Continuous glucose monitoring with FreeStyle Libre PRO sensor in patients with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal failure on haemoDIALysis (FSLPRO-DIAL pilot study).

AIMS: For end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with diabetes on haemodialysis, diabetes control is difficult to achieve. Hypoglycaemia is a major problem in these frailty subjects. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices appear therefore to be a good tool to help patients monitor their glycaemic control and to help practitioners optimize treatment. We aimed to compare the laboratory value of Hba1c with the sensor-estimated value of Hba1c (= glucose management indicator, GMI) in ESRD patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (with or without insulin treatment) on haemodialysis. Secondly, we aimed to identify CGM-derived monitoring parameters [time in range, time in hypo/hyperglycaemia, glycaemic variability (coefficient of variation, CV)] to identify patients at risk of frequent hypo- or hyperglycaemia. METHODS: The FSLPRO-DIAL pilot study (NCT04641650) was a prospective monocentric cohort study including 29 subjects with T2D who achieve the protocol. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 18 years, haemodialysis duration for at least 3 months, type 2 diabetes with no change in treatment for at least 3 months. Demographic data and blood sample were collected at the day of inclusion. Freestyle Libre pro IQ sensor (blinded CGM) was inserted for 14 days. After this period, all CGMs data were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Data were available for 27 patients. Mean age was 73 ± 10, mean BMI 27.2 kg/m2, mean duration of diabetes 16.9 years and mean dialysis duration 2.9 years. Twenty-four subjects were treated with insulin. Mean HbA1c was 6.6% (SD 1.2), and mean GMI was 6.7% (SD 0.9) (no significant difference, p = 0.3). Twelve subjects (44.4%) had a discordance between HbA1c and GMI of < 0.5%, 11 (40.8%) had a discordance between 0.5 and 1%, and only 4 (14.8%) had a discordance of > 1%. Mean time in range (70-180 mg/dl) was 71.9%, mean time below range (< 70 mg/dl) was 5.6%, and mean time above range (> 180 mg/dl) was 22.1%. Mean CV was 31.8%. For 13 out of 27 patients, we reduced antidiabetic treatment by stopping treatments or reducing insulin doses. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, there was no global significant difference between HbA1c and GMI in this particular cohort with very well-controlled diabetes. However, the use of the sensor enabled us to identify an excessive time in hypoglycemia in this fragile population and to adapt their treatment.

Impact of diabetes on COVID-19 prognosis beyond comorbidity burden: the CORONADO initiative.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Diabetes has been recognised as a pejorative prognostic factor in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since diabetes is typically a disease of advanced age, it remains unclear whether diabetes remains a COVID-19 risk factor beyond advanced age and associated comorbidities. We designed a cohort study that considered age and comorbidities to address this question. METHODS: The Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes Outcomes (CORONADO) initiative is a French, multicentric, cohort study of individuals with (exposed) and without diabetes (non-exposed) admitted to hospital with COVID-19, with a 1:1 matching on sex, age (±5 years), centre and admission date (10 March 2020 to 10 April 2020). Comorbidity burden was assessed by calculating the updated Charlson comorbidity index (uCCi). A predefined composite primary endpoint combining death and/or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), as well as these two components separately, was assessed within 7 and 28 days following hospital admission. We performed multivariable analyses to compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 2210 pairs of participants (diabetes/no-diabetes) were matched on age (mean±SD 69.4±13.2/69.5±13.2 years) and sex (36.3% women). The uCCi was higher in individuals with diabetes. In unadjusted analysis, the primary composite endpoint occurred more frequently in the diabetes group by day 7 (29.0% vs 21.6% in the no-diabetes group; HR 1.43 [95% CI 1.19, 1.72], p<0.001). After multiple adjustments for age, BMI, uCCi, clinical (time between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and dyspnoea) and biological variables (eGFR, aspartate aminotransferase, white cell count, platelet count, C-reactive protein) on admission to hospital, diabetes remained associated with a higher risk of primary composite endpoint within 7 days (adjusted HR 1.42 [95% CI 1.17, 1.72], p<0.001) and 28 days (adjusted HR 1.30 [95% CI 1.09, 1.55], p=0.003), compared with individuals without diabetes. Using the same adjustment model, diabetes was associated with the risk of IMV, but not with risk of death, within 28 days of admission to hospital. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results demonstrate that diabetes status was associated with a deleterious COVID-19 prognosis irrespective of age and comorbidity status. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04324736.

Metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of mortality in patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19.

AIMS: Metformin exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. We addressed the impact of prior metformin use on prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19. METHODS: CORONADO is a nationwide observational study that included patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19 between March 10 and April 10, 2020 in 68 French centres. The primary outcome combined tracheal intubation and/or death within 7 days of admission. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was reported for death up to day 28. The association between metformin use and outcomes was then estimated in a logistic regression analysis after applying a propensity score inverse probability of treatment weighting approach. RESULTS: Among the 2449 patients included, 1496 were metformin users and 953 were not. Compared with non-users, metformin users were younger with a lower prevalence of diabetic complications, but had more severe features of COVID-19 on admission. The primary endpoint occurred in 28.0% of metformin users (vs 29.0% in non-users, P = 0.6134) on day 7 and in 32.6% (vs 38.7%, P = 0.0023) on day 28. The mortality rate was lower in metformin users on day 7 (8.2 vs 16.1%, P < 0.0001) and on day 28 (16.0 vs 28.6%, P < 0.0001). After propensity score weighting was applied, the odds ratios for primary outcome and death (OR [95%CI], metformin users vs non-users) were 0.838 [0.649-1.082] and 0.688 [0.470-1.007] on day 7, then 0.783 [0.615-0.996] and 0.710 [0.537-0.938] on day 28, respectively. CONCLUSION: Metformin use appeared to be associated with a lower risk of death in patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19.

Correction to: Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study.

The authors regret a mistake in Table 1.

Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Diabetes has rapidly emerged as a major comorbidity for COVID-19 severity. However, the phenotypic characteristics of diabetes in COVID-19 patients are unknown. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide multicentre observational study in people with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19 in 53 French centres in the period 10-31 March 2020. The primary outcome combined tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and/or death within 7 days of admission. Age- and sex-adjusted multivariable logistic regressions were performed to assess the prognostic value of clinical and biological features with the endpoint. ORs are reported for a 1 SD increase after standardisation. RESULTS: The current analysis focused on 1317 participants: 64.9% men, mean age 69.8 ± 13.0 years, median BMI 28.4 (25th-75th percentile: 25.0-32.7) kg/m2; with a predominance of type 2 diabetes (88.5%). Microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications were found in 46.8% and 40.8% of cases, respectively. The primary outcome was encountered in 29.0% (95% CI 26.6, 31.5) of participants, while 10.6% (9.0, 12.4) died and 18.0% (16.0, 20.2) were discharged on day 7. In univariate analysis, characteristics prior to admission significantly associated with the primary outcome were sex, BMI and previous treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers, but not age, type of diabetes, HbA1c, diabetic complications or glucose-lowering therapies. In multivariable analyses with covariates prior to admission, only BMI remained positively associated with the primary outcome (OR 1.28 [1.10, 1.47]). On admission, dyspnoea (OR 2.10 [1.31, 3.35]), as well as lymphocyte count (OR 0.67 [0.50, 0.88]), C-reactive protein (OR 1.93 [1.43, 2.59]) and AST (OR 2.23 [1.70, 2.93]) levels were independent predictors of the primary outcome. Finally, age (OR 2.48 [1.74, 3.53]), treated obstructive sleep apnoea (OR 2.80 [1.46, 5.38]), and microvascular (OR 2.14 [1.16, 3.94]) and macrovascular complications (OR 2.54 [1.44, 4.50]) were independently associated with the risk of death on day 7. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS: In people with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19, BMI, but not long-term glucose control, was positively and independently associated with tracheal intubation and/or death within 7 days. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov NCT04324736.

Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy: A New Cause of Anti-PD-1 Immune-Related Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies have revolutionized advanced cancer therapy. Anti-PD-1 therapy is responsible for immune-related adverse events, with frequent endocrine manifestations, including acute-onset type 1 diabetes. Acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL) is a rare disease, believed to be immune mediated, characterized by loss of adipose tissue and insulin resistance-associated complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We describe the first reported case of AGL induced by immune checkpoint therapy. RESULTS: A 62-year-old woman with metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab was referred for major hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. She had presented with a rapidly progressive generalized loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Diabetes was associated with severe insulin resistance and undetectable plasma leptin. Subcutaneous biopsy revealed atrophic adipose tissue infiltrated with cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: AGL is an additional immune-related adverse event of anti-PD-1 therapy that leads to severe insulin resistance-associated complications.

The multifaceted nature of diabetes mellitus induced by checkpoint inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) are increasingly being used in oncology, and many autoimmune side effects have been described. Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported in approximately 1% of subjects treated with programmed cell death-1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, alone or in association with CTLA-4 inhibitors. In the present mini-review, we aimed to describe different clinical pictures and pathophysiology associated with these forms of diabetes. Data on CPI-related DM was gathered from the largest case series in the literature and from our centre dedicated to immunotherapy complications (ImmuCare-Hospices Civils de Lyon). Most cases are acute autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes which are similar to fulminant diabetes (extremely acute onset with concomitant near-normal HbA1c levels). Other cases, however, have a phenotype close to type 2 diabetes or appear as a decompensation of previously known type 2 diabetes. The occurrence of diabetes can also be a complication of autoimmune pancreatitis induced by CPI use. Finally, two cases of diabetes in a context of autoimmune lipoatrophy have recently been described. Regarding the wide variety of CPI-induced diabetes, the discovery of a glucose disorder under CPI should motivate specialised care for aetiological diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Inappropriate glucagon and GLP-1 secretion in individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes: effects of residual C-peptide.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Recent studies have demonstrated that residual beta cells may be present in some people with long-standing type 1 diabetes, but little is known about the potential impact of this finding on alpha cell function and incretin levels. This study aimed to evaluate whether insulin microsecretion could modulate glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses to a mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT). METHODS: Adults with type 1 diabetes onset after the age of 15 years (n = 29) underwent a liquid MMTT after an overnight fast. Insulin microsecretion was defined when peak C-peptide levels were >30 pmol/l using an ultrasensitive assay. Four individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes were included as controls. Glucagon and GLP-1 responses were analysed according to C-peptide patterns. RESULTS: We found comparable peak values, Δ0-max levels and AUCs of glucagon and GLP-1 responses in C-peptide-positive participants (n = 9) and C-peptide-negative participants (n = 16) with long-standing diabetes and in participants with recent-onset diabetes (n = 4). Mean glucagon levels, however, differed (p = 0.01). Mean GLP-1 responses were significantly lower according to C-peptide positivity (p < 0.001, ANOVA). Interestingly, GLP-1 levels correlated to glucagon values in C-peptide-positive participants with long-standing diabetes (Pearson's r = 0.915, p = 0.004) and in participants with recent-onset diabetes (p < 0.001) but not in C-peptide-negative participants. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The glucagon response to an MMTT in people with long-standing type 1 diabetes is not reduced by the presence of residual beta cells. The reduction of GLP-1 responses according to residual C-peptide levels suggests specific regulatory pathways.

Diabetes mellitus induced by PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors: description of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine phenotype.

AIMS: Programmed cell death-1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors restore antitumor immunity, but many autoimmune side-effects have been described. Diabetes mellitus is a rare complication, and little data concerning its pathophysiology and phenotype have been published. This study aimed to describe both pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions, immunological features and change in pancreas volume in subjects with diabetes mellitus induced by PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors. METHODS: We analyzed the data of six subjects treated with immunotherapy who presented acute diabetes. RESULTS: There were five men and one woman. Median age was 67 years (range 55-83). Three subjects were treated with nivolumab, two with pembrolizumab and one with durvalumab. Median time to diabetes onset after immunotherapy initiation was 4 months (range 2-13). Four patients presented fulminant diabetes (FD); none of these had type 1 diabetes (T1D)-related autoantibodies, none of them had T1D or FD-very high-risk HLA class II profiles. The bi-hormonal endocrine and exocrine pancreatic failure previously reported for one FD patient was not found in other FD subjects, but glucagon response was blunted in another FD patient. Pancreas volume was decreased at diabetes onset in 2 FD patients, and all patients presented a subsequent decrease of pancreas volume during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In the patients presented herein, immunotherapy-induced diabetes was not associated with T1D-related autoantibodies. The hormonal and morphological analysis of the pancreatic glands of these six cases contributes to the understanding of the underlying and probably heterogeneous mechanisms. There is a need to find biomarkers to identify patients at risk to develop these new forms of diabetes at early stages of the process to prevent ketoacidosis and to evaluate preventive strategies.