N-Substituted Valiolamine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Endoplasmic Reticulum α-Glucosidases I and II with Antiviral Activity.

Most enveloped viruses rely on the host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (QC) machinery for proper folding of glycoproteins. The key ER α-glucosidases (α-Glu) I and II of the ERQC machinery are attractive targets for developing broad-spectrum antivirals. Iminosugars based on deoxynojirimycin have been extensively studied as ER α-glucosidase inhibitors; however, other glycomimetic compounds are less established. Accordingly, we synthesized a series of N-substituted derivatives of valiolamine, the iminosugar scaffold of type 2 diabetes drug voglibose. To understand the basis for up to 100,000-fold improved inhibitory potency, we determined high-resolution crystal structures of mouse ER α-GluII in complex with valiolamine and 10 derivatives. The structures revealed extensive interactions with all four α-GluII subsites. We further showed that N-substituted valiolamines were active against dengue virus and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. This study introduces valiolamine-based inhibitors of the ERQC machinery as candidates for developing potential broad-spectrum therapeutics against the existing and emerging viruses.

PPARγ signaling is required for mediating EETs protective effects in neonatal cardiomyocytes exposed to LPS.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial wall endotoxin producing many pathophysiological conditions including myocardial inflammation leading to cardiotoxicity. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are biologically active metabolites of arachidonic acids capable of activating protective cellular pathways in response to stress stimuli. EETs evoke a plethora of pathways limiting impairments of cellular structures, reducing cell death, and promoting anti-inflammatory reactions in various cell types. Considering EETs are capable of producing various biological protective effects, we hypothesized that EETs would protect rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (NCM) against LPS-induced cytotoxicity. In this study, we used a dual-acting, synthetic analog of EETs, UA-8 [13-(3-propylureido)tridec-8-enoic acid], possessing both EET-mimetic and soluble epoxide hydrolase selective inhibitory properties and 14,15-EET as a model of canonical EET molecules. We found that both UA-8 and 14,15-EET significantly improved cell viability and mitochondrial function of cardiomyocytes exposed to LPS. Furthermore, treatment with UA-8 or 14,15-EET resulted in significant attenuation of LPS-triggered pro-inflammatory response, caspase-3 activation and reduction in the total antioxidant capacity in cardiomyocytes. Importantly, EET-mediated effects were significantly reduced by pharmacological inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ) suggesting that PPARγ signaling was required for EETs exerted protective effects. Data presented in the current study demonstrate that activation of PPARγ signaling plays a crucial role in EET-mediated protection against LPS-cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes.

Regio- and stereoselective monoepoxidation of dienes using methyltrioxorhenium: synthesis of allylic epoxides.

Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) complexed with pyridine was shown to be a highly effective catalyst for the regioselective monoepoxidation of conjugated di- and trienes using 30% H2O2 at or below room temperature. The resultant allylic epoxides, and the triols derived from them, are versatile synthetic intermediates as well as substructures present in many bioactive natural products. The site of epoxidation was dependent upon olefin substitution, olefin geometry (Z vs E), and the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on adjacent carbons. For 1-acyl(silyl)oxypenta-2,4-dienes, epoxidation of the distal olefin was generally favored in contrast to the adjacent regioselectivity characteristic of Sharpless, peracid, and other directed epoxidations of hydroxylated dienes.

14,15-Epoxyeicosa-5,8,11-trienoic Acid (14,15-EET) surrogates: carboxylate modifications.

The cytochrome P450 eicosanoid 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid (14,15-EET) is a powerful endogenous autacoid that has been ascribed an impressive array of physiologic functions including regulation of blood pressure. Because 14,15-EET is chemically and metabolically labile, structurally related surrogates containing epoxide bioisosteres were introduced and have become useful in vitro pharmacologic tools but are not suitable for in vivo applications. A new generation of EET mimics incorporating modifications to the carboxylate were prepared and evaluated for vasorelaxation and inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Tetrazole 19 (ED50 0.18 µM) and oxadiazole-5-thione 25 (ED50 0.36 µM) were 12- and 6-fold more potent, respectively, than 14,15-EET as vasorelaxants; on the other hand, their ability to block sEH differed substantially, i.e., 11 vs >500 nM. These data will expedite the development of potent and specific in vivo drug candidates.

14,15-Epoxyeicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid (14,15-EET) surrogates containing epoxide bioisosteres: influence upon vascular relaxation and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition.

All-cis-14,15-epoxyeicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid (14,15-EET) is a labile, vasodilatory eicosanoid generated from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. A series of robust, partially saturated analogues containing epoxide bioisosteres were synthesized and evaluated for relaxation of precontracted bovine coronary artery rings and for in vitro inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Depending upon the bioisostere and its position along the carbon chain, varying levels of vascular relaxation and/or sEH inhibition were observed. For example, oxamide 16 and N-iPr-amide 20 were comparable (ED(50) 1.7 microM) to 14,15-EET as vasorelaxants but were approximately 10-35 times less potent as sEH inhibitors (IC(50) 59 and 19 microM, respectively); unsubstituted urea 12 showed useful activity in both assays (ED(50) 3.5 microM, IC(50) 16 nM). These data reveal differential structural parameters for the two pharmacophores that could assist the development of potent and specific in vivo drug candidates.