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Background and Aim: Small ruminants require vaccines to prevent and manage diseases. Unfortunately, no studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of small ruminant farmers (SRF) regarding vaccine use against infectious diseases, affecting the success of vaccination campaigns. The present study aims to assess SRF's KAP regarding vaccines, revealing gaps and barriers to efficient vaccination. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twenty-eight SRF in northern Bangladesh were surveyed in a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from random participants through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. KAP levels were categorized as "good" or "poor" and "positive" or "negative" using a scoring method with a 60% cutoff. The analysis comprised the utilization of descriptive statistics as well as logistic regression models. Results: Results showed that most participants were female (60.5%), aged 31-40 (34.2%), with secondary education (28.1%), and vaccination training (22.8%). While 75% knew about vaccines, only 37.3% understood their role in preventing infectious diseases, and 63.6% in reducing antibiotic use 68.4% of farmers were aware of negative drawbacks, and 61.8% reported vaccinating their herds. About 42.1% of the farmers had good knowledge, 52.6% had a positive attitude, and 22.8% followed good practices. Female farmers with graduate degrees and 6-10 years of goat farming experience, but not those with vaccination training, demonstrated stronger knowledge. Female farmers with a graduate degree and 6-10 years of goat farming experience displayed positive attitudes. Female goat farmers from Thakurgaon had a higher likelihood of following good vaccination practices than those with vaccination training. Conclusion: The study unearths disparities in KAP scores among farmers. To effectively address KAP gaps concerning vaccine usage and prevent potential infectious diseases, it is essential to design focused educational and training programs. About 52.6% of SRF hold a positive view toward vaccines.
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Pharmaceutical contamination poses a significant threat to global health. Due to their high solubility in water, antibiotics are difficult to remove. This study produced and used sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) to adsorb sparfloxacin from aquatic environments. UV-Visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), XPS, SEM, TEM, EDX, particle size, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and acid-base titration were used to characterize synthesized SGO particles. The BET technique determined SGO's surface area (32.25 m2/g). The calculated pHPZC of SGO was 2.5. Sparfloxacin adsorption onto SGO was analyzed using adsorption duration, medium pH, adsorbent dosages, antibiotic concentration, cations, and solution temperature. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model better described experimental kinetic data than the pseudo-first-order and Elovich models. Equilibrium isotherm data supported the Langmuir model, revealing a peak absorption capacity of 1428.57 µmol/g at 25 °C. The kinetic and isotherm models' applicability was assessed using error analysis. A thermodynamic analysis revealed an endothermic, spontaneous adsorption process with a change in entropy (ΔS) of 114.15 J/mol K and enthalpy (ΔH) of 8.44 kJ/mol. A regeneration analysis showed that SGO adsorption efficiency topped 86.4 % after five cycles.
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A well-known putative tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (Wwox) is highly expressed in hormonally regulated tissues and is considered important for the normal development and function of reproductive organs. In this study, we investigated the cellular and subcellular localization of Wwox in normal testes during postnatal days 0-70 using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Wwox is expressed in testes at all ages. Immunohistochemistry showed that fetal-type and adult-type Leydig cells, immature and mature Sertoli cells, and germ cells (from gonocytes to step 17 spermatids) expressed Wwox except peritubular myoid cells, step 18-19 spermatids, and mature sperm. Wwox localized diffusely in the cytoplasm with focal intense signals in all testicular cells. These signals gradually condensed in germ cells with their differentiation and colocalized with giantin for cis-Golgi marker and partially with golgin-97 for trans-Golgi marker. Biochemically, Wwox was detected in isolated Golgi-enriched fractions. But Wwox was undetectable in the nucleus. This subcellular localization pattern of Wwox was also confirmed in single-cell suspension. These findings indicate that Wwox is functional in most cell types of testis and might locate into Golgi apparatus via interaction with Golgi proteins. These unique localizations might be related to the function of Wwox in testicular development and spermatogenesis.
