In Situ Follicular B-Cell Neoplasm Presenting as Miliary Facial Papules: A Unique Clinical Presentation and Spontaneous Regression.

ABSTRACT: In situ follicular B-cell neoplasm (ISFN) is a variant of follicular lymphoma, presenting as an incidental histologic finding in lymph node biopsy or excisional specimens. ISFN presents with a B-cell population that strongly expresses BCL2 and CD10 within the germinal centers of a lymph node or extranodal site. Genetic analysis shows t(14;18) translocation. Herein, we report a case of ISFN presenting as military and agminated facial papules in a young woman, which resolved spontaneously in the postpartum period. To our knowledge, this is the only report of a cutaneous site of involvement of this rare entity.

Expression of "DNA damage response" pathway genes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: The potential for exploiting synthetic lethality.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) are two of the most prevalent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtypes. Despite advances, treatment resistance and patient relapse remain challenging issues. Our study aimed to scrutinize gene expression distinctions between DLBCL and FL, employing a cohort of 53 DLBCL and 104 FL samples that underwent rigorous screening for genetic anomalies. The NanoString nCounter assay evaluated 730 cancer-associated genes, focusing on densely tumorous areas in diagnostic samples. Employing the Lymph2Cx method, we determined the cell-of-origin (COO) for DLBCL cases. Our meticulous analysis, facilitated by Qlucore Omics Explorer software, unveiled a substantial 37% of genes with significantly differential expression patterns between DLBCL and FL, pointing to nuanced mechanistic disparities. Investigating the impact of FL disease stage and DLBCL COO on gene expression yielded minimal differences, prompting us to direct our attention to consistently divergent genes in DLBCL. Intriguingly, our Gene Set Enrichment Analysis spotlighted 21% of these divergent genes, converging on the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, vital for cell survival and cancer evolution. Strong positive correlations among most DDR genes were noted, with key genes like BRCA1, FANCA, FEN1, PLOD1, PCNA, and RAD51 distinctly upregulated in DLBCL compared to FL and normal tissue controls. These findings were subsequently validated using RNA seq data on normal controls and DLBCL samples from public databases like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, enhancing the robustness of our results. Considering the established significance of these DDR genes in solid cancer therapies, our study underscores their potential applicability in DLBCL treatment strategies. In conclusion, our investigation highlights marked gene expression differences between DLBCL and FL, with particular emphasis on the essential DDR pathway. The identification of these DDR genes as potential therapeutic targets encourages further exploration of synthetic lethality-based approaches for managing DLBCL.

Integrative analysis of clinicopathological features defines novel prognostic models for mantle cell lymphoma in the immunochemotherapy era: a report from The North American Mantle Cell Lymphoma Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) exhibit a wide variation in clinical presentation and outcome. However, the commonly used prognostic models are outdated and inadequate to address the needs of the current multidisciplinary management of this disease. This study aims to investigate the clinical and pathological features of MCL in the immunochemotherapy era and improve the prognostic models for a more accurate prediction of patient outcomes. METHODS: The North American Mantle Cell Lymphoma Project is a multi-institutional collaboration of 23 institutions across North America to evaluate and refine prognosticators for front-line therapy. A total of 586 MCL cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 are included in this study. A comprehensive retrospective analysis was performed on the clinicopathological features, treatment approaches, and outcomes of these cases. The establishment of novel prognostic models was based on in-depth examination of baseline parameters, and subsequent validation in an independent cohort of MCL cases. RESULTS: In front-line strategies, the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was the most significant parameter affecting outcomes, for both overall survival (OS, p < 0.0001) and progression-free survival (PFS, p < 0.0001). P53 positive expression was the most significant pathological parameter correlating with inferior outcomes (p < 0.0001 for OS and p = 0.0021 for PFS). Based on the baseline risk factor profile, we developed a set of prognostic models incorporating clinical, laboratory, and pathological parameters that are specifically tailored for various applications. These models, when tested in the validation cohort, exhibited strong predictive power for survival and showed a stratification resembling the training cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of patients with MCL has markedly improved over the past two decades, and further enhancement is anticipated with the evolution of clinical management. The innovative prognostic models developed in this study would serve as a valuable tool to guide the selection of more suitable treatment strategies for patients with MCL.

Exploring TBL1XR1 and NCOR1 Expression in B-cell Lymphoma Subtypes: Interaction With DNA Damage Repair Genes.

BACKGROUND/AIM: B-cell lymphomas are characterized by diverse genetic anomalies affecting B-cell differentiation. To expand targeted therapies, an in-depth grasp of the molecular dynamics in the germinal center (GC) is vital. Transducin ß-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (TBL1XR1) and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) are instrumental within the GC, modulating myriad oncogenic pathways. Their prognostic roles in various cancers are established, yet their precise impact on B-cell lymphoma is elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital RNA quantification (Nanostring) of previously curated 188 B-cell lymphoma specimens across four subtypes, follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS), primary testicular lymphoma (PTL), and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), was reanalyzed with focus on TBL1XR1 and NCOR1 expression, juxtaposing them with 730 ontogenically linked genes. RESULTS: Notably, TBL1XR1 expression was significantly elevated in the PTL- ABC-subtype versus DLBCL-NOS- ABC-subtype (p<0.001), with no marked disparity in GCB-subtypes between them. The median TBL1XR1 expression was remarkably diminished in FL, yet, intriguingly, GCB-subtypes of DLBCL-NOS exhibited significantly enhanced expression compared to FL (p=0.001). In contrast, NCOR1's expression trajectory was consistent across DLBCL-NOS, PTL, and PBL. A strong inverse correlation between TBL1XR1 and NCOR1 was observed in PBL (p=0.001). Importantly, TBL1XR1's pronounced association with several DNA Damage repair (DDR) genes was noted suggesting influence on DNA repair. TBL1XR1-DDR gene signature was further validated employing a public data set of DLBCL-NOS. CONCLUSION: Our exploratory findings unravel the expression patterns of TBL1XR1/NCOR1 in B-cell lymphoma variants. The TBL1XR1-DDR genes connection offers insights into potential DNA repair roles, paving avenues for innovative therapies in B-cell lymphomas.

Unraveling the molecular landscape: a comparative analysis of PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways in plasmablastic lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with therapeutic implications.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that shares features with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). While significant progress has been made in treating DLBCL, the prognosis for PBL remains poor, highlighting the need to identify new therapeutic targets. Using RNA expression analysis, we compared the expression of genes involved in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways between PBL and DLBCL. We used critical PI3K (n = 201) and MAPK (n = 57) signaling probe sets to achieve this objective. Our results demonstrate unique molecular mechanisms underlying PBL pathogenesis compared to DLBCL, particularly within the PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. We found that elevated STAT3 expression in PBL correlates with hyperactive MAPK and PI3K pathways, unlike DLBCL. Additionally, the hyperactivation of the PI3K signaling axis in PBL is unrelated to B-cell receptor or phosphatase and tensin homolog activity, indicating a distinct mechanism compared to DLBCL. Furthermore, we observed unique activation patterns in MAPK pathways between PBL and DLBCL, with PBL exhibiting high expression of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTKR) family, specifically NTRK1 and NTRK2 genes, which have therapeutic potential. We also found that neither human immunodeficiency virus nor Epstein-Barr virus infection influences gene expression profiles linked to PI3K and MAPK signaling in PBL. These findings could lead to adapting targeted therapies developed for DLBCL to address the specific needs of PBL patients better and contribute to developing novel, targeted therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Primary testicular lymphoma demonstrates overexpression of the Wilms tumor 1 gene and different mRNA and miRNA expression profiles compared to nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) shows a high degree of clinical and biological heterogeneity. Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is an extranodal variant of DLBCL associated with a higher risk of recurrence, including contralateral testicles and central nervous system sanctuary sites. Several molecular aberrations, including somatic mutation of MYD88, CD79B, and upregulation of NF-kB, PDL-1, and PDL-2, are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and poor prognosis of PTL. However, additional biomarkers are needed that may improve the prognosis and help understand the PTL biology and lead to new therapeutic targets. RNA from diagnostic tissue biopsies of the PTL-ABC subtype and matched nodal DLBCL-ABC subtype patients was evaluated by mRNA and miRNA expression. Screening of 730 essential oncogenic genes was performed, and their epigenetic connections were examined using the nCounter PAN-cancer pathway, and Human miRNA assays with the nCounter System (NanoString Technologies). PTL and nodal DLBCL patients were comparable in age, gender, and putative cell of origin (p > 0.05). Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression in PTL exceeded that in nodal DLBCL (>6-fold; p = 0.01, FDR <0.01) and WT1 associated pathway genes THBS4, PTPN5, PLA2G2A, and IFNA17 were upregulated in PTL (>2.0-fold, p < 0.01, FDR <0.01). Additionally, miRNAs targeting WT1 (hsa15a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, has-miR-361-5p, has-miR-27b-3p, has-miR-199a-5p, has-miR-199b-5p, has-miR-132-3p, and hsa-miR-128-3p) showed higher expression in PTL compared to nodal DLBCL (≥2.0-fold; FDR 0.01). Lower expression of BMP7, LAMB3, GAS1, MMP7, and LAMC2 (>2.0-fold, p < 0.01) was observed in PTL compared to nodal DLBCL. This research revealed higher WT1 expression in PTL relative to nodal DLBCL, suggesting that a specific miRNA subset may target WT1 expression and impact the PI3k/Akt pathway in PTL. Further investigation is needed to explore WT1's biological role in PTL and its potential as a therapeutic target.

Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets for Plasmablastic Lymphoma Through Gene Expression Analysis: Insights into RAS and Wnt Signaling Pathways.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive B-cell lymphoma with overlapping characteristics with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and multiple myeloma. Hyperactive Wnt signaling derails homeostasis and promotes oncogenesis and chemoresistance in DLBCL and multiple myeloma. Evidence suggests active cross-talk between the Wnt and RAS pathways impacting metastasis in solid cancers in which combined targeted therapies show effective results. Recent genomic studies in PBL demonstrated a high frequency of mutations linked with the RAS signaling pathway. However, the role of RAS and Wnt signaling pathway molecule expression in PBL remained unknown. We examined the expression of Wnt and RAS pathway-related genes in a well-curated cohort of PBL. Because activated B cells are considered immediate precursors of plasmablasts in B cell development, we compared this data with activated B-cell type DLBCL (ABC-DLBCL) patients, employing NanoString transcriptome analysis (770 genes). Hierarchical clustering revealed distinctive differential gene expression between PBL and ABC-DLBCL. Gene set enrichment analysis labeled the RAS signaling pathway as the most enriched (37 genes) in PBL, including upregulating critical genes, such as NRAS, RAF1, SHC1, and SOS1. Wnt pathway genes were also enriched (n = 22) by gene set enrichment analysis. Molecules linked with Wnt signaling activation, such as ligands or targets (FZD3, FZD7, c-MYC, WNT5A, WNT5B, and WNT10B), were elevated in PBL. Our data also showed that, unlike ABC-DLBCL, the deranged Wnt signaling activity in PBL was not linked with hyperactive nuclear factor κB and B-cell receptor signaling. In divergence, Wnt signaling inhibitors (CXXC4, SFRP2, and DKK1) also showed overexpression in PBL. The high expression of RAS signaling molecules reported may indicate linkage with gain-in-function RAS mutations. In addition, high expression of Wnt and RAS signaling molecules may pave pathways to explore benefiting from combined targeted therapies, as reported in solid cancer, to improve prognosis in PBL patients.

"Losing the Brakes"-Suppressed Inhibitors Triggering Uncontrolled Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling May Provide a Potential Therapeutic Target in Elderly Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Dysregulated Wnt/ß-catenin signal transduction is implicated in initiation, propagation, and poor prognosis in AML. Epigenetic inactivation is central to Wnt/ß-catenin hyperactivity, and Wnt/ß-catenin inhibitors are being investigated as targeted therapy. Dysregulated Wnt/ß-catenin signaling has also been linked to accelerated aging. Since AML is a disease of old age (>60 yrs), we hypothesized age-related differential activity of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in AML patients. We probed Wnt/ß-catenin expression in a series of AML in the elderly (>60 yrs) and compared it to a cohort of pediatric AML (<18 yrs). RNA from diagnostic bone marrow biopsies (n = 101) were evaluated for key Wnt/ß-catenin molecule expression utilizing the NanoString platform. Differential expression of significance was defined as >2.5-fold difference (p < 0.01). A total of 36 pediatric AML (<18 yrs) and 36 elderly AML (>60 yrs) were identified in this cohort. Normal bone marrows (n = 10) were employed as controls. Wnt/ß-catenin target genes (MYC, MYB, and RUNX1) showed upregulation, while Wnt/ß-catenin inhibitors (CXXR, DKK1-4, SFRP1-4, SOST, and WIFI) were suppressed in elderly AML compared to pediatric AML and controls. Our data denote that suppressed inhibitor expression (through mutation or hypermethylation) is an additional contributing factor in Wnt/ß-catenin hyperactivity in elderly AML, thus supporting Wnt/ß-catenin inhibitors as potential targeted therapy.

NMR-based metabolomic profiling can differentiate follicular lymphoma from benign lymph node tissues and may be predictive of outcome.

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a cancer of B-cells, representing the second most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and typically diagnosed at advanced stage in older adults. In contrast to the wide range of available molecular genetic data, limited data relating the metabolomic features of follicular lymphoma are known. Metabolomics is a promising analytical approach employing metabolites (molecules < 1 kDa in size) as potential biomarkers in cancer research. In this pilot study, we performed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) on 29 cases of FL and 11 control patient specimens. The resulting spectra were assessed by both unsupervised and supervised statistical methods. We report significantly discriminant metabolomic models of common metabolites distinguishing FL from control tissues. Within our FL case series, we also report discriminant metabolomic signatures predictive of progression-free survival.

Subtype-specific and co-occurring genetic alterations in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) encompasses multiple clinically and phenotypically distinct subtypes of malignancy with unique molecular etiologies. Common subtypes of B-NHL, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, have been comprehensively interrogated at the genomic level, but rarer subtypes, such as mantle cell lymphoma, remain less extensively characterized. Furthermore, multiple B-NHL subtypes have thus far not been comprehensively compared using the same methodology to identify conserved or subtype-specific patterns of genomic alterations. Here, we employed a large targeted hybrid-capture sequencing approach encompassing 380 genes to interrogate the genomic landscapes of 685 B-NHL tumors at high depth, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. We identified conserved hallmarks of B-NHL that were deregulated in the majority of tumors from each subtype, including frequent genetic deregulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system. In addition, we identified subtype-specific patterns of genetic alterations, including clusters of co-occurring mutations and DNA copy number alterations. The cumulative burden of mutations within a single cluster were more discriminatory of B-NHL subtypes than individual mutations, implicating likely patterns of genetic cooperation that contribute to disease etiology. We therefore provide the first cross-sectional analysis of mutations and DNA copy number alterations across major B-NHL subtypes and a framework of co-occurring genetic alterations that deregulate genetic hallmarks and likely cooperate in lymphomagenesis.

Gene Expression Analysis of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia Identified a Hyperactive ASXL1/BAP1 Axis Linked with Poor Prognosis and over Expressed Epigenetic Modifiers.

Genetic aberrations in the epigenome are rare in pediatric AML, hence expression data in epigenetic regulation and its downstream effect is lacking in childhood AML. Our pilot study screened epigenetic modifiers and its related oncogenic signal transduction pathways concerning clinical outcomes in a small cohort of pediatric AML in KSA. RNA from diagnostic BM biopsies (n = 35) was subjected to expression analysis employing the nCounter Pan-Cancer pathway panel. The patients were dichotomized into low ASXL1 (17/35; 49%) and high ASXL1 (18/35; 51%) groups based on ROC curve analysis. Age, gender, hematological data or molecular risk factors (FLT3 mutation/molecular fusion) exposed no significant differences across these two distinct ASXL1 expression groups (P > 0.05). High ASXL1 expression showed linkage with high expression of other epigenetic modifiers (TET2/EZH2/IDH1&2). Our data showed that high ASXL1 mRNA is interrelated with increased BRCA1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) and its target gene E2F Transcription Factor 1 (E2F1) expression. High ASXL1 expression was associated with high mortality {10/18 (56%) vs. 1/17; (6%) P < 0 .002}. Low ASXL1 expressers showed better OS {740 days vs. 579 days; log-rank P= < 0.023; HR 7.54 (0.98-54.1)}. The association between high ASXL1 expression and epigenetic modifiers is interesting but unexplained and require further investigation. High ASXL1 expression is associated with BAP1 and its target genes. Patients with high ASXL1 expression showed poor OS without any association with a conventional molecular prognostic marker.

KLF1/EKLF expression in acute leukemia is correlated with chromosomal abnormalities.

KLF1 (EKLF) is a master regulator of erythropoiesis and controls expression of a wide array of target genes. We interrogated human tissue microarray samples via immunohistological analysis to address whether levels of KLF1 protein are associated with leukemia. We have made the unexpected findings that higher KLF1 levels are correlated with cells containing abnormal chromosomes, and that high KLF1 expression is not limited to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) associated with erythroid/megakaryoblastic differentiation. Expression of KLF1 is associated with poor survival. Further analyses reveal that KLF1 directly regulates a number of genes that play a role in chromosomal integrity. Together these results suggest that monitoring KLF1 levels may provide a new marker for risk stratification and prognosis in patients with AML.

Fit-For-Purpose PD-L1 Biomarker Testing For Patient Selection in Immuno-Oncology: Guidelines For Clinical Laboratories From the Canadian Association of Pathologists-Association Canadienne Des Pathologistes (CAP-ACP).

Since 2014, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors have been approved by various regulatory agencies for the treatment of multiple cancers including melanoma, lung cancer, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancer, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, gastroesophageal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, and other solid tumors. Of these approved drug/disease combinations, a subset also has regulatory agency-approved, commercially available companion/complementary diagnostic assays that were clinically validated using data from their corresponding clinical trials. The objective of this document is to provide evidence-based guidance to assist clinical laboratories in establishing fit-for-purpose PD-L1 biomarker assays that can accurately identify patients with specific tumor types who may respond to specific approved immuno-oncology therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint. These recommendations are issued as 38 Guideline Statements that address (i) assay development for surgical pathology and cytopathology specimens, (ii) reporting elements, and (iii) quality assurance (including validation/verification, internal quality assurance, and external quality assurance). The intent of this work is to provide recommendations that are relevant to any tumor type, are universally applicable and can be implemented by any clinical immunohistochemistry laboratory performing predictive PD-L1 immunohistochemistry testing.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Southeast Asian cohort: expression patterns of B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire and its linkage with molecular subtypes and response to R-CHOP therapy.

AIMS: Heightened B-cell receptor (BCR) activity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is well established, and a subset of patients with relapsed DLBCL can benefit from BCR-targeted therapies. Universal outreach of such emerging therapies mandates forming a global landscape of BCR molecular signalling in DLBCL, including Southeast Asia. METHODS: 79 patients with DLBCL (nodal, 59% and extranodal, 41%) treated with rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) therapy were selected. Expression levels of BCR and linked signalling pathway molecules were inter-related with Lymph2Cx-based cell of origin (COO) types and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Activated B-cell (ABC) type DLBCL constituted 49% (39/79) compared with germinal centre B-cell (GCB) type DLBCL (29/79; 37%) and revealed poor prognosis (p=0.013). In ABC-DLBCL, high BTK expression exerted poor response to R-CHOP, while OS in ABC-DLBCL with low BTK expression was similar to GCB-DLBCL subtype (p=0.004). High LYN expression coupled with a poor OS for ABC-DLBCL as well as GCB-DLBCL subtypes (p=0.001). Furthermore, high coexpression of BTK/LYN (BTK high/LYN high) showed poor OS (p=0.019), which linked with upregulation of several genes associated with BCR repertoire and nuclear factor-kappa B pathway (p<0.01). In multivariate analysis, high BTK and LYN expression retained prognostic significance against established clinical predictive factors such as age, International Prognostic Index and COO (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide a clear association between high BCR activity in DLBCL and response to therapy in a distinct population. Molecular data provided here will pave the pathway for the provision of promising novel-targeted therapies to patients with DLBCL in Southeast Asia.

Expression Profiling Reveals Involvement of WNT Pathway in the Malignant Progression of Sessile Serrated Adenomas.

Approximately 15% to 20% of colorectal cancers are developed through the serrated pathway of tumorigenesis, which is associated with BRAF mutation, CpG island methylation phenotype, and MLH1 methylation. However, the detailed process of progression from sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) to dysplasia and carcinoma has not been elucidated. To further characterize mechanisms involved in the dysplastic progression of SSA, we investigated differential expressions of mRNAs between areas with and without dysplasia within the same SSA polyps. Significantly dysregulated genes in paired samples were applied for functional annotation and biological significance. The same lysates from a subset of matched samples were subjected for miRNA expression profiling. Differentially expressed miRNAs were determined, and their targeted mRNAs were compared in parallel to the list of differentially expressed mRNAs from an RNA sequencing study. Fourteen common mRNA targets were identified, which include AXIN2, a known indicator of WNT/ß-catenin pathway activation. Together, in this study, different genes, pathways, and biological processes involved in the initiation and progression of dysplasia in the serrated pathway are documented. One of the most significant findings is the involvement of the WNT/ß-catenin pathway in the dysplastic progression of SSAs with different genes being targeted in early versus advanced dysplasia.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Upregulation of BAALC/MN1/MLLT11/EVI1 Gene Cluster Relate With Poor Overall Survival and a Possible Linkage With Coexpression of MYC/BCL2 Proteins.

BACKGROUND: Molecular heterogeneity accounts for the variable and often poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The current risk stratification strategy in clinical practice is limited to karyotyping and limited molecular studies screening for genetic mutations such as FLT-3 and NPM1. There is opportunity to identify further molecular prognostic markers, which may also lay the groundwork for the development of novel targeted therapies. Complex molecular technologies require transition into widely available laboratory platforms, for better integration into routine clinical practice. METHOD: In a defined subset (MYC/BCL2 or MYC/BCL2) of AML patients (n=20), we examined expression signature of several genes (n=12) of established prognostic value in AML. RNA expression and MYC/BCL2 protein pattern was correlated with 3 cytogenetic risk groups and overall survival. RESULTS: K-means++ unsupervised clustering defined 2 distinct groups with high and low transcript levels of BAALC/MN1/MLLT11/EVI1/SOCS2 genes (>2.5-fold difference; P<0.001). This mRNA signature trended with higher prevalence of MYC/BCL2 coexpression (P<0.057) and poor overall survival (P<0.036), but did not correlate with conventional cytogenetic risk groups (P<0.084). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study provides useful data, which may help further refine the prognostic scheme of AML patients outside conventional cytogenetic risk groups. It also presents some biological rationale for future studies to explore the use of novel agents targeting MYC and/or BCL2 genes in combination with conventional chemotherapy protocols for AML.

Comparison of protein-based cell-of-origin classification to the Lymph2Cx RNA assay in a cohort of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in Malaysia.

AIMS: The cell of origin (COO) based molecular characterisation into germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtypes are central to the pathogenesis and clinical course in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Globally, clinical laboratories employ pragmatic but less than ideal immunohistochemical (IHC) assay for COO classification. Novel RNA-based platforms using routine pathology samples are emerging as new gold standard and offer unique opportunities for assay standardisation for laboratories across the world. We evaluated our IHC protocols against RNA-based technologies to determine concordance; additionally, we gauged the impact of preanalytical variation on the performance of Lymph2Cx assay. METHODS: Diagnostic biopsies (n=104) were examined for COO classification, employing automated RNA digital quantification assay (Lymph2Cx). Results were equated against IHC-based COO categorisation. Assay performance was assessed through its impact on overall survival (OS). RESULTS: 96 (92%) informative samples were labelled as GCB (38/96; 40%) and non-GCB (58/96; 60%) by IHC evaluation. Lymph2Cx catalogued 36/96 (37%) samples as GCB, 45/96 (47%) as ABC and 15/96 (16%) as unclassified. Lymph2Cx being reference, IHC protocol revealed sensitivity of 81% for ABC and 75% for GCB categorisation and positive predictive value of 81% versus 82%, respectively. Lymph2Cx-based COO classification performed superior to Hans algorithm in predicting OS (log rank test, p=0.017 vs p=0.212). CONCLUSIONS: Our report show that current IHC-based protocols for COO classification of DLBCL at UKM Malaysia are in line with previously reported results and marked variation in preanalytical factors do not critically impact Lymph2Cx assay quality.

A bioclinical prognostic model using MYC and BCL2 predicts outcome in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The objective of this study was to create a bioclinical model, based on clinical and molecular predictors of event-free and overall survival for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated on the Canadian Cancer Trials Group (CCTG) LY12 prospective study. In 91 cases, sufficient histologic material was available to create tissue microarrays and perform immunohistochemistry staining for CD10, BCL6, MUM1/IRF4, FOXP1, LMO2, BCL2, MYC, P53 and phosphoSTAT3 (pySTAT3) expression. Sixty-seven cases had material sufficient for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for MYC and BCL2 In addition, 97 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples underwent digital gene expression profiling (GEP) to evaluate BCL2, MYC, P53, and STAT3 expression, and to determine cell-of-origin (COO) using the Lymph2Cx assay. No method of determining COO predicted event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS). Factors independently associated with survival outcomes in multivariate analysis included primary refractory disease, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at relapse, and MYC or BCL2 protein or gene expression. A bioclinical score using these four factors predicted outcome with 3-year EFS for cases with 0-1 vs 2-4 factors of 55% vs 16% (P<0.0001), respectively, assessing MYC and BCL2 by immunohistochemistry, 46% vs. 5% (P<0.0001) assessing MYC and BCL2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by digital gene expression, and 42% vs 21% (P=0.079) assessing MYC and BCL2 by FISH. This proposed bioclinical model should be further studied and validated in other datasets, but may discriminate relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients who could benefit from conventional salvage therapy from others who require novel approaches. The LY12 study; clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: 00078949.

MS4A4A: a novel cell surface marker for M2 macrophages and plasma cells.

MS4A4A is a member of the membrane-spanning, four domain family, subfamily A (MS4A) that includes CD20 (MS4A1), FcRß (MS4A2) and Htm4 (MS4A3). Like the first three members of this family, transcription of MS4A4A appears to be limited to hematopoietic cells. To evaluate expression of the MS4A4A protein in hematopoietic cell lineages and subsets we generated monoclonal antibodies against extracellular epitopes for use in flow cytometry. In human peripheral blood we found that MS4A4A is expressed at the plasma membrane in monocytes but not in granulocytes or lymphocytes. In vitro differentiation of monocytes demonstrated that MS4A4A is expressed in immature but not activated dendritic cells, and in macrophages generated in the presence of interleukin-4 ('alternatively activated' or M2 macrophages) but not by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide ('classically' activated or M1 macrophages). MS4A4A was expressed in the U937 monocytic cell line only after differentiation. In normal bone marrow, MS4A4A was expressed in mature monocytes but was undetected, or detected at only a low level, in myeloid/monocytic precursors, as well as their malignant counterparts in patients with various subtypes of myeloid leukemia. Although MS4A4A was not expressed in healthy B lymphocytes, it was highly expressed in normal plasma cells, CD138+ cells from multiple myeloma patients, and bone marrow B cells from a patient with mantle cell lymphoma. These findings suggest immunotherapeutic potential for MS4A4A antibodies in targeting alternatively activated macrophages such as tumor-associated macrophages, and in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.

Acute myeloid leukaemia: expression of MYC protein and its association with cytogenetic risk profile and overall survival.

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a clinically aggressive disease with marked genetic heterogeneity. Cytogenetic abnormalities provide the basis for risk stratification into clinically favourable, intermediate, and unfavourable groups. There are additional genetic mutations, which further influence the prognosis of patients with AML. Most of these result in molecular aberrations whose downstream target is MYC. It is therefore logical to study the relationship between MYC protein expression and cytogenetic risk groups. We studied MYC expression by immunohistochemistry in a large cohort (n = 199) of AML patients and correlated these results with cytogenetic risk profile and overall survival (OS). We illustrated differential expression of MYC protein across various cytogenetic risk groups (p = 0.03). Highest expression of MYC was noted in AML patients with favourable cytogenetic risk group. In univariate analysis, MYC expression showed significant negative influence of OS in favourable and intermediate cytogenetic risk group (p = 0.001). Interestingly, MYC expression had a protective effect in the unfavourable cytogenetic risk group. In multivariate analysis, while age and cytogenetic risk group were significant factors influencing survival, MYC expression by immunohistochemistry methods also showed some marginal impact (p = 0.069). In conclusion, we have identified differential expression of MYC protein in relation to cytogenetic risk groups in AML patients and documented its possible impact on OS in favourable and intermediate cytogenetic risk groups. These preliminary observations mandate additional studies to further investigate the routine clinical use of MYC protein expression in AML risk stratification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.