The Discovery of Novel Antimicrobial Agents through the Application of Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions.

Multicomponent reactions (MCR) have been used to synthesize a wide range of analogs from several classes of heterocyclic compounds, with multifaceted medicinal uses. The synthesis of highly functionalized molecules in a single pot is a unique property of MCR, allowing researchers to quickly assemble libraries of compounds of biological interest and uncover novel leads as possible therapeutic agents. Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions have proven to be extremely effective at swiftly specifying members of compound libraries, particularly in the discovery of drugs. The understanding of structure-activity correlations that drive the development of new goods and technology requires structural variety in these libraries. In today's world, antibiotic resistance is a major ongoing problem that poses risks to public health. The implementation of isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions upholds a significant potential in this regard. By utilizing such reactions, new antimicrobial compounds can be discovered and subsequently used to fight against such concerns. This study discusses the recent developments in antimicrobial medication discovery using isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs). Furthermore, the article emphasizes the potential of IMCRs (Isocyanide-based multicomponent based reactions) in the near future.

A Systematic Review of Personalized Health Applications through Human-Computer Interactions (HCI) on Cardiovascular Health Optimization.

Introduction: Currently, the deployment of human-computer interactive technologies to provide personalized care has grown and immensely taken shape in most healthcare settings. With the increasing growth of the internet and technology, personalized health interventions including smartphones, associated apps, and other interventions demonstrate prowess in various health fields, including cardiovascular management. This systematic review thus examines the effectiveness of various human-computer interactions technologies through telehealth (mainly eHealth) towards optimizing the outcomes in cardiovascular treatment. Methods: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases using key terms was conducted from 2000 to November 2021 to identify suitable studies that explored the use of human-computer interaction technologies to provide a personalized care approach to facilitate bolstered outcomes for cardiovascular patients, including the elderly. The included studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias, and the authors undertook a data extraction task. Results: Ten studies describing the use of a mix of personalized health app (mHealth) interventions were identified and included in the study. Among the included studies, nine of them were randomized trials. All of the studies demonstrated the effectiveness of various personalized health interventions in maximizing the benefits of cardiovascular disease treatment. Conclusions: Personalized health application interventions through precision medicine has great potential to boost cardiovascular disease management outcomes, including rehabilitation. Fundamentally, since each intervention's focus might differ based on the disease and outcome preference, it is recommended that more research be done to tailor the interventions to specific disease and patient outcome expectations.

Heat shock proteins with an emphasis on HSP 60.

Heat shock phenomenon is a process by which cells express a set of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs) against heat stress. HSPs include several families depending upon the molecular weight of the respective protein. Among the different HSPs, The HSP60 is one of the main components representing the framework of chaperone system. HSP60 plays a myriad number of roles like chaperoning, thermotolerance, apoptosis, cancer, immunology and embryonic development. In this review we discussed briefly the general knowledge and focussed on HSP60 in terms of structure, regulation and function in various physiological and pathological conditions.

Obstructive sleep apnea in Type 2 diabetes and impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on glycemic control.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two interacting epidemics both with high prevalence and morbidity. Both epidemiologic and clinical studies suggest that the majority of patients with T2DM also have OSA and untreated OSA in these patients results in poor glycemic control leading to acceleration of diabetes-related complications. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and severity of OSA in T2DM patients and to assess the impact of OSA treatment on presenting symptoms and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). METHODS: We performed polysomnography (PSG) studies and measured HbA1c in 62 consecutive patients with T2DM that were referred from various subspecialty clinics from July 2011 to August 2013. RESULTS: In our 62 diabetic patients, 59 (95.2%) had abnormal PSG. Based on Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) score, 3 (5.1%) patients had mild, 28 (47.5%) had moderate, and 28 (47.5%) had severe OSA. The mean AHI of diabetic patients was significantly more than nondiabetic patients, i.e., 25.7 versus 19.7 (P = 0.001). Variables that significantly correlated with the presence of OSA include age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (P < 0.05); however, on logistic regression only BMI, hypertension, and nocturia correlated with OSA. Overall, 59% of diabetic patients showed improvement in their glycemic control as measured by HbA1c with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Significant, moderate, and mild categories of treatment response were respectively observed in 7%, 20%, and 32% of patients. CONCLUSION: Treatment of OSA with CPAP reduces HbA1c in a significant number of diabetics.

First reported case of reactive airway dysfunction syndrome in a laborer due to porcelain tile dust.

Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS) is a type of non-immunologically mediated asthma-like disease. It usually occurs after a massive exposure to an irritating substance in the atmosphere in the form of smoke, fumes, gases, and vapor. Unlike bronchial asthma, there is no latency to the symptoms seen in RADS. A number of agents are known to cause RADS, but tile dust, as an etiological agent, has not been previously reported. We report a 45-year-old male laborer, who presented with an acute onset of cough, chest tightness, breathlessness, and audible wheeze after his first time exposure to porcelain tile dust within 5 hours of exposure. Lab tests, including, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, air blood gas analysis, and serum IgE, were unremarkable. Spirometry showed a mild obstruction [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)=72% of predicted], while the bronchodilator reversibility test was significant(14% increase in FEV1 above the baseline).Bronchial biopsy revealed a chronic inflammatory reaction with lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration and more importantly a striking absence of eosinophils. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of RADS as a result of exposure to tile dust (porcelain ceramics).

Anticholinergic premedication for flexible bronchoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atropine and glycopyrrolate.

BACKGROUND: Anticholinergic premedication is commonly used during flexible bronchoscopy, although the benefits are unproven and potential risks exist. METHODS: We studied 1,000 patients undergoing diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy to investigate the efficacy and safety of atropine and glycopyrrolate. Patients received atropine (0.01 mg/kg; n = 339), glycopyrrolate (0.005 mg/kg; n = 336), or placebo (2 mL of normal saline solution; n = 325) IM before bronchoscopy in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Bronchoscopist- and patient-reported secretions, cough and patient discomfort, oxygen desaturation, procedure time, and procedure-related adverse events were compared among the groups. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, glycopyrrolate (p = 0.02), but not atropine (p = 0.064), was associated with reduced bronchoscopist-reported airway secretions. Neither drug was independently associated with patient-reported airway secretions or with bronchoscopist- or patient-reported cough or discomfort. Neither drug was independently associated with oxygen desaturation. Atropine was associated with a longer procedure time (p = 0.042). Rise in heart rate and BP was significantly greater with anticholinergics, particularly atropine, compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Anticholinergic premedication may reduce airway secretions during flexible bronchoscopy but is not associated with any significant reduction in cough, patient discomfort, oxygen desaturation, or procedure time and is associated with greater hemodynamic fluctuations. Routine anticholinergic premedication may be unnecessary or even harmful during flexible bronchoscopy.