[Modern management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a proposal for a risk assessment method in colposcopic decision-making]. / Repenser la prise en charge des néoplasies intraépithéliales du col de l'utérus: proposition d'une méthode d'évaluation du risque et d'aide à la décision thérapeutique.

Recent improve in the understanding of the natural progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and in the knowledge of treatments pregnancy related morbidity in addition with progression in mean age of first pregnancy brings out the need to rethink CIN management. Efficient tools are therefore needed to optimize therapeutic indications and destructive techniques have to be reconsidered. Because there is no superior technique for treating CIN in terms of treatment failure, the choice of a treatment method will not depend on this criteria but on the overall consideration of its characteristics, advantages and limitations put in balance with age of women, plan of pregnancy as well as CIN severity, risk of progression and of microinvasion misdiagnosis. The use of a "risk assessment method" based on five criteria: colposcopic impression, transformation zone type and size, age and agreement between cytology and histology would allow for proper evaluation of the risk of microinvasion misdiagnosis. Depending on their severity, each of these five criteria would be graded from 1 to 3. The presence of at least one grade 3 criteria would warrant the need for excisional treatment, preferably large loop excision of the transformation zone, allowing for histological analysis and reliable diagnosis. Ablative technique could be reasonably considered for only one grade 2 criteria or if all criteria are grade 1, reflecting good prognosis. Such risk assessment method requires to be prospectively evaluated.

[Cervical screening: toward a new paradigm?]. / Un nouveau paradigme pour le dépistage du cancer du col utérin?

OBJECTIVES: Analysis of the trials which compare the virologic testing (HPV testing) and the cytology in the cervical screening. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MedLine database was consulted using the Keywords: "cervical screening", "pap smear", "liquid based cytology", "HPV testing", "adults", "adolescents", "cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)", "uterine cervix cancer". Articles were selected according their concern about the debate of the uterine cervix cancer screening in France. RESULTS: The HPV testing seems interesting allowing a decreasing delay in the diagnosis of CIN (more diagnosis of CIN2+ in the first round and less during the second one). But, when the two rounds are added, the number of CIN2+ are identical in the two arms (cytology and HPV testing) in all the trials (except the Italian NTCC trial). A negative HPV testing protects the women much longer than cytology can do: a delay of five years between two rounds seems ideal. The HPV testing alone increases the detection rate of cervical lesions, which could regress spontaneously and may induce an overtreatment, especially in the youngest population: a triage is necessary and the cytology appears to be the best way to select the candidates for colposcopy in case of positive HPV testing and cytology. The HPV infection presents some particularities in adolescent females: for this reason, the HPV testing should not be used in this special population. In vaccinated women, a consensus for the screening is necessary. CONCLUSION: The health care providers in France have to understand the characteristics of the HPV testing: its advantages compared to the cytologic screening are only evident in case of an organization of the screening in France and even in Europe.

[Pemphigus vulgaris and intraepithelial neoplasia localized to the vagina]. / Pemphigus vulgaire et néoplasie intra-épithéliale de localisation vaginale.

BACKGROUND: Involvement of the vaginal mucosa in pemphigus vulgaris is a rare occurrence. Here we report an original case that resulted in discovery of intra-epithelial neoplasia at the same site. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 63 year-old woman was followed for 18 years for pemphigus vulgaris treated with prednisone, initially in combination with azathioprine. An erosive lesion was discovered in the pouch of Douglas during routine gynecological examination and demonstrated the histological features of pemphigus, despite remission of the disease at other sites. In spite of resumption of azathioprine and prednisone, the vaginal lesion continued to spread. A further biopsy revealed intra-epithelial vaginal neoplasia together with images of suprabasal cleavage and acantholysis. Surgical removal was carried out. DISCUSSION: Intra-epithelial carcinoma associated with pemphigus vulgaris has been described in rare cases in the cervix but never in the vagina.

[An urethromanometric study using micro-pressures gauges for female urinary incontinence. A definition of the index of continence. Applications (author's transl)]. / Etude urétromanométrique par microcapteurs de l'incontinence urinaire féminine. Définition d'un indice de continence. Applications.

The study has resulted from comparing urethral pressure curves measured with the use of a catheter with two micropressure gauges in 34 continent and 100 incontinent women. Two types of tracing were obtained: first of all at rest and then with the woman coughing repeatedly. Of the different parameters that were measured at rest only one seems to be advantageous over the others. That is the pressure at the maximum closure which becomes less with incontinence and with ageing. The curves that have been produced with effort make it possible to analyse what happens to this pressure when maximum closure is effected. This always rises in patients who are continent and always lessens in patients who are incontinent. The ratio of these two values, Pc with maximum effort over Pc at maximum rest, allows an index of continence (IC) to be drawn; and which conveys the ability of the sphincter apparatus to adapt itself, and which gives a quantitative value to female continence. Its practical application makes if possible to confirm the diagnosis and adapt the therapy to be used in many incontinent patients in whom other tests have been unrevealing, and to unmask incontinences that have been masked by prolapse and to identify possible future incontinent patients.

[Residual slowing of the heart in the first stage of labour. The interpretation and the prognostic value of this sign (author's transl)]. / Les ralentissements résiduels pendant la dilatation. Interprétation et signification pronostique.

117 deliveries in which fetal heart slowing was accompanied by residual bradycardia where at least one measure of the fetal pH was undertaken (212 measures were carried out in the whole series) allowed the authors to analyse the maximum and residual amplitudes, the regular or irregular morphology. The frequency of the slowing and its relationship to uterine contractions (regular or variable) and the number of episodes of slowing were recorded before any measures of the fetal pH in utero were undertaken. The regular morphology and the size of the residual degree of bradycardia beyond 30 Bpm are of great diagnostic importance. In fact, while slowing with residual bradycardia below 30 Bpm is tolerable, beyond this 19% of cases show fetal acidosis when slowing is irregular or variable, and 76% when slowing is regular (53 of these had severe acidosis with a pH of less than 7.20). In this last group, which is by far the most dangerous, acidosis appeared after 5 episodes of slowing and became constant after more than 10 episodes. Because of this, measuring pH in the presence of residual slowing would seem to be only useful in irregular types of slowing.