RESUMEN
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression primarily at the post-transcriptional levels. It is now well established that miRNAs are crucial regulators of many developmental and physiological processes, including reproduction. In teleosts, expression profiling studies have shown that miRNAs are expressed in the fish ovary and their levels are regulated during follicle development and by hormones. Using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene knockout strategies, several recent studies have provided strong evidence that miR-202 and miR-200s on chromosome 23 play critical roles in regulating ovarian development, oogenesis, and ovulation. In this mini review, we provide a brief overview of canonical miRNA biogenesis and functions; summarize miRNAs that are expressed in fish ovary; and discuss the emerging role of miRNAs in regulating fish ovarian functions.
Asunto(s)
Peces , MicroARNs , Ovario , Animales , Femenino , Peces/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Oogénesis/genética , Ovario/metabolismo , OvulaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of infectious endophthalmitis with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection, and to evaluate institutional procedure protocol in this regard. METHODS: The retrospective consecutive case series was conducted at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from August 2018 to January 2019, and comprised 5-year data from August 2014 to July 2019 related to patients who underwent intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. RESULTS: Of the 7,542 injections administered to 2,734 patients, 5,976(79.2%) were bevacizumab, 1,081(14.3%) ranibizumab and 485(6.4%) aflibercept. There was 1(0.01%) case of infectious endophthalmitis which was treated with 25 gauge pars plana vitrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The institutional procedure protocol was found to be effective as the rate of infectious endophthalmitis was lower than what is reported in literature.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis , Endoftalmitis , Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Bevacizumab/uso terapéutico , Endoftalmitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Endoftalmitis/epidemiología , Endoftalmitis/etiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Inyecciones Intravítreas , Pakistán/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Nodal, a member of the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) superfamily, plays critical roles during embryo development. Several studies suggest that Nodal also regulates reproduction. The objective of this study was to investigate if Nodal is expressed in zebrafish ovary and if it is involved in the regulation of ovarian functions. Using real-time PCR, we detected two Nodal homologs, nodal-related (ndr)1, and ndr2 in zebrafish ovarian follicles. We further compared the mRNA levels of ndr1, ndr2, and their receptors between maturational incompetent early vitellogenic follicles (stage IIIa) and mid- to late-vitellogenic follicles (stage IIIb) which are capable of undergoing maturation when they are induced by hormones. We found that mRNAs for ndr1 and ndr2, as well as a type I receptor, acvr1ba, were significantly increased in follicular cells isolated from stage IIIb follicles. In primary cultures of ovarian follicular cells, treatment with recombinant human Nodal inhibited cell proliferation. On the other hand, Nodal increased the mRNA levels of two steroidogenic enzymes hsd3b2 and cyp17a1, as well as paqr8, which encodes the membrane progestin receptor-ß (mPR-ß). Conversely, knockdown of ndr1 and ndr2 using siRNAs decreased the mRNA levels of hsd3b2, cyp17a1, and paqr8. Finally, treatment of Nodal significantly induced oocyte maturation. Taken together, these findings suggest that Nodal exerts multiple effects on zebrafish ovary to regulate follicle growth, steroidogenesis, and oocyte maturation.
