Structure-Activity Relationship of Substituted Pyrazoline Derivatives as Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target certain cell signalling pathways, and have become a promising class of medications for the treatment of cancer in recent years. Because of their distinct structure and adaptable chemistry, pyrazolines have drawn a lot of interest from organic and medicinal chemists. Their exceptional TKI activity has prompted them to investigate chemotherapy for cancer. OBJECTIVE: We aim to develop agents that inhibit tyrosine kinases highly effective with the least amount of harm possible, perhaps improving the course of cancer treatment. METHODS: This review compiled current information from recent literature sources, includ-ing in vitro, in vivo, approved medications, active clinical trials, and the structure-activity relationships (SAR) linked to various pyrazoline analogues used as small-molecule Tyro-sine Kinase Inhibitors in cancer treatment. RESULTS: This study focuses on SAR inside the pyrazoline ring and its derivatives as TKIs, and it emphasizes current developments, including patents, authorized medications, and compounds in clinical trials. CONCLUSION: By enhancing our understanding of these compounds, our goal is to aid in making the roles of pharmacologists, scientists, and researchers who are designing and developing next-generation anticancer drugs with pyrazoline scaffolds easier. The future holds immense potential for the continued evolution of pyrazoline-based therapies, offer-ing renewed hope in the ongoing battle against cancer.

Hydrocarbon stapled temporin-L analogue as potential antibacterial and antiendotoxin agents with enhanced protease stability.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global concern and a huge burden on the healthcare system. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered as a solution of AMR due to their membrane-lytic and intracellular mode of action and therefore resistance development against AMPs is less frequent. One such AMPs, temporin-L (TL) is a 13-mer peptide reported as a potent and broad-spectrum antibacterial agent with significant immunomodulatory activity. However, TL is toxic to human erythrocytes at their antibacterial concentrations and therefore various analogues were synthesized with potent antimicrobial activity and lower hemolytic activity. In this work, we have selected a non-toxic engineered analogue of TL (eTL) and performed hydrocarbon stapling of amino acid residues at i to i + 4 positions at different part of sequence. The synthesized peptides were investigated against both the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as methicillin resistant S. aureus, its MIC was measured in the concentrations range of 0.9-15.2 µM. All analogues were found equal or better antibacterial as compared to parent peptide. Interestingly one analogue eTL [5-9] was found to be non-cytotoxic and stable in presence of the human serum. Mode of action studies revealed membrane depolarizing and disruptive mode of action with live MRSA. Further in vivo studies of antimicrobial against MRSA infection and anti-endotoxin activities in mice model revealed potential activity of the stapled peptide analogue. Overall, this reports on stapled analogue of the AMPs highlights an important strategy for the development of new antibacterial therapeutics against AMR.

Significant destabilization of human telomeric G-quadruplex upon peptide binding: dramatic effect of flanking bases.

Human telomere is composed of highly repeated hexanucleotide sequence TTAGGG and a 3' single-stranded DNA tail. Many telomere G4 topologies characterized at atomic level by X-ray crystallography and NMR studies. Until now, various small ligands developed to interact with G-quadruplex mainly to stabilize the structure and least is known for its destabilization. In this study, we provide the first evidence of human telomeric G4 destabilization upon peptide binding in dilute and cell-mimicking molecular crowing conditions due to the changes in flanking bases of human telomeric sequences. Hence, our findings will open the new ways to target diseases related with increasing the efficiency of DNA replication, transcription or duplex reannealing.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Recognition and unfolding of human telomeric G-quadruplex by short peptide binding identified from the HRDC domain of BLM helicase.

Research in recent decades has revealed that the guanine (G)-quadruplex secondary structure in DNA modulates a variety of cellular events that are mostly related to serious diseases. Systems capable of regulating DNA G-quadruplex structures would therefore be useful for the modulation of various cellular events to produce biological effects. A high specificity for recognition of telomeric G-quadruplex has been observed for BLM helicase. We identified peptides from the HRDC domain of BLM using a molecular docking approach with various available solutions and crystal structures of human telomeres and recently created a peptide library. Herein, we tested one peptide (BLM HRDC peptide) from the library and examined its interaction with human telomeric variant-1 (HTPu-var-1) to understand the basis of G4-protein interactions. Our circular dichroism (CD) data showed that HTPu-var-1 folded into an anti-parallel G-quadruplex, and the CD intensity significantly decreased upon increasing the peptide concentration. There was a significant decrease in hypochromicity due to the formation of G-quadruplex-peptide complex at 295 nm, which indicated the unfolding of structure due to the decrease in stacking interactions. The fluorescence data showed quenching upon titrating the peptide with HTPu-var-1-G4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the unfolding of the G4 structure. Cell viability was significantly reduced in the presence of the BLM peptide, with IC50 values of 10.71 µM and 11.83 µM after 72 and 96 hours, respectively. These results confirmed that the selected peptide has the ability to bind to human telomeric G-quadruplex and unfold it. This is the first report in which a peptide was identified from the HRDC domain of the BLM G4-binding protein for the exploration of the G4-binding motif, which suggests a novel strategy to target G4 using natural key peptide segments.