its association with orthodontic anomalies]. / Fogmorfológiai eltérések Turner-szindrómában és összefüggésük orthodontiai anomáliákkal.

In females with numerical and/or structural aberration of the X chromosome as in Turner's syndrome, somatic development deviates from the normal pattern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the tooth crown dimensions, and report the size of the alveolar arch of the maxilla and the mandible of patients with Turner's syndrome. The study population consisted of 29 girls with Turner's syndrome and 30 healthy female controls. All mesiodistal dimensions were significantly smaller in Turner's syndrome compared with those of normal controls. The labiolingual dimensions were smaller in the patient group with the exception of the canines and the lower central incisors. The alveolar arch of the maxilla was narrower and of normal length, but the mandibular arch was shorter and broader. Orthodontic anomalies were found more frequent and serious of patients with Turner's syndrome. Our examination showed the importance of early diagnosis of oral anomalies as well as dental treatment of patients with Turner's syndrome.

[Correlations between the prevalence of caries and the microbiologic parameters of saliva in patients with Turner syndrome]. / A Turner-szindrómások cariológiai statusának és a nyál mikrobiológiai paraméterei közötti összefüggések.

The aim of our study was to investigate the associations between caries prevalence and microbiological composition and flow rate of saliva in patients with Turner's syndrome. The examined population consisted of 29 patients with Turner's syndrome and 30 healthy control girls. DMF-T means, stimulated salivary flow, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts in saliva were determined. Stimulated salivary flow was significantly higher in the patients group. Caries prevalence was found significantly lower in patients with Turner's syndrome, which finding may have been caused by the significantly lower counts of salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Statistically significant correlation was found between DMF-T mean values and salivary microbiological counts.

Oral manifestations of patients with Turner syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to conduct a complete analysis of orofacial abnormalities of patients with Turner syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty nine patients with Turner syndrome and 30 without Turner syndrome (control group) were studied. The subjects were screened for cariological and periodontal alterations, orthodontic anomalies, tooth crown morphologic condition, alveolar arch dimensions, and temporomandibular joint function. RESULTS: Significantly lower mean values for decayed, missing, and filled teeth were found for patients with Turner syndrome as compared with the control group. Plaque and gingival indices were significantly higher in the study group. Orthodontic anomalies were more frequent and severe in patients with Turner syndrome. Our investigation showed reduced tooth crown size in the study group. The alveolar arch of the maxilla was narrower and of normal length, but the mandibular arch was shorter and broader. There was no significant alteration in temporomandibular joint function in the 2 examined groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our examination showed the importance of early diagnosis of oral anomalies and timely treatment of dental problems for patients with Turner syndrome.

[Cephalometric analysis in patients with Turner syndrome]. / Turner-szindrómás betegek kefalometriai analízise.

The aim of the study is to assess the cephalometric values of patients with Turner syndrome and to compare them to those of healthy patients in order to determine the severity of orthodontic anomalies and the possibilities of treatment. For our work the modified Ricketts analysis was used. Significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the B1, B2, P, AB ii angles and in relations of C:R. Early stomatologic treatment seems to be very important in this patient's group to prevent dental, periodontal and temporomandibular disorders.

[Orthodontic anomalies in adolescents]. / Fogazati rendellenességek gyakorisága serdülökorban.

An epidemiological survey of 483 adolescents had bean carried out in Budapest and Debrecen to assess the prevalence of malocclusion. The authors used the WHO's questionnaire "Dentofacial anomalies". Normocclusion was seen in 52.8% adolescents, Angle Class I. malocclusion in 23.2% and 25.9% had Angles Class II/1. Spacing of the upper segments was observed in 10.4%, while spacing of the lower segments was seen in 2.9%. Crowding of these segments occurred in 14.3%. Deep bite was found to occur in 26.1% of the patients. Statistically significant correlations were found between crowding and DMFT, DMFS mean values and frequency of dental plaque.

Effect of chlorhexidine varnish on bacterial levels in plaque and saliva during orthodontic treatment.

The plaque-retentive effects of fixed orthodontic appliances may induce a rapid increase in the amount of plaque. The aim of the present study was to conduct a longitudinal clinical investigation on the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine-containing Cervitec varnish during orthodontic treatment. Twenty-four subjects (9 male, 15 female), aged 16.5 +/- 2.5 years, participated in the study. At baseline, the subjects' DMF-S scores, stimulated salivary flow rates (ml/min) and levels of salivary Streptococcus mutans (SM) and lactobacilli (LB) were determined using Dentocult SM strip and Dentocult LB methods. After placing the orthodontic appliances, the subjects were treated with Cervitec or a placebo varnish around the bands and brackets. The chlorhexidine varnish was applied randomly in the first or second quadrant, and placebo varnish in the opposite quadrant, according to the split-mouth technique. The varnish application was repeated every 3 months to the same sites. Follow-up samples of saliva and plaque from around brackets and bands were collected at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Plaque SM and salivary SM, as well as LB counts were determined as at baseline. The results showed that a significantly higher proportion of plaque samples belonged to the low-risk category (SM count10(5) CFU/ml) on the test side than on the placebo side. Distribution of salivary samples between the low-risk and high-risk categories (based on SM and LB counts) did not change significantly until the end of the follow-up period. The number of new carious lesions after debonding the fixed orthodontic appliance was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the Cervitec-treated quadrant compared to the placebo varnish-treated quadrant. The results show that the chlorhexidine-containing varnish effectively reduced the number of SM in dental plaque around fixed orthodontic appliances.

Quantitative analysis of catecholamines in human dental pulp.

Catecholamines are important elements of neuroendocrine regulation, and their concentrations in dental pulp are of interest. Two groups of teeth were used in this study: (i) healthy teeth and (ii) periodontally diseased teeth. After the processing of dental pulp obtained from the extracted teeth, the samples were analyzed in a computer-controlled Merck-Hitachi HPLC system at 280 nm wavelength. The external and internal standard methods of the HPLC Manager Program were used for validation. In healthy teeth the norepinephrine level of dental pulp was 4.86 +/- 0.96 micrograms/g, whereas the epinephrine level was 8.1 +/- 1.18 micrograms/g. In periodontally diseased teeth norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were significantly higher (p < 0.01) at 13.98 +/- 21.13 micrograms/g and 1.42 +/- 0.32 micrograms/g, respectively. Dopamine could not be demonstrated in 87% of the pulps. Summing up we succeeded in demonstrating norepinephrine and epinephrine in human pulp, but in most cases we could not demonstrate dopamine. Further investigations are needed on pulp tissue infected because of caries.

Associations between microbiological and salivary caries activity tests and caries experience in Hungarian adolescents.

The aim of the study was to assess caries prevalence in connection with salivary caries-related findings in 349 14- to 16-year-old Hungarian adolescents living in two different cities. DMFT, DMFS means, stimulated salivary flow, buffer capacity, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and candida counts in saliva were determined. The ratio of caries-free adolescents was 4.6% in the total population sample, DMFT mean values were 7.24+/-4.86, DMFS means 10.50+/-8.35. Mean secretion rate of stimulated saliva was 0. 84+/-0.50; a low buffer capacity was found in 6.3% of the examined children. The ratio of carriers of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and yeasts in saliva was 89.7, 73.9 and 47.7%, respectively. DMFT and DMFS values as well as mutans streptococci and candida counts were lower in the capital than in the other city. Statistically significant correlations were found between DMFT, DMFS mean values, and salivary microbiological counts.

[Relationship between dental status and salivary microbiology in adolescents]. / Serdülökorúak fogazati állapotának és a nyál mikrobiológiai vizsgálati eredményeinek összefüggései.

The authors studied caries prevalence in connection with salivary caries related findings, in 349, 14-16 years old Hungarian adolescents, living in two different cities. DMF.T, DMF-S means, stimulated salivary flow, buffer capacity, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans counts in saliva were determined. The ratio of cariesfrre adolescents was 4.6% in the total population sample, DMF-T mean values were 7.24 +/- 4.86, DMF-S means 10.50 +/- 8.35. Mean secretion rate of stimulated saliva was 0.84 +/- 0.50, a low buffer capacity was found in 6.3% of the examined children. Ratio of carriers of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli and yeasts in saliva was 89.7%, 73.9% and 47.7% respectively. DMF-T and DMF-S values, as well as S. mutans counts were lower in the capital than in the other city. Statistically significant correlations were found between DMF-S, DMF mean values and salivary microbiological counts.

[Stomatologic implications of Turner syndrome II. Orthodontic disorders and some characteristics of the temporomandibular joint]. / A Turner-szindróma stomatológiai vonatkozásai II. Orthodontiai rendellenességek és a temporomandibularis ízület néhány jellemzöje.

Turner syndrome is a disease belonging to the group of chromosome disorders, which affect sexual chromosomes. The present study aims at analysing and describing orthodontic and TMI joint disorders in patients with Turner's syndrome, and comparing the results with those healthy controls. Data of 24 patients with Turner's syndrome as well as 24 healthy controls were collected and analysed. No significant alteration in TMI was found in any of the two groups. Both groups presented orthodontic anomalies, however, crowding was the most common anomaly in the control group, whereas in the case of patients with Turner's syndrome, other anomalies (protrusion, open bite, cross bite) could also be found more frequently.

[Stomatologic implications of Turner syndrome. I. Dental caries and periodontal status]. / A Turner-szindróma stomatológiai vonatkozásai. I. Cariologiai és parodontológiai status.

Turner's syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality with additional deficiency in gonadal and adrenocorticotropic secretions. The most frequent oral findings are: high palatal vault and hypoplastic mandible. The aim of the present study was to investigate the caries prevalence and periodontal condition of patients with Turner's syndrome. The study population consisted of 24 patients with Turner's syndrome and 24 healthy control girls. Mean age were 24.5 years in both groups. Significantly lower DMF-T mean values were found in patients with Turner's syndrome compared with the healthy controls. From among the investigated periodontal parameters probing depth showed no difference between the two groups, but gingival index and plaque index were significantly higher in patients with Turner's syndrome.

[Cariologic and periodontal screening of children aged 7, 12 and 14 years in the city of Debrecen. II. Periodontal status and need for treatment]. / Cariológiai és parodontológiai szürövizsgálatok 7, 12 és 14 éves gyermekeknél Debrecenben. II. Parodontológiai status és a kezelés szükségessége.

The aim of present survey was to gain epidemiological data on periodontal condition of 7, 12 and 14 yrs old (40 children in 7, 92 children in 12 and 84 children in 14 yrs old groups) schoolchildren as assessed by the CPITN. The peridontal health of children proved to be very poor. Only 33.3% of 7 yrs old, 20.9% of 12 yrs and 13.1% of 14 yrs old children showed healthy gingiva. Bleeding on probing was observed in 66.7% of 7 yrs old group, in 19.8% of 12 and in 16.7% of 14 yrs old groups. The calculus prevalence was 0.0% of 7 yrs old children, 56.0% in 12 and 44.7% in 14 yrs old groups. Oral hygiene instruction was needed by 66.7% of 7, 79.1% of 12 and 86.9% of 14 yrs old children. Scaling was necessary in 11.1% of 7, 59.3% of 12 and 70.2% of 14 yrs old groups. Complex treatment was needed in none of the groups examined.