CMV-Related Anterior Uveitis in a Mediterranean European Population: Clinical Features, Prognosis, and Long-Term Treatment Outcomes.

PURPOSE: To describe the spectrum of clinical features of cytomegalovirus-related anterior uveitis (CMV-AU) along with potential comorbidities, to calculate complication rates, and to determine risk factors and biomarkers affecting prognosis in a cohort of a Southern European Mediterranean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a retrospective, multicenter case series of consecutive patients with persisting hypertensive AU, unresponsive to topical steroids therapy, and CMV-positive essays from two uveitis referral centers were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-seven eyes of 53 patients with polymerase chain reaction-verified CMV-AU over a period of 8 years were included with a mean age of 48 ± 18. Four presentation patterns were identified: 26.3% as Posner-Schlossman-like, 31.6% as chronic AU, 19.3% as presumed herpetic uveitis, 12.3% as Fuchs uveitis syndrome-like, and 10.5% without specific initial classification. About 15.8% received oral valganciclovir, 22.8% received topical valganciclovir, and 61.4% received both, for a mean duration of treatment of 44 months. AU recurrences were observed in 23 eyes with a mean of 1.5 (±1.5) recurrences per year. The only finding significantly associated with recurrence was the presence of posterior synechiae (PS) (p = 0.034). Fewer keratic precipitates (KPs) were indicative for the need of longer treatment, and endotheliitis was strongly associated with the need for filtration surgery. CONCLUSION: In this immunocompetent southern European population, four distinct clinical presentation patterns were further confirmed, and possible biomarkers such as PS, KPs, and endotheliitis were newly reported to influence treatment outcomes. Large-scale studies could provide a more effective customized treatment protocol.

Pediatric Non-Infectious Uveitis: Long-Term Outcomes and Complications.

PURPOSE: To describe the long-term prevalence of ocular complications and visual prognosis in patients with pediatric uveitis. METHODS: Demographics, etiology and location of uveitis, type of complications, treatment and visual outcomes were recorded in 296 children at first examination and at 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- and 10-year time points. RESULTS: Αnterior uveitis represented 53.4% of cases, followed by intermediate (28.0%), posterior uveitis (11.1%) and panuveitis (7.4%). The leading diagnoses were idiopathic uveitis (31.1%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (27.0%) and pars planitis (22.6%). Posterior synechiae was the most frequent complication of anterior uveitis and panuveitis, cystoid macular edema and disc edema of intermediate and posterior uveitis respectively. Posterior uveitis and panuveitis had more severe final vision loss (23.1% and 20% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides clinical characteristics and main complications in a longitudinal long-term follow-up of a large non-infectious pediatric uveitis Greek population. Early diagnosis and close monitoring remain of fundamental importance.

Induction of ocular Behçet's disease remission after short-term treatment with infliximab: a case series of 11 patients with a follow-up from 4 to 16 years.

OBJECTIVES: Initial recommendations on anti-TNF treatment for Behçet's disease (BD) included an intravenous infliximab infusion for acute posterior uveitis to achieve a fast-onset response. We aimed to examine the long-term outcome of our patients with acute sight-threatening BD who received successful short-term treatment with infliximab. METHODS: We performed a retrospective longitudinal outcome study including consecutive patients who responded to one infliximab infusion (5mg/kg) for BD-associated acute posterior uveitis or panuveitis, followed, or not, by one or two additional infusions. RESULTS: Twelve patients (aged 51±14 years, mean±SD, 67% men) with bilateral (n=9) or unilateral (n=3) ocular attack (relapsing in 9 patients) achieved resolution of ocular inflammation within 4 weeks after the first infusion of infliximab, given as add-on to azathioprine (n=9) or to azathioprine/cyclosporine combination. Ten of 12 patients received a second infusion at 4 weeks and 9 of them received a third infusion at 8 weeks from baseline. Except from a patient who relapsed after 6 months and responded to infliximab re-treatment, 11 patients remain ocular relapse-free during follow-up, ranging from 4 to 16 years (10±4). Five patients (45%) discontinued azathioprine being in full BD remission and remain any drug-free at end of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Successful short-term infliximab treatment combined with conventional immunosuppressives for BD-associated sight-threatening uveitis may lead to remission for many years thereafter. This observation may suggest that infliximab as a first-line therapy should be promptly administered to every patient with ocular BD for rapid remission of ocular inflammation and preservation of visual acuity.

Biologic Treatment Options for Retinal Neovascularization in Behçet's Disease.

PURPOSE: Relapsing ocular inflammation occurs in about 70% of patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and can lead to permanent loss of vision. Neovascularization of the optic disc (NVD) or elsewhere in the retina (NVE) is a relatively uncommon but severe complication that lacks standardized treatment. METHODS: We report on the therapeutic use of anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies for BD-associated NVD and NVE in one pediatric patient (subcutaneous adalimumab) and one young man (intravenous infliximab). Also, we review the previously published experience on biologic therapeutic options, namely anti-TNF agents and interferon-alpha in a total of three and eight patients, respectively. RESULTS: A fast-onset therapeutic effect was observed in both patients leading to complete regression of neovascularizations. CONCLUSIONS: Both options may lead to regression of neovascularization, thus preventing loss of vision, but comparative studies need to determine the optimal treatment for this sight-threatening complication of BD.

Brief Report: Drug-Free Long-Term Remission in Severe Behçet's Disease Following Withdrawal of Successful Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that remission of Behçet's disease (BD) in patients with severe vital organ involvement is maintained after withdrawal of successful anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) treatment. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective, longitudinal outcomes study focused on consecutive patients with disease refractory to treatment with conventional immunosuppressant agents who responded to add-on long-term anti-TNF treatment that was subsequently discontinued. The end point was the proportion of patients remaining in complete remission for at least 3 years after withdrawal of anti-TNF treatment. RESULTS: In our BD cohort comprising 87 patients, 29 were eligible for analysis. All of these patients had disease that was refractory to conventional immunosuppressive therapy and had received successful anti-TNF treatment for a median of 2 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.1-2.0) before treatment discontinuation. Of these patients, 12 (41%) achieved the study end point. The remaining 17 patients experienced a relapse within 1 year (IQR 0.6-1.5) after discontinuation. Re-treatment with anti-TNF was safe and effective in 14 (82%) of 17 patients; so far, 4 of these patients also achieved the study end point. Overall, 16 patients have remained in complete remission (median 6.5 years [IQR 5.5-8]). Ten of these patients are in drug-free remission (treated with anti-TNF agents, mainly for sight-threatening disease), and 6 are in azathioprine-maintained remission (treated with anti-TNF agents for ocular, intestinal, or central nervous system involvement). Notably, patients in drug-free remission were significantly younger and had a significantly shorter duration of BD when anti-TNF treatment was initiated compared to patients receiving azathioprine maintenance treatment. CONCLUSION: Drug-free, long-term remission after withdrawal of successful anti-TNF treatment is feasible in patients with severe BD. Because an anti-TNF agent-induced "cure" cannot be differentiated from spontaneous remission by natural history, prospective studies should examine whether anti-TNF agents should be used as first-line treatment for the induction of remission in every patient with vital organ involvement.

The role of fundus autofluorescence imaging in the study of the course of posterior uveitis disorders.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the correlation of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) with indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in patients with various posterior uveitis disorders. METHODS: Interventional case series including 23 eyes of 15 patients with diagnosis of a specific type of retinochoroiditis, such as acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), serpiginous-like choroiditis, multifocal choroiditis (MFC), Harada disease, and syphilitic retinochoroiditis. Also, some cases with undefined retinochoroiditis were included. FAF and ICGA were performed and correlated at baseline and during follow-up after treatment. RESULTS: In ICGA, early hypofluorescence was found to be the hallmark of acute choroidal inflammation, resolving in later stages and remaining in the late phase in areas with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage. Poorly defined hyperautofluorescent areas correlated with acute choroidal lesions. Hypoautofluorescent delineation suggested the initiation of RPE healing processes, correlating well with the late phase of ICGA and delineating the RPE damage. Early hyperautofluorescence with late hypofluorescence in ICGA indicated the presence of primary RPE involvement. CONCLUSION: FAF contributes to the interpretation of RPE disease and may be a useful tool for the follow-up of progressive inflammatory disorders. Comparative evaluation of FAF and ICGA allows a characterization of the sequence of inflammatory events and the level of tissue affected.

Evaluation of single-dose azithromycin versus standard azithromycin/doxycycline treatment and clinical assessment of regression course in patients with adult inclusion conjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: Single-dose azithromycin (AZT) has been proved efficient in treating various human Chlamydia infections. However, it has not been thoroughly tested in patients with adult inclusion conjunctivitis (AIC). It is the aim of this study to perform a comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of one-day AZT with long-term AZT and doxycycline (DOX) regimens in AIC and to present a clinical profile of regression course of the disease. MATERIALS: Eighty-three consecutive adults, with symptoms and signs of chronic conjunctivitis and positive Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for chlamydia, were randomly assigned in four treatment groups; AZT 1-day 1000 mg orally, AZT 500 mg daily 9 and 14 days and DOX 200 mg 21 days orally. Follow-up visits were scheduled 1 and 2 weeks, 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment completion. PCR was repeated at the 2nd post-treatment week to confirm elimination of infectious agent. Detailed record of subjective symptoms and objective signs was performed at all visits. Retreatment rate among groups was evaluated as primary outcome. Regression rate of symptoms/signs among groups was recorded as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: All treatment groups provided statistically equivalent results of retreatment rate. Statistically significant regression of symptoms/signs was documented, initially from the 1st post-treatment week in general, but 1 month was required for complete patients' relief. Follicles were the most common clinical sign with the earliest regression after successful treatment. CONCLUSION: Single-dose azithromycin should be considered as equally reliable treatment option, comparing to long-term alternative regimens for AIC. Patients should wait for one week, until first signs of significant regression become obvious and should consider approximately one month to total relief. Follicles could be reasonably used as a key sign for clinical assessment of treatment success.

Twelve months of follow-up after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for the treatment of idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasia.

AIMS: To report the anatomic and functional outcomes of intravitreal ranibizumab in idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasia (IPT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four eyes of three patients were included in this interventional case series. One patient (two eyes) had bilateral IPT (type 2) and two patients (two eyes) had unilateral (type 1) IPT. Retreatment was scheduled in case of leakage persistence in combination with visual acuity (VA) deterioration. Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were performed together with a full ophthalmic examination at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after injection. RESULTS: One intravitreal injection of ranibizumab was performed in all four eyes. Complete cessation of leakage was documented postintervention in three eyes and partial cessation in one eye, followed by improvement of best corrected VA in one of them. In all eyes, structural changes of the photoreceptor layer were detected in tomography and were responsible for visual loss, which was in most cases, refractory to the applied therapy. CONCLUSION: Use of ranibizumab might be efficient in eliminating leakage activity in the macular region in patients with IPT. Nevertheless, improvement in VA was infrequent. Preexisting early photoreceptor alteration in IPT might render such patients unable to improve VA.

Association of lysyl oxidase-like 1 gene common sequence variants in Greek patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

PURPOSE: Three common sequence variants in the lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) gene were recently associated with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) in populations from various parts of the world. In this study, the genetic association of these variants was investigated in Greek patients with PEX and PEXG. METHODS: The three LOXL1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one intronic (rs2165241) and two nonsynonymous coding SNPs (rs1048661: R141L and rs3825942: G153D), were genotyped in a total of 48 unrelated patients with PEX, 35 patients with PEXG, and 52 healthy subjects who had normal findings in repeated ophthalmic examinations. A genetic association study was performed. RESULTS: Between the two coding SNPs, R141L did not show an association with PEX (p=0.297 for allele G, p=0.339 for genotype GG), whereas allele G of G153D showed a significant association (odds ratio [OR]=3.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.735-7.166, p=3.24×10(-4) for allele G, p=0.004 for genotype GG). Likewise, for the intronic SNP of rs2165241, genotype TT (p=0.005) and its corresponding allele T (OR=2.99, 95% CI=1.625-5.527, p=3.53×10(-4)) showed a significant association with PEX. The allele G of G153D showed a significant association with PEXG (OR=3.74, 95% CI=1.670-8.387, p=0.001). The combined haplotype GGT, consisting of all three risk alleles, was associated with PEX (p=0.037), conferring a 1.8-fold of increased risk to the disease (OR=1.799, 95% CI=1.04-3.13). Furthermore, the haplotype GGT presented in 39.8% of the patients with PEX and 26.9% of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Certain genetic variants in LOXL1 confer risk for PEX in Greek populations, confirming in part findings in patients from Northern Europe.

Evaluation of direct immunofluorescence assay and cytological examination in comparison to polymerase chain reaction of conjunctival swabs in patients with adult inclusion conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate PCR, direct immunofluorescence assay (DIA) and cytological test of conjunctival swabs for the diagnosis of adult follicular conjunctivitis (AFC). METHODS: Eighty-three adult patients with chronic conjunctivitis and sixteen healthy individuals were included. Conjunctival scrapings underwent PCR, DIA and cytological analysis. Exams were repeated two weeks after treatment application. Sensitivity, specificity and agreement rate with PCR of DIA and Cytology were evaluated and correlated with clinical symptoms/signs. RESULTS: Cytology test was more sensitive than DIA and presented an acceptable agreement with PCR (K=0.44) in treatment-naïve patients, concerning especially the combination of both conventional exams (K = 0.77). Inferior diagnostic performance of was detected post-treatment, considering the combination as well (K=0.40). Negative post-treatment PCR correlated well with significant relief of symptoms/signs. CONCLUSION: Combination of Cytology and DIA seems to be a useful diagnostic option for treatment naïve AFC patients. However, PCR remains the most reliable test for post-treatment evaluation.

Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, arteriolar macroaneurysms and neuroretinitis: clinical course and treatment.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study is to describe the clinical course and treatment of idiopathic retinitis, vasculitis, aneurysms and neuroretinitis. The study utilized non-randomized, retrospective and interventional case series. The eight eyes of six patients were analysed. Testing included wide fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and systemic evaluation. Treatment involved observation, panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) for peripheral retinal ischemia, grid laser for macular oedema and focal laser on the macroaneurysms. The main outcome measures were initial visual acuity (VA), initial stage at diagnosis, clinical course, surgical intervention, final VA, final stage and complications of disease. RESULTS: Five out of eight eyes with retinal ischemia in more than two quadrants that were treated with PRP and grid laser for macular oedema maintained excellent VA and demonstrated no progression of retinal ischemia during follow-up. The two eyes which exhibited retinal ischemia in less than two quadrants and macular oedema were treated with grid laser and focal laser on the macroaneurysms, but did not undergo PRP. VA improved by two lines of the Snellen chart, and there was no progression of retinal ischemia during the 3 and 4 years of follow-up. One eye with neither retinal ischemia nor macular oedema was not treated, and the clinical picture remained stable during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: Early PRP may be considered in the presence of angiographic evidence of peripheral retinal non-perfusion. However, treatment could be withheld until the patient develops retinal ischemia in more than two quadrants.

Human herpes virus-6 as a cause of recurrent posterior uveitis in a HIV-positive patient.

PURPOSE: To report a case of bilateral recurrent posterior uveitis caused by human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive individual. METHODS: Comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including imaging with optical coherence tomography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and adequate laboratory tests were performed. A human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient without any AIDS defining condition, with a history of recurrent bilateral posterior uveitis referred to us with the diagnosis of retinal detachment. RESULTS: Vitreous polymerase chain reaction detected an aberrant band for herpes viruses, which proved to be human herpes virus-6 by repeated polymerase chain reactions. Serum antibodies titer was positive for human herpes virus-6. The patient responded well to antiviral therapy with valacyclovir. CONCLUSION: This is the first case of human herpes virus-6-related bilateral posterior uveitis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive individual without clinical manifestations of AIDS.

Intravitreal infliximab for sight-threatening relapsing uveitis in Behçet disease: a pilot study in 15 patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the safety and to conduct a preliminary assessment of efficacy of intravitreal infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody, for sight-threatening relapsing uveitis in Behçet disease. DESIGN: Prospective, noncomparative, interventional pilot study. METHODS: A single intravitreal injection of infliximab (1 mg/0.05 mL) was given to 15 patients with relapsing posterior uveitis at the onset of a unilateral attack. Best-corrected visual acuity, anterior chamber cells, vitreous haze, and posterior eye segment inflammation were assessed at baseline and at 1, 7, 14, and 30 days after treatment. RESULTS: Ocular or extra-ocular side effects were not observed. Baseline best-corrected visual acuity (mean logarithm of minimal angle of resolution, 0.74; range, 0.15 to 1.7) improved significantly by day 7 and continued to improve through day 30 after infliximab (mean, 0.30; P < .0001). Profound decreases in anterior chamber cells and vitreous haze (both P < .0001), as well as beneficial effects in retinal vasculitis (P = .0001) and retinitis (P = .001) were evident through day 30. Cystoid macular edema persisted in 9 of 11 eyes affected, but central macular thickness decreased from a baseline mean of 434 to 309 mm at the end of follow-up (P < .0001). Lack of systemic treatment at baseline in 4 patients or background immunosuppressive medications, which remained unchanged during follow-up, did not influence significantly these responses; additional treatment was not required. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that intraocularly produced or acting tumor necrosis factor, or both, is crucial in Behçet disease-associated relapsing uveitis and that intravitreal infliximab should be considered when systemic administration is not feasible or contraindicated. Further studies may identify patients for whom intravitreal infliximab is preferable to systemic treatment.

Structural and functional outcomes after treatment of uveitic macular oedema: an optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinogram study.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the correlation between the anatomical and functional outcomes before and after treatment of uveitic macular oedema. METHODS: Thirty-three eyes of 33 patients with uveitic macular oedema were included in the present study. Visual acuity (VA), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) were measured before and after treatment of the macular oedema. Correlation analyses between VA, OCT and mfERG parameters were performed. RESULTS: The VA and mfERG measurements showed statistically significant improvement after treatment of the macular oedema (p < 0.01) and OCT-measured central foveal thickness decreased significantly from 434 ± 135 µm before treatment to 267 ± 92 µm after treatment (p < 0.001). Correlation analyses showed that uveitic central foveal thickness before treatment was correlated with mfERG N1 response amplitude of area 1 (Spearman's r = -0.62, p < 0.001). VA (logMAR) after treatment had a negative correlation with the mfERG N1 response amplitude of area 1 (Spearman's r = -0.56, p = 0.001). Also, there was no correlation between the final VA and pre-treatment OCT and mfERG measurements. CONCLUSION: This study deals with cystoid macular oedema associated with recurrent uveitis. In cystoid macular oedema, the value of mfERG before treatment is related to the central foveal thickness and VA. In contrast, after treatment the decrease of macular thickness is not always followed by an improvement of mfERG and VA. This supports the view that in uveitic macular oedema, the decrease in macular thickness after treatment may not be used as a predictor of improvement of macular function.

Atypical unilateral maculopathy associated with acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy-like yellowish deposits.

PURPOSE: To report a case of atypical unilateral maculopathy associated with acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy-like yellowish deposits. METHODS: Observational case report of one patient. RESULTS: A 52-year-old man presented with reduced vision in the left eye. Findings resembling acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy were noted with ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Funduscopic examination revealed an exudative macular detachment with yellowish subretinal deposits inferior to the fovea. On fluorescein angiography, the perifoveal lesions were minimally hyperfluorescent, with no abnormal fluorescence in the central macula. The subretinal deposits were found to be hyperautofluorescent on fundus autofluorescence imaging. Optical coherence tomography confirmed a serous detachment of the retina with intraretinal cystic spaces. The right eye did not show any abnormalities except for an epiretinal membrane. CONCLUSION: We describe a case of atypical unilateral maculopathy associated with acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy-like yellowish deposits.

A single infliximab infusion vs corticosteroids for acute panuveitis attacks in Behçet's disease: a comparative 4-week study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a single infusion of the anti-TNF antibody infliximab vs CSs for acute panuveitis attacks in Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: A prospective, observational study of patients with panuveitis, who received either an infliximab infusion (5 mg/kg, 19 eyes) or high-dose methylprednisolone intravenously (1 g/day for 3 days, 8 eyes), or intra-vitreal triamcinolone acetonide (4 mg, 8 eyes) at attack's onset. Baseline maintenance therapy remained unchanged during the following 30 days. Visual acuity, anterior chamber cells, vitreous cells and inflammation of the posterior eye segment were assessed at baseline and at Days 1, 7, 14 and 29 (±1) post-treatment. RESULTS: While no significant differences were noted between i.v. and intra-vitreal CSs, infliximab was faster than CSs in decreasing total ocular inflammation scores and fundus inflammation scores (P = 0.01 and P < 0.0001 for treatment × time(2) interaction, respectively, using generalized estimating equation analysis). Independently of time, infliximab was superior to CSs in clearing retinal vasculitis (P < 0.003), as well as in resolution of retinitis (P = 0.008) and cystoid macular oedema (P < 0.007). Moreover, a faster regression of cystoid macular oedema was observed with infliximab compared with CSs (P < 0.03). The beneficial effects of the three treatment modalities on visual acuity were comparable from baseline to the end of follow-up. No side effects were noted with infliximab or methylprednisolone, whereas intra-vitreal triamcinolone acetonide caused ocular hypertension in four of the eight eyes, requiring surgical intervention in two. CONCLUSION: A single infusion of infliximab should always be considered, even as an adjunct therapy, for the control of acute panuveitis attacks in BD.

Efficacy and safety of latanoprost in eyes with uveitic glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: To compare the efficacy and safety of latanoprost against a fixed combination of dorzolamide and timolol in eyes with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) or glaucoma and anterior or intermediate uveitis. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with anterior or intermediate uveitis and elevated IOP or glaucoma presented or followed up in the Ocular Inflammation and Immunology Service of General Hospital of Athens were randomly assigned to receive treatment either with latanoprost (30) or with dorzolamide/timolol (28). The main outcome measures were inflammatory relapses and IOP response to treatment. RESULTS: Ten patients (34%) in the latanoprost group and sixteen patients (57%) in the dorzolamide/timolol group experienced relapses of anterior uveitis (p = 0.93). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in respect of inflammatory relapses (p = 0.21). Twenty-one patients were followed up before starting latanoprost. The number of recurrences of anterior uveitis per patient per year before treatment with latanoprost was 0.82 +/- 1.2. The rate of relapses per patient per year after starting latanoprost was 0.39 +/-0.7 for these patients (p = 0.038). After 1 year of treatment, intraocular pressure was dropped from 27.8 +/- 8.4 mmHg to 18.6 +/- 5.3 mmHg (p < 0.001) in the latanoprost group and from 28.2 +/-8.1 mmHg to 22.6 +/-10.1 mmHg (p < 0.001) in the dorzolamide/timolol group. Four patients during treatment with latanoprost and five patients during treatment with dorzolamide/timolol developed macular edema. CONCLUSION: Latanoprost is safe and equally effective to a fixed combination of dorzolamide and timolol in the treatment of uveitic glaucoma.