Human Milk-The Biofluid That Nourishes Infants from the First Day of Life.

Human milk is a biofluid with a unique composition among mammalian milks. Besides this milk's major components, its bioactive compounds, like hormones, immune factors, and oligosaccharides, are unique and important for infant growth and development. The best form of nutrition for term and preterm infants is the mother's own milk. However, in the absence of the mother's own milk, donor milk should be made available. Milk banks support neonatal intensive care units by providing preterm infants with human milk that generally has reasonable nutritive value for this sensitive population. However, neither mother's own milk nor donor milk has sufficient energy content for the growth of preterm babies, so adequate human milk supplementation is crucial for their progress. Due to the different characteristics of human breast milk, as well as ubiquitous environmental pollutants, such as microplastics, new methods are required for monitoring the quality and characteristics of human milk, which will lay a solid foundation for the further development and progress of human milk research.

Occurrence, seasonal variety of organochlorine compounds in street dust of Novi Sad, Serbia, and its implication for risk assessment.

The paper presents a study of organochlorine compounds in street dust, an often forgotten aspect of urban environmental pollution. Six different polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were monitored in terms of levels, distribution, seasonal variation and health risks. Street dust samples were collected from fifteen urban locations in Novi Sad including schools, recreational areas, residential and industrial zones. Street dust concentration of PCBs ranged from less than the limit of detection (

Redox properties of transitional milk from mothers of preterm infants.

AIM: There is a discrepancy between the amount of transitional milk produced by mothers of preterm infants and the low capacity of premature infants to consume it. This milk can be used in milk banks, but previous studies found that there are large variations in the level of host-defence proteins in individual samples of milk from mothers of premature infants, which implies that large individual variations in antioxidative defence composition are also possible. METHODS: Milk samples were collected from 20 healthy mothers of preterm infants. We determined the values for non-enzymatic antioxidative capacity parameters (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)), static oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), activities of antioxidant defence enzymes and the amount of vitamin C in whole milk, skim and whey fractions of transitional milk. RESULTS: The main low-molecular-weight antioxidant in transitional milk is vitamin C and most of it is contained in whey. ORAC is higher in whole transitional milk than in skim milk and whey, and ORP is lower in whole transitional milk than that in skim milk and whey. Antioxidative enzyme activities are similar in all individual samples of transitional milk from mothers of preterm infants. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that transitional milk of mothers of preterm infants shows slow individual variations in antioxidative defence composition; therefore, it can be used in human milk banks.

Seasonal variation and health risk assessment of organochlorine compounds in urban soils of Novi Sad, Serbia.

The aim of this paper was to determine spatial and seasonal variation of 6 indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in urban soils of Novi Sad, Serbia. Sixty surface soil samples were collected during both winter and summer season, from different types of locations: schools, recreational areas, residential and industrial zones. Samples were treated using the method of accelerated solvent extraction, which allows simultaneous extraction and clean up of PCBs and OCPs. Targeted compounds were analyzed by GC-µECD and confirmed by GC-MS. The total concentrations of studied PCBs varied from

Antioxidative Activity of Colostrum and Human Milk: Effects of Pasteurization and Storage.

OBJECTIVES: Milk banks collect, pasteurize, and freeze/store human milk. The processing may alter redox properties of milk, but the effects have not been fully examined. METHODS: We collected 10 mature milk and 10 colostrum samples and applied a battery of biochemical assays and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to inspect changes that milk undergoes with pasteurization and 30 days storage at -20°C. RESULTS: Pasteurization and storage of raw milk did not affect total nonenzymatic antioxidative capacity, but specific components and features were altered. Urate radical and ascorbyl radical emerge as products of exposure of milk to hydroxyl radical-generating system. Processing shifted the load of antioxidative activity from ascorbate to urate and lowered the capacity of milk to diminish hydroxyl radical. Pasteurization caused a significant drop in the activity of 2 major antioxidative enzymes-superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, whereas freezing/storage of raw milk affected only superoxide dismutase. Colostrum showed drastically higher total nonenzymatic antioxidative capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and glutathione reductase activity compared with mature milk. CONCLUSIONS: Pasteurization and storage affect nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidative agents in human milk. It appears that nonenzymatic antioxidative systems in colostrum and milk are different. The effects of processing may be partially compensated by fortification/spiking with ascorbate before use.