Bangladeshi crops leaf disease detection using YOLOv8.

The agricultural sector in Bangladesh is a cornerstone of the nation's economy, with key crops such as rice, corn, wheat, potato, and tomato playing vital roles. However, these crops are highly vulnerable to various leaf diseases, which pose significant threats to crop yields and food security if not promptly addressed. Consequently, there is an urgent need for an automated system that can accurately identify and categorize leaf diseases, enabling early intervention and management. This study explores the efficacy of the latest state-of-the-art object detection model, YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once), in surpassing previous models for the automated detection and categorization of leaf diseases in these five major crops. By leveraging modern computer vision techniques, the goal is to enhance the efficiency of disease detection and management. A dataset comprising 19 classes, each with 150 images, totaling 2850 images, was meticulously curated and annotated for training and evaluation. The YOLOv8 framework, known for its capability to detect multiple objects simultaneously, was employed to train a deep neural network. The system's performance was evaluated using standard metrics such as mean Average Precision (mAP) and F1 score. The findings demonstrate that the YOLOv8 framework successfully identifies leaf diseases, achieving a high mAP of 98% and an F1 score of 97%. These results underscore the significant potential of this approach to enhance crop disease management, thereby improving food security and promoting agricultural sustainability in Bangladesh.

Association between antibiotic usage during infancy and asthma incidence among children: a population-level ecological study in British Columbia, Canada.

Background: This study follows published associations in BC to 2014 (updated in 2019) to model the predicted incidence of asthma in BC children attributable to antibiotic use within the context of reduced antibiotic use and increased breastfeeding in BC infants from 2000 to 2019. Methods: A population-based ecological study was conducted in BC from 2000 to 2019, using outpatient antibiotic prescription data from BC PharmaNet and asthma diagnoses from the Chronic Disease Registry. Breastfeeding estimates were calculated using the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Population attributable risk (PAR) was calculated using a blended relative risk (RR) of asthma in antibiotic-exposed children who were and were not breastfed. PAR was used to calculate predicted vs. actual asthma incidence in 2019. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the association between the average antibiotic prescription rate in infants under 1 and asthma incidence in 1-4 year olds, stratified by periods between 2000-2014 and 2015-2019. Results: In BC, antibiotic prescribing decreased by 77% in infants under 1 and asthma incidence decreased by 41% in children 1-4 years from 2000 to 2019. BC breastfeeding rates increased from 46% in the 2005 CCHS to 71% in the 2017/18 CCHS. After calculating the PAR using a blended RR, the predicted asthma incidence in 2019 was 18.8/1,000 population. This was comparable to the observed asthma incidence in children 1-4 years of 16.6/1,000 population in 2019. During 2000-2014, adjusted incidence risk ratio (aIRR) for children under Quintile 5 of average antibiotic prescribing was 1.75 (95% CI: 1.63-1.88, P < 0.0001) times higher than that for Quintile 1. However, between 2015 and 2019, this association weakened (as expected because of increasing prevalence of breastfeeding), with the expected asthma incidence for Quintile 5 only 11% (aIRR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.78-1.57) higher than for Quintile 1. Conclusion: We identified that over the past 20 years, antibiotic exposure in infants under 1 and asthma incidence in children 1-4 years has decreased significantly. Decreasing antibiotic exposure and increasing breastfeeding (which further mitigates risk associated with antibiotics) are of sufficient scale to explain much of this population trend. Changes in environmental, social and other exposures remain relevant to this complicated etiological pathway.

Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Shirakiopsis Indica (Willd). Fruit Extract: A Mangrove Species in the Field of Inflammation Research.

Background: Shirakiopsis indica (Willd)., commonly known as Sa-Mor-Ta-Lay in Thailand, is a mangrove plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. As mangrove plants' medicinal potentials are less explored, this study sought to qualitatively and quantitatively verify the bioactive components of Shirakiopsis indica fruits methanolic extract (SIF-ME) at the side of its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects followed by in-silico studies. Methods: The in-vivo assessments of analgesic activity involved the hot plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and formalin-induced licking test. The anti-inflammatory efficacy was assessed through the human RBC membrane stabilization assay (HRBC), protein denaturation assay, and xylene-induced ear edema methods. Antioxidant potential was implemented by the DPPH scavenging method. Results: The SIF-ME consistently displayed significant anti-nociceptive activity in a dose-dependent pattern (p < 0.05). The maximum analgesic activity was found in the highest dose (200 mg/kg; p < 0.001) in a hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing test 43.47%, and in formalin-induced licking test in both early phase (43.3%; p < 0.01) and late phase (61.84%; p < 0.001%). The extract provided optimal protection against hemolysis (83.41% decrease) at 1000 µg/mL and significantly inhibited protein denaturation (67.34-26.05%) at doses of 1000-62.5 µg/mL. At 200 mg/kg, the extract showed dose-dependent and substantial inhibition (54.07%; p < 0.01) of xylene-induced ear edema. The in-vitro DPPH (IC50 = 469.5 µg/mL) results showed remarkable scavenging activity and concentration-dependent reducing power. The extract demonstrates no acute oral toxicity, as indicated by an LD50 value exceeding 1000 mg/kg body weight. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis was performed which yielded sixty bioactive compounds. In-silico and molecular docking studies revealed favorable pharmacological properties, including good binding affinities and ADME/T profiles. Conclusion: These results support the medicinal use of the plant, which makes it a potential source of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant candidates.

VUStruct: a compute pipeline for high throughput and personalized structural biology.

Effective diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic disorders requires the interpretation of a patient's genetic variants of unknown significance (VUSs). Today, clinical decision-making is primarily guided by gene-phenotype association databases and DNA-based scoring methods. Our web-accessible variant analysis pipeline, VUStruct, supplements these established approaches by deeply analyzing the downstream molecular impact of variation in context of 3D protein structure. VUStruct's growing impact is fueled by the co-proliferation of protein 3D structural models, gene sequencing, compute power, and artificial intelligence. Contextualizing VUSs in protein 3D structural models also illuminates longitudinal genomics studies and biochemical bench research focused on VUS, and we created VUStruct for clinicians and researchers alike. We now introduce VUStruct to the broad scientific community as a mature, web-facing, extensible, High Performance Computing (HPC) software pipeline. VUStruct maps missense variants onto automatically selected protein structures and launches a broad range of analyses. These include energy-based assessments of protein folding and stability, pathogenicity prediction through spatial clustering analysis, and machine learning (ML) predictors of binding surface disruptions and nearby post-translational modification sites. The pipeline also considers the entire input set of VUS and identifies genes potentially involved in digenic disease. VUStruct's utility in clinical rare disease genome interpretation has been demonstrated through its analysis of over 175 Undiagnosed Disease Network (UDN) Patient cases. VUStruct-leveraged hypotheses have often informed clinicians in their consideration of additional patient testing, and we report here details from two cases where VUStruct was key to their solution. We also note successes with academic research collaborators, for whom VUStruct has informed research directions in both computational genomics and wet lab studies.

Workstation Risk Factors for Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among IT Professionals in Indonesia.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify workstation factors influencing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among information technology (IT) professionals in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 IT workers at small-enterprise companies who were randomly selected across East Java, Indonesia. The data were modeled using multiple linear regression, with a 95% level of confidence for determining statistical significance. Results: The respondents reported that the neck had the highest level of discomfort and was the most at risk of WMSDs, followed by the lower back, right shoulder, and upper back. Screen use duration (p=0.040) was associated with whole-body WMSDs, along with seat width (p=0.059), armrest (p=0.027), monitor (p=0.046), and a combined telephone and monitor score (p=0.028). Meanwhile, the factors significantly related to the risk of WMSDs in the hands and wrist were working period (p=0.039), night shift (p=0.024), backrest (p=0.008), and mouse score (p=0.032). Conclusions: Occupational safety authorities, standards-setting departments, and policymakers should prioritize addressing the risk factors for WMSDs among IT professionals.

Unveiling the Therapeutic Potentials of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Flower against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Depressive Disorders: GC-MS/MS, In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Approaches.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a highly invasive aquatic weed native to the Amazonia basin, known for its rapid propagation, adaptability and utilization in traditional medicine. The study aims to unveil the therapeutic potential of water hyacinth flowers methanolic extract (EC-CME) and its four kupchan fractions (EC-PESF, EC-DCMSF, EC-EASF, EC-ASF) through diversified chemical-pharmacological approaches. GC-MS/MS of EC-CME uncovered a rich tapestry of 72 phytochemical components. In vitro DPPH scavenging assay and total phenolic content determination assay deciphered promising antioxidant assays with remarkably low IC50 values of 0.353 and 0.485 µg/mL, respectively for EC-ESF and EC-ASF. Besides, different in vivo tests, including tail emersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, and thiopental-induced sleeping test of EC-CME, yielded a remarkable 8.61 ± 0.29 minutes of tail immersion time compared to the control's 2.05 ± 0.11 minutes at the highest dose (600 mg/kg). The best % inhibition of writhing was recorded as 47.96% accrued in 400 mg/kg dose, indicating robust pain-relieving properties. The onset and duration of sleep are significantly ameliorated for EC-CME, unveiling its antidepressant potential. Besides, molecular docking studies along with ADME/T analysis also validated the wet lab findings as well as their safety, efficacy and drug-likeliness profile.

Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments.

The skin, being a multifaceted organ, performs a pivotal function in the complicated wound-healing procedure, which encompasses the triggering of several cellular entities and signaling cascades. Aberrations in the typical healing process of wounds may result in atypical scar development and the establishment of a persistent condition, rendering patients more vulnerable to infections. Chronic burns and wounds have a detrimental effect on the overall quality of life of patients, resulting in higher levels of physical discomfort and socio-economic complexities. The occurrence and frequency of prolonged wounds are on the rise as a result of aging people, hence contributing to escalated expenditures within the healthcare system. The clinical evaluation and treatment of chronic wounds continue to pose challenges despite the advancement of different therapeutic approaches. This is mainly owing to the prolonged treatment duration and intricate processes involved in wound healing. Many conventional methods, such as the administration of growth factors, the use of wound dressings, and the application of skin grafts, are used to ease the process of wound healing across diverse wound types. Nevertheless, these therapeutic approaches may only be practical for some wounds, highlighting the need to advance alternative treatment modalities. Novel wound care technologies, such as nanotherapeutics, stem cell treatment, and 3D bioprinting, aim to improve therapeutic efficacy, prioritize skin regeneration, and minimize adverse effects. This review provides an updated overview of recent advancements in chronic wound healing and therapeutic management using innovative approaches.

Assessing the choice of smoke-free policies for multiunit housing and its associated determinants in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the desire for smoke-free housing, determine the choice of smoke-free policies for multiunit housing (MUH), and identify the factors associated with policy choice among MUH residents in Bangladesh. DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study from April to November 2019 using a semi-structured survey questionnaire. SETTING: This study was conducted in seven divisional cities of Bangladesh: Dhaka, Chattogram, Rajshahi, Khulna, Sylhet, Barishal, and Rangpur. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 616 adult individuals living in MUH for at least 2 years participated in the study. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of the choice of smoke-free policies for MUH. RESULTS: Overall, 94.8% of the respondents wanted smoke-free housing. Among those who wanted smoke-free housing, 44.9% preferred a smoke-free building policy, 28.3% preferred a smoke-free common area policy, 20.2% favoured a smoke-free unit policy, and 6.7% did not know what policy they should choose. Three factors were found to be significantly associated with the choice of a smoke-free building policy: staying at home for more than 12 hours (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.6; 95% CI 1.035 to 6.493), being a non-smoker (aOR: 3.2; 95% CI 1.317 to 7.582), and having at least one family member who smoked (aOR: 3.0; 95% CI 1.058 to 8.422). Results also showed that residents having at least one child under 15 in the family (aOR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.152 to 0.778) were less likely to choose a smoke-free common area policy and that women (aOR: 3.7; 95% CI 1.024 to 13.188) were more likely to choose a smoke-free unit policy. CONCLUSIONS: MUH residents in urban Bangladesh highly demanded smoke-free housing. Most residents favoured a smoke-free building policy for MUH. Those who stayed at home for a longer time, were non-smokers, and had smoking family members were more likely to choose this policy.

Effect of P. corylifolia on the pharmacokinetic profile of tofacitinib and the underlying mechanism.

This work aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the active furanocoumarins in P. corylifolia on tofacitinib both in vivo and in vitro. The concentration of tofacitinib and its metabolite M8 was determined using UPLC-MS/MS. The peak area ratio of M8 to tofacitinib was calculated to compare the inhibitory ability of furanocoumarin contained in the traditional Chinese medicine P. corylifolia in rat liver microsomes (RLMs), human liver microsomes (HLMs) and recombinant human CYP3A4 (rCYP3A4). We found that bergapten and isopsoralen exhibited more significant inhibitory activity in RLMs than other furanocoumarins. Bergapten and isopsoralen were selected to investigate tofacitinib drug interactions in vitro and in vivo. Thirty rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups (n = 6): control (0.5% CMC-Na), low-dose bergapten (20 mg/kg), high-dose bergapten (50 mg/kg), low-dose isopsoralen (20 mg/kg) and ketoconazole. 10 mg/kg of tofacitinib was orally intervented to each rat and the concentration level of tofacitinib in the rats were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. More imporrantly, the results showed that bergapten and isopsoralen significantly inhibited the metabolism of tofacitinib metabolism. The AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞), MRT(0-t), MRT(0-∞) and Cmax of tofacitinib increased in varying degrees compared with the control group (all p < 0.05), but CLz/F decreased in varying degrees (p < 0.05) in the different dose bergapten group and isopsoralen group. Bergapten, isopsoralen and tofacitinib exhibit similar binding capacities with CYP3A4 by AutoDock 4.2 software, confirming that they compete for tofacitinib metabolism. P. corylifolia may considerably impact the metabolism of tofacitinib, which can provide essential information for the accurate therapeutic application of tofacitinib.

Anthelmintic screening of Bangladeshi medicinal plants and related phytochemicals using in vitro and in silico methods: An ethnobotanical perspective.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Infections caused by parasitic worms or helminth continue to pose a great burden on human and animal health, particularly in underdeveloped tropical and subtropical countries where they are endemic. Current anthelmintic drugs present serious limitations and the emergence of drug resistance has made it increasingly challenging to combat such infections (helminthiases). In Bangladesh, medicinal plants are often used by indigenous communities for the treatment of helminthiases. Knowledge on such plants along with screening for their anthelmintic activity has the potential to lead to the discovery of phytochemicals that could serve as novel molecular scaffolds for the development of new anthelminthic drugs. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was i) to conduct an ethnobotanical survey to gather data on Bangladeshi medicinal plants used in the treatment of helminthiases, ii) to test plants with the highest use values for their in vitro anthelmintic activity, and iii) to carry out in silico screening on phytochemicals present in the most active plant extract to investigate their ability to disrupt ß-tubulin function in helminths. METHODS: The ethnobotanical survey was conducted across three sub-districts of Bangladesh, namely Mathbaria, Phultala and Khan Jahan Ali. The in vitro screening for anthelmintic activity was performed in a motility test using adult Haemonchus contortus worms. Virtual screening using PyRx was performed on the phytochemicals reported from the most active plant, exploring their interactions with the colchicine binding site of the ß-tubulin protein target (PDB ID: 1SA0). RESULTS: The survey respondents reported a total of 32 plants for treating helminthiases. Based on their use values, the most popular choices were Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Azadirachta indica A.Juss., Carica papaya L., Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr., Curcuma longa L., Momordica charantia L., Nigella sativa L. and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. In vitro anthelmintic testing revealed that A. indica leaves and bark had the highest activity with LC50 values of 16 mg/mL in both cases. Other plant extracts also exhibited good anthelmintic activity with LC50 values ranging from 16 to 52 mg/mL, while the value for albendazole (positive control) was 8.39 mg/mL. The limonoids nimbolide and 28-deoxonimbolide showed a binding affinity of -8.9 kcal/mol, and satisfied all drug-likeness parameters. The control ligand N-deacetyl-N-(2-mercaptoacetyl)colchicine had a binding affinity of -6.9 kcal/mol. CONCLUSION: Further in silico and in vitro studies are warranted on the identified limonoids to confirm the potential of these derivatives as novel drug templates for helminthiases. The current study supports the need for an ethnobotanical survey-based approach to discover novel drug templates for helminthiases.

Chemico-pharmacological evaluation of the methanolic leaf extract of Catharanthus ovalis: GC-MS/MS, in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches.

Introduction: Natural plant-based medicines have gained popularity recently as a major source of inventive, risk-free, and more potent secondary bioactive compounds with medicinal potential. Catharanthus ovalis is a perennial shrub containing various indole alkaloids cultivated extensively for local medical purposes. Methods: This research is conducted to identify the phytocompounds present in the leaves of C. ovalis and its central and peripheral analgesic, thrombolytic, and membrane-stabilizing activities through tail immersion, acetic acid-induced writhing, human blood clot lysis, and erythrocyte lysis by heat and hypotonic solution methods, respectively. Results and discussion: A total of 39 compounds were identified using GC-MS/MS techniques, including hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (56.749%), methyl stearate (29.782%), carvacrol and its TBDMS derivative (12.586%), and 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (E)-] (9.297%) presented in high quantity. The highest tail immersion latency was observed for the 600 mg/kg extract of C. ovalis crude extract. Both 400 and 600 mg/kg doses of C. ovalis crude extract exhibited prominent peripheral analgesic activity. The maximum thrombolytic effect was observed by DCM soluble fraction extract by inhibiting 54.87% of the clot. However, the aqueous-soluble fraction of this extract manifested an excellent membrane-stabilizing effect by showing 73.98% and 87.51% hemolysis against heat- and hypotonic-induced hemolysis, respectively. Some of the compounds were identified as active agents against different receptors related to these diseases, which supported the findings of in vitro and in vivo tests. Conclusion: Further investigation needs to be conducted to specify and identify the exact mechanism of action of these compounds.

Phyto-pharmacological evaluation and characterization of the methanolic extract of the Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg. seed: promising insights into its therapeutic uses.

Introduction: Plants and their extracts have been integral to the development of medicinal treatments throughout history, offering a vast array of compounds for innovative therapies. Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg., commonly known as Rambai, is an evergreen tree with economic importance in the Old-World Tropics. Method: The study investigates its phytochemical composition through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluates its pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, and antidepressant effects. Result and Discussion: The GC-MS analysis revealed 15 bioactive compounds in the methanol extract, with Phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Methyl stearate, and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester being the predominant ones. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated significant activity in the ethyl acetate fraction. Antimicrobial assays indicated mild to moderate antibacterial activity. In vivo studies on mice revealed significant hypoglycemic, antidiarrheal, and antidepressant properties. Molecular docking studies against EGFR, DHFR, GLUT-3, KOR, and MOA identified promising compounds with potential therapeutic effects. The identified compounds exhibited favorable ADME/T properties, emphasizing their potential for drug development. The study underscores the promising therapeutic potential of Baccaurea motleyana, showcasing its diverse bioactive compounds with significant medicinal properties. Conclusion: These findings lay the groundwork for future research, emphasizing the exploration of B. motleyana as a source of natural remedies for addressing prevalent health conditions.

A comprehensive evaluation of the therapeutic potential of silibinin: a ray of hope in cancer treatment.

Natural compounds hold promise in the search for cancer therapies due to their unique chemical structures and combinations that may effectively combat cancer while minimizing toxicity and side effects compared to conventional treatments. Silibinin, a natural lignan, has been found to possess strong anti-cancer activity against several types of human cancers based on emerging research. This study aims to provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of silibinin in the treatment and prevention of cancers. A comprehensive search was conducted using various internet databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect to identify relevant research papers. Silibinin has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity against several types of cancers, including liver, lungs, breast, prostate, colorectal, skin, and bladder cancers. Its multifaceted mechanisms of action contribute to its therapeutic effects. Silibinin exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic activities, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy. One of the key mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of silibinin is its ability to modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. It can inhibit the activation of various oncogenic pathways, including PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Wnt/ß-catenin, and MAPK pathways, thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, and promoting apoptosis. Silibinin possesses great potential as an effective treatment agent for cancer. The multifaceted mechanisms of action, favorable safety profile, and potential synergistic effects of silibinin with conventional therapies make it an attractive candidate for further investigation and development as a cancer treatment. However, more extensive clinical studies are necessary to fully establish the efficacy, optimal dosage, and long-term effects of silibinin in cancer treatment.

Polyphenols Targeting NF-κB Pathway in Neurological Disorders: What We Know So Far?

Polyphenolic compounds have shown promising neuroprotective properties, making them a valuable resource for identifying prospective drug candidates to treat several neurological disorders (NDs). Numerous studies have reported that polyphenols can disrupt the nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation or ubiquitination of signaling molecules, which further prevents the degradation of IκB. Additionally, they prevent NF-κB translocation to the nucleus and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Polyphenols such as curcumin, resveratrol, and pterostilbene had significant inhibitory effects on NF-κB, making them promising candidates for treating NDs. Recent experimental findings suggest that polyphenols possess a wide range of pharmacological properties. Notably, much attention has been directed towards their potential therapeutic effects in NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebral ischemia, anxiety, depression, autism, and spinal cord injury (SCI). Much preclinical data supporting the neurotherapeutic benefits of polyphenols has been developed. Nevertheless, this study has described the significance of polyphenols as potential neurotherapeutic agents, specifically emphasizing their impact on the NF-κB pathway. This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of polyphenols in NDs, including both preclinical and clinical perspectives.

Anti-oxidant and neuro-modulatory effects of bioactive Byttneria pilosa leaf extract in swiss albino mice using behavioral models.

Byttneria pilosa, a flowering plant from the Malvaceae family traditionally used to treat ailments such as boils and scabies, is here investigated for its potential health benefits. The study focused on evaluating its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties in vitro, as well as the in vivo anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the methanol extract of B. pilosa leaf (MEBP). The study employed various assays to evaluate antioxidant activity, including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power capacity, and quantification of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of MEBP. Additionally, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities were evaluated through four tests: elevated plus-maze test (EPMT), light-dark box test (LDBT), forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). Antidiabetic effect was determined using α-amylase inhibition assay. Docking analysis was performed using BIOVIA and Schrödinger Maestro (v11.1), and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion/toxicity (ADME/T) properties of bioactive substances were investigated using a web-based technique. MEBP exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power capacity assays, with a dose-dependent response. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents measured were 70 ± 1.53 mg and 22.33 ± 1.20 mg, respectively. MEBP demonstrated significant effects in α-amylase inhibition comparable to acarbose. In behavioral tests, MEBP dose-dependently altered time spent in open arms/light box and closed arms/dark box, indicating anxiolytic effects. Moreover, MEBP significantly reduced immobility duration in FST and TST, suggesting antidepressant properties. Molecular docking analysis revealed favorable interactions between beta-sitosterol and specific targets, suggesting the potential mediation of anxiolytic and antidiabetic effects. Overall, MEBP exhibits notable anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, along with moderate antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Polyphenols and extracts from Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe leaf mitigate pain, inflammation and pyrexia by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2: an in vivo and in silico studies.

Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe, a perennial herb from the Zingiberaceae family, has a long history of traditional use in the treatment of several ailments including pain, inflammation, fever, cough, arthritis, skin diseases, and liver infections. This study sought to confirm the efficacy of Zingiber roseum (Roxb.) Roscoe leaves methanol extract (ZrlME) as reported in traditional usage by evaluating its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic capabilities. In addition, in silico molecular docking of the metabolites identified in ZrlME was studied to verify the experimental outcomes. ZrlME demonstrated strong dose-dependent analgesic efficacy against all analgesic tests. ZrlME (400 mg/kg) showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the standard in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test model. A significant reduction of rectal temperature (3.97°F↓) was also recorded at the same dose of ZrLME after 24 h of treatment. Seven polyphenolic metabolites were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD analysis, including 3, 4- dihydroxy benzoic acid, (-) epicatechin, rutin hydrate, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and myricetin. Strong binding affinities (ranges from -5.8 to -8.5 Kcal/mol) between the aforesaid polyphenols and cyclooxygenase-2 were discovered. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) demonstrated that these polyphenols exhibit significant COX-2 inhibitory activity due to their high stability in the COX-2 active site. In computational prediction, the polyphenols were also found to be nontoxic, and a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and hepatoprotective, were observed. The results of this study revealed that ZrlME possesses notable analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.

Unveiling the potential anti-cancer activity of calycosin against multivarious cancers with molecular insights: A promising frontier in cancer research.

BACKGROUND: Calycosin may be a potential candidate regarding chemotherapeutic agent, because already some studies against multivarious cancer have been made with this natural compound. AIM: This review elucidated a brief overview of previous studies on calycosin potential effects on various cancers and its potential mechanism of action. METHODOLOGY: Data retrieved by systematic searches of Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Scopus by using keywords including calycosin, cancer types, anti-cancer mechanism, synergistic, and pharmacokinetic and commonly used tools are BioRender, ChemDraw Professional 16.0, and ADMETlab 2.0. RESULTS: Based on our review, calycosin is available in nature and effective against around 15 different types of cancer. Generally, the anti-cancer mechanism of this compound is mediated through a variety of processes, including regulation of apoptotic pathways, cell cycle, angiogenesis and metastasis, oncogenes, enzymatic pathways, and signal transduction process. These study conducted in various study models, including in silico, in vitro, preclinical and clinical models. The molecular framework behind the anti-cancer effect is targeting some oncogenic and therapeutic proteins and multiple signaling cascades. Therapies based on nano-formulated calycosin may make excellent nanocarriers for the delivery of this compound to targeted tissue as well as particular organ. This natural compound becomes very effective when combined with other natural compounds and some standard drugs. Moreover, proper use of this compound can reverse resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs through a variety of strategies. Calycosin showed better pharmacokinetic properties with less toxicity in human bodies. CONCLUSION: Calycosin exhibits excellent potential as a therapeutic drug against several cancer types and should be consumed until standard chemotherapeutics are available in pharma markets.

Brain endothelial CD200 signaling protects brain against ischemic damage.

Ischemic stroke induced inflammatory responses contribute significantly to neuronal damage and stroke outcomes. CD200 ligand and its receptor, CD200R, constitute an endogenous inhibitory signaling that is being increasingly recognized in studies of neuroinflammation in various central nervous system disorders. CD200 is a type 1 membrane glycoprotein that is broadly expressed by endothelia and neurons in the brain. In the present study, we have examined the role of endothelial CD200 signaling in acute ischemic stroke. Endothelial CD200 conditional knock out (CKO) mice were generated by breeding CD200 gene floxed mice with Cdh5Cre mice. The mice were subjected to a 60-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Flow cytometry, Immunohistochemical staining, and Western blotting were performed to assess the post-stroke inflammation; stroke outcomes (infarct volume and neurobehavioral deficits) were evaluated at 72 h after MCAO. We found CD200R was near-null expressed on microglia at 24 h after stoke. Endothelial CKO of CD200 had no impact on peripheral immune cell development. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed CD200 was expressed on CD200 floxed but not on CD200 CKO endothelia. CD200 CKO mice exhibited larger infarct size, worse neurological deficit scores (NDS), and more deficits in the adhesive removal when compared with control mice, 72 h after MCAO. Western blot results showed that endothelial CKO of CD200 did not change BBB protein expression. Together it suggests that endothelial CD200 signaling protects brains against ischemic injury through a mechanism not directly related to microglial activation.