Consuming Whey Protein with Added Essential Amino Acids, not Carbohydrate, Maintains Post-Exercise Anabolism while Underfed.

PURPOSE: Energy deficiency decreases muscle protein synthesis (MPS), possibly due to greater whole-body essential amino acid (EAA) requirements and reliance on energy stores. Whether energy deficit-induced anabolic resistance is overcome with non-nitrogenous supplemental energy or if increased energy as EAA is needed is unclear. We tested the effects of energy as EAA or carbohydrate, combined with an EAA-enriched whey protein, on post-exercise MPS (%/h) and whole-body protein turnover (g protein/240 min). METHODS: 17 adults (mean ± SD; age: 26 ± 6 y, BMI: 25 ± 3 kg/m 2 ) completed a randomized, parallel study including two 5-d energy conditions (BAL, energy balance; DEF, -30 ± 3% energy requirements) separated by ≥7 d. Volunteers consumed EAA-enriched whey with added EAA (+EAA; 304 kcal, 56 g protein, 48 g EAA, 17 g carbohydrate, 2 g fat; n = 8) or added carbohydrate (+CHO; 311 kcal, 34 g protein, 24 g EAA, 40 g carbohydrate, 2 g fat; n = 9) following exercise. MPS and whole-body protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and net balance (NET; PS-PB) were estimated postexercise with isotope kinetics. RESULTS: MPS rates were greater in +EAA (0.083 ± 0.02) than +CHO (0.059 ± 0.01; P = 0.015) during DEF, but similar during BAL ( P = 0.45) and across energy conditions within treatments ( P = 0.056). PS rates were greater for +EAA (BAL, 117.9 ± 16.5; DEF, 110.3 ± 14.8) than +CHO (BAL, 81.6 ± 8.0; DEF, 83.8 ± 5.9 g protein/240 min; both P < 0.001), and greater during BAL than DEF in +EAA ( P = 0.045). PB rates were less in +EAA (8.0 ± 16.5) than +CHO (37.8 ± 7.6 g protein/240 min; P < 0.001), and NET was greater in +EAA (106.1 ± 6.3) than +CHO (44.8 ± 8.5 g protein/240 min; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that supplementing EAA-enriched whey protein with more energy as EAA, not carbohydrate, maintains postexercise MPS during energy deficit at rates comparable to those observed during energy balance.

Life cycle and economic assessment of tidal energy farms in early design phases: Application to a second-generation tidal device.

Ocean currents are emerging as key contributors to renewable energy generation. However, technologies for harvesting tidal current energy are still in the early stages of development. In this context, environmental and economic studies on tidal energy converters (TECs) are crucial to further advance tidal technology and facilitate its entry into the market. This article presents a life cycle and economic assessment of a 34.5 MW tidal farm project comprising 23 second-generation tidal devices, each with a rated power of 1.5 MW. The tidal system was simulated using primary data from the full-scale floating platform Atir. The Atir is a pre-commercial tidal device designed with a steel trimaran and a submerged section for TEC installation. An assessment of 18 environmental impact categories was conducted using the ReCiPe 2016 MidPoint method, with process flow systems modelled using SimaPro v9.2.0.1 software. The environmental assessment indicates emissions of 42.11 g CO2eq per kWh, primarily stemming from manufacturing processes that demand substantial amounts of steel. The economic analysis reveals a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of 0.125 EUR/kWh, consistent with European Commission projections. Although the platform structure represents a high initial investment, the lower maintenance costs of the Atir device provide long-term savings and, overall, result in a competitive LCOE. The study also introduces a methodological framework for harmonised environmental and economic assessments in tidal energy projects, proving crucial in supporting decision-making processes.

Beyond pulmonary rehabilitation: can the PICk UP programme fill the gap? A randomised trial in COPD.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a fundamental intervention to manage COPD, however, maintaining its benefits is challenging. Engaging in physical activity might help to prolong PR benefits. This study assessed the efficacy and effectiveness of a personalised community-based physical activity programme to sustain physical activity and other health-related PR benefits, in people with COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a multicentre, assessor blinded, randomised controlled trial. Following 12-weeks of PR, people with COPD were assigned to a six-months personalised community-based physical activity programme (experimental group), or to standard care (control group). Physical activity was assessed via: time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activities per day (primary outcome measure), steps/day and the brief physical activity assessment tool. Secondary outcomes included sedentary behaviour, functional status, peripheral muscle strength, balance, symptoms, emotional state, health-related quality of life, exacerbations and healthcare utilization. Assessments were performed immediately post-PR and after three- and six-months. Efficacy and effectiveness were evaluated using intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis with linear mixed models. RESULTS: Sixty-one participants (experimental group: n = 32; control group: n = 29), with balanced baseline characteristics between groups (69.6 ± 8.5 years old, 84 % male, FEV1 57.1 ± 16.7 %predicted) were included. Changes in all physical activity outcomes and in one-minute sit-to-stand were significantly different (P < 0.05) between groups at the six-month follow-up. In the remaining outcomes there were no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The community-based physical activity programme resulted in better physical activity levels and sit-to-stand performance, six-months after completing PR, in COPD. No additional benefits were observed for other secondary outcomes.

Exogenous erythropoietin increases hematological status, fat oxidation, and aerobic performance in males following prolonged strenuous training.

This study investigated the effects of EPO on hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), time trial (TT) performance, substrate oxidation, and skeletal muscle phenotype throughout 28 days of strenuous exercise. Eight males completed this longitudinal controlled exercise and feeding study using EPO (50 IU/kg body mass) 3×/week for 28 days. Hgb, Hct, and TT performance were assessed PRE and on Days 7, 14, 21, and 27 of EPO. Rested/fasted muscle obtained PRE and POST EPO were analyzed for gene expression, protein signaling, fiber type, and capillarization. Substrate oxidation and glucose turnover were assessed during 90-min of treadmill load carriage (LC; 30% body mass; 55 ± 5% V̇O2peak) exercise using indirect calorimetry, and 6-6-[2H2]-glucose PRE and POST. Hgb and Hct increased, and TT performance improved on Days 21 and 27 compared to PRE (p < 0.05). Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and metabolic clearance rate during LC increased (p < 0.05) from PRE to POST. Myofiber type, protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, and capillarization were unchanged PRE to POST. Transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial activity and fat metabolism increased from PRE to POST (p < 0.05). These data indicate EPO administration during 28 days of strenuous exercise can enhance aerobic performance through improved oxygen carrying capacity, whole-body and skeletal muscle fat metabolism.

Pioglitazone does not enhance exogenous glucose oxidation or metabolic clearance rate during aerobic exercise in men under acute high-altitude exposure.

Insulin insensitivity decreases exogenous glucose oxidation and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) during aerobic exercise in unacclimatized lowlanders at high altitude (HA). Whether use of an oral insulin sensitizer before acute HA exposure enhances exogenous glucose oxidation is unclear. This study investigated the impact of pioglitazone (PIO) on exogenous glucose oxidation and glucose turnover compared with placebo (PLA) during aerobic exercise at HA. With the use of a randomized crossover design, native lowlanders (n = 7 males, means ± SD, age: 23 ± 6 yr, body mass: 84 ± 11 kg) consumed 145 g (1.8 g/min) of glucose while performing 80 min of steady-state (1.43 ± 0.16 V̇o2 L/min) treadmill exercise at HA (460 mmHg; [Formula: see text] 96.6 mmHg) following short-term (5 days) use of PIO (15 mg oral dose per day) or PLA (microcrystalline cellulose pill). Substrate oxidation and glucose turnover were determined using indirect calorimetry and stable isotopes ([13C]glucose and 6,6-[2H2]glucose). Exogenous glucose oxidation was not different between PIO (0.31 ± 0.03 g/min) and PLA (0.32 ± 0.09 g/min). Total carbohydrate oxidation (PIO: 1.65 ± 0.22 g/min, PLA: 1.68 ± 0.32 g/min) or fat oxidation (PIO: 0.10 ± 0.0.08 g/min, PLA: 0.09 ± 0.07 g/min) was not different between treatments. There was no treatment effect on glucose rate of appearance (PIO: 2.46 ± 0.27, PLA: 2.43 ± 0.27 mg/kg/min), disappearance (PIO: 2.19 ± 0.17, PLA: 2.20 ± 0.22 mg/kg/min), or MCR (PIO: 1.63 ± 0.37, PLA: 1.73 ± 0.40 mL/kg/min). Results from this study indicate that PIO is not an effective intervention to enhance exogenous glucose oxidation or MCR during acute HA exposure. Lack of effect with PIO suggests that the etiology of glucose metabolism dysregulation during acute HA exposure may not result from insulin resistance in peripheral tissues.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-term (5 days) use of the oral insulin sensitizer pioglitazone does not alter circulating glucose or insulin responses to enhance exogenous glucose oxidation during steady-state aerobic exercise in young healthy men under simulated acute (8 h) high-altitude (460 mmHg) conditions. These results indicate that dysregulations in glucose metabolism in native lowlanders sojourning at high altitude may not be due to insulin resistance at peripheral tissue.

Efficacy of aquatic vs land-based therapy for pain management in women with fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of two physiotherapeutic interventions - aquatic therapy (AT) and land-based therapy (LBT) - for reducing pain in women with fibromyalgia. DESIGN: Single-blind, randomised controlled, equivalence trial. SETTING: Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Association in A Coruña, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Forty women with fibromyalgia were assigned at random in a 1:1 manner to two groups: AT (n = 20) and LBT (n = 20). INTERVENTIONS: Two therapeutic exercise programmes, with 60-min sessions, were undertaken three times per week for 12 weeks. Sessions were carried out in groups by a trained physiotherapist. OUTCOME: The primary outcome was pain intensity (visual analogue scale). The secondary outcomes were pressure pain threshold (algometer), quality of life (Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory) and physical ability (6-Minute Walk Test). Patients were evaluated at baseline, 12 weeks (post-treatment) and 18 weeks (follow-up). The statistical analysis was per-protocol. P < 0.05 was considered to indicate significance. Effect size was calculated. RESULTS: The mean age was 50 [standard deviation (SD) 9] years, with median body mass index of 27 [interquartile range (IQR) 25-30] kg/m2 and median symptom duration of 11 (IQR 6-15) years. No differences were observed between the groups post-treatment, but differences in favour of AT were found in pain intensity [2.7 (IQR 1.5-4.9) vs 5.5 (IQR 3.3-7.6); p= 0.023; large effect, Cohen's d= 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1-1.5] and sleep quality [12.0 (IQR 7.3-15.3) vs 15.0 (IQR 13.0-17.0); p= 0.030; large effect, Cohen's d= 0.8; 95% CI 0.1-1.5] at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that AT is better than LBT for reducing pain intensity and improving sleep quality after 6 weeks of follow-up. AT may be a good treatment option for women with fibromyalgia. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02695875 CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER.

[Neurological evolution in traumatic spinal cord injury according to the size of the intraparenchymal hemorrhage]. / Evolución neurológica en la lesión medular traumática en función del tamaño de la hemorragia intraparenquimatosa.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of spinal cord hemorrhage is considered as a poor prognostic factor in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, it has been suggested in published works that the prognosis of small hemorrhages is not so negative. The aim of this paper is to assess the neurological evolution in individuals with intraparenchymal hemorrhage according to its size. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study. Selected all the patients admitted for acute traumatic SCI between 2010 and 2018 with early magnetic resonance study and spinal cord hemorrhage. Two groups were established depending on the size of the bleeding: microhemorrhages (less than 4mm) and macrohemorrhages (greater than 4mm). The neurological examination at admission and discharge was compared according to the AIS grade and the motor score (MS). RESULTS: Forty-six cases collected, 17 microhemorrhages and 29 macrohemorrhages. 70.6% of the microhemorrhages were AIS A while among macrohemorrhages the percentage was 89.6%. At the time of discharge, an improvement in the AIS grade was observed in 40.0% of the microhemorrhages compared to 4.0% of the macrohemorrhages (P=.008). Initial MS was similar, 45.2±22.2 in the microhemorrhages and 40.9±20.4 in the macrohemorrhages (P=.459), but at discharge it was higher in the first group: 60.4±20.5 for 42.7±22.8 (P=.033). Eight patients (17.4%) died during admission. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relationship between the size of the intraparenchymal hemorrhage and the neurological prognosis of SCI, with hemorrhages smaller than 4mm presenting a better evolution.

[Association between hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and Parsonage Turner syndrome: coincidence or cause-effect relationship?] / Asociación de trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos y síndrome de Parsonage-Turner: ¿coincidencia o relación causa-efecto?

Parsonage-Turner syndrome or idiopathic brachial neuritis is a total or partial inflammation of the brachial plexus, with a typical presentation as a sudden and very intense pain in the shoulder, followed by weakness and early amyotrophy. The etiology is still unknown, although an immune mediated mechanism is thought to be involved. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a well-established treatment for hematological malignancies, but with a growing implication in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The neurological side effects are probably underdiagnosed. The association of the Parsonage-Turner syndrome and the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is scarce. We describe two clinical cases of idiopathic brachial plexopathy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The reconstruction of the immune system after a transplant may be the trigger of a brachial plexopathy, but more studies are necessary for the etiology of this disease to be understood and to establish a cause-effect relation with the transplant.

French validation of the Quality of life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) and the Essential Tremor Embarrassment Assessment (ETEA).

Two scales have been developed and validated in English to evaluate the impact of tremor on daily life, namely Quality of life in Essential Tremor Questionnaire (QUEST) and Essential Tremor Embarrassment Assessment (ETEA). The psychometric properties of the French version of these two scales were assessed for 117 patients with head tremor. Both scales showed excellent acceptability, very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient>0.8) and reproducibility (Lin concordance coefficient>0.8), satisfactory external validity and satisfactory sensitivity to change. In conclusion, the French versions of QUEST and ETEA are comprehensive, valid and reliable instruments for assessing patients with head tremor.

Evaluation of oxytetracycline leaching from pregelatinized starch-coated medicated fish feed.

The rapid growth and intensification of aquaculture industries have led to an increased use of antibiotics. Consequently, growing concerns have mounted over the environmental contamination of these drugs from medicated feeds and the risk that this poses for antimicrobial resistance. To circumvent environmental leaching, farmers topcoat medicated feeds with oil; however, this only partially addresses the issue. This study investigated the potential of food-grade pregelatinized corn starch (PGS) as a second top-coating agent to reduce oxytetracycline (OTC) leaching from the hand-mixed medicated feed. We immersed top-coated medicated feeds for different periods of time and measured the concentration of OTC in the water to determine leaching. We found a significantly lower level of OTC in water samples collected from the PGS-coated medicated feed compared to the non-PGS-coated medicated feed, with concentrations of OTC approximately 4 and 2.6 times the latter after 5 min and 2 h of water immersion, respectively. We also fed PGS-coated antibiotic feed to jade perch to determine if fish accepted the top-coating and whether they absorbed the OTC. Results from a feeding trial suggested no difference in palatability between PGS and non-PGS-coated medicated feed. We also found that muscle tissue from fish fed with the aforementioned diets had similar levels of OTC concentrations, suggesting that PGS coating does not alter the gastrointestinal absorption of this medication. From our experiment, we conclude that PGS is potentially a new top-coating agent to reduce leaching in hand-mixed OTC medicated feed.

[Impact of vortioxetine on sexual function compared to other antidepressants]. / Repercusión de vortioxetina sobre la función sexual frente a otros antidepresivos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the antidepressant vortioxetine on sexual function, compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and mixed selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (IRSN or Dual) in patients with depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytical, observational, longitudinal and prospective study, which included men and women over 18years of age, with depressive disorder and sexual activity with a partner, separating them into two groups: (i)study, starting treatment with vortioxetine; (2)control, maintaining treatment with SSRIs or Duals. Three visits were made: inclusion, follow-up at 4weeks and final 3months from inclusion. The total follow-up period was 3months. RESULTS: A total of 87 patients were included (mean age 46.85years). At the end of the study, significant differences (SD) were found in the mean value of the sum of the scores of the evaluative domains of the sexual response of the Women's Sexual Function Questionnaire (FSM-2) between the study group and the control (22.42±4.39 and 16.13±7.76, respectively), with a lower risk of sexual dysfunction in women treated with vortioxetine. Also, lower risk of sexual dysfunction in these same women in the domains of desire, lubrication, orgasm, sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction. These differences were not found when assessing male sexual function. CONCLUSIONS: Women treated with vortioxetine presented better sexual function than those treated with SSRIs or Duals and a lower risk of sexual dysfunction.

Severe, short-term sleep restriction reduces gut microbiota community richness but does not alter intestinal permeability in healthy young men.

Sleep restriction alters gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function in rodents, but whether similar effects occur in humans is unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of severe, short-term sleep restriction on gut microbiota composition and intestinal permeability in healthy adults. Fecal microbiota composition, measured by 16S rRNA sequencing, and intestinal permeability were measured in 19 healthy men (mean ± SD; BMI 24.4 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 20 ± 2 years) undergoing three consecutive nights of adequate sleep (AS; 7-9 h sleep/night) and restricted sleep (SR; 2 h sleep/night) in random order with controlled diet and physical activity. α-diversity measured by amplicon sequencing variant (ASV) richness was 21% lower during SR compared to AS (P = 0.03), but α-diversity measured by Shannon and Simpson indexes did not differ between conditions. Relative abundance of a single ASV within the family Ruminococcaceae was the only differentially abundant taxon (q = 0.20). No between-condition differences in intestinal permeability or ß-diversity were observed. Findings indicated that severe, short-term sleep restriction reduced richness of the gut microbiota but otherwise minimally impacted community composition and did not affect intestinal permeability in healthy young men.

Improvement of the Pour Plate Method by Separate Sterilization of Agar and Other Medium Components and Reduction of the Agar Concentration.

Although the pour plate method is widely employed in microbiological quality control, it has certain drawbacks, including having to melt the culture medium before seeding. In this study, the preparation of the culture medium was modified by using a lower concentration of agar (10 g/L), which was separated from the nutrients during sterilization. The new protocol was assessed in media frequently used in microbiological quality control of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products, with tryptic soy agar (TSA), Sabouraud 4% dextrose agar (SDA), and violet red bile glucose agar (VRBG). In comparison with the conventionally produced media, the modifications significantly improved the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in SDA, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Candida albicans in TSA and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and ATCC 25922 and S. Typhimurium in VRBG. The modified VRBG was also more selective for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regarding physicochemical properties, a significantly lower pH was observed in TSA and VRBG and lower strength values in TSA. Sterilizing agar separately from the other components of the medium and reducing the agar concentration to 10 g/L can improve microorganism growth and enhance the selectivity of differential media in the pour plate method. These modifications could facilitate the automation of this culture technique. IMPORTANCE In the era of rapid microbiological methods, there is a need to improve long-established culture techniques. Drawbacks of the pour plate method include having to melt each medium separately before seeding. For this technique, we demonstrate that separating the agar from the other components of commonly used media during sterilization and reducing the agar concentration to 10 g/L can enhance microbial growth. The new protocol could have advantages in routine laboratory practice because less agar is required and the same molten agar suspension can be used to prepare different media. Moreover, these modifications could facilitate the automation of the pour plate method.

Extracellular matrix in skin diseases: The road to new therapies.

BACKGROUND: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital structure with a dynamic and complex organization that plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis. In the skin, the ECM is arranged into two types of compartments: interstitial dermal matrix and basement membrane (BM). All evidence in the literature supports the notion that direct dysregulation of the composition, abundance or structure of one of these types of ECM, or indirect modifications in proteins that interact with them is linked to a wide range of human skin pathologies, including hereditary, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Even though the ECM's key role in these pathologies has been widely documented, its potential as a therapeutic target has been overlooked. AIM OF REVIEW: This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in three groups of skin ECM-related diseases - genetic, autoimmune, and neoplastic - and the recent therapeutic progress and opportunities targeting ECM. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: This article describes the implications of alterations in ECM components and in BM-associated molecules that are determinant for guaranteeing its function in different skin disorders. Also, ongoing clinical trials on ECM-targeted therapies are discussed together with future opportunities that may open new avenues for treating ECM-associated skin diseases.

Impact of acute exacerbations of COPD on patients' health status beyond pulmonary function: A scoping review.

This scoping review summarized the evidence regarding the impact of acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) on patients' health status beyond pulmonary function. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched. Prospective cohort studies assessing the health status of patients with COPD in a stable phase of the disease and after a follow-up period (where at least one AECOPD occurred) were included. An integrated assessment framework of health status (i.e., physiological functioning, complaints, functional impairment, quality of life) was used. Twenty-two studies were included. AECOPD acutely affected exercise tolerance, quadriceps muscle strength, physical activity levels, symptoms of dyspnoea and fatigue, and impact of the disease. Long-term effects on quadriceps muscle strength, symptoms of dyspnoea and depression, and quality of life were found. Repeated exacerbations negatively impacted the fat-free mass, levels of dyspnoea, impact of the disease and quality of life. Conflicting evidence was found regarding the impact of repeated exacerbations on exercise tolerance and physical activity levels. AECOPD have well-established acute and long-term adverse effects on health status beyond pulmonary function; nevertheless, the recovery trajectory and the impact of repeated exacerbations are still poorly studied. Further prospective research is recommended to draw firm conclusions on these aspects.

Reliability and validity of the Chester step test in patients with interstitial lung disease.

BACKGROUND: The Chester Step Test (CST) is a simple and inexpensive field test, which requires minimal physical space to assess exercise capacity. Such characteristics make the CST suitable to be used in different settings, however, its measurement properties in patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are unknown. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with ILD. First, a CST-1 and a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were performed. After 48-72 hours, a CST-2 was repeated. A 2nd rater was present in one of the sessions. Relative reliability was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,1 and ICC2,1). Absolute reliability was determined using standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change at 95% confidence interval (MDC95) and the Bland-Altman method. The values of SEM and MDC95 were also expressed as a percentage of the mean. Construct validity was explored using Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) between the number of steps taken in the best CST and the distance performed in the 6MWT. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients with ILD (65.5±12.9 years; 48.5%men; FVC 79.4±18.8pp; DLCO 49.0±18.3pp) participated in the study. Relative (ICC 0.95-1.0) and absolute reliability were excellent without evidence of systematic bias. The SEM and MDC95 were 11.8 (14.7%) and 32.6 steps (40.7%), respectively. The correlation between CST and 6MWT was significant, positive, and high (rs=0.85, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The CST is a reliable and valid test and might be especially useful to assess exercise capacity in patients with ILD in limited space environments.

Aquatic pollutants are associated with reproductive alterations and genotoxicity in estuarine fish (Sciades herzbergii - Bloch, 1794) from the Amazon Equatorial Coast.

Estuaries are constantly subject to continuous environmental impacts of human activities, such as fisheries, port or industry, and domestic sewage, with fish being one of the most affected aquatic animals, reflecting the impacts directly on their bodies. Thus, the aim of this study was to carry out the biomonitoring of an estuary located on the Amazonian Equatorial Coast through analysis of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in the water, in addition to trace metals, histopathological alterations and analysis of erythrocyte micronuclei in Sciades herzbergii. S. herzbergii was used as a model species, due to its estuarine-resident behavior. Gonad and gill samples were subjected to histopathological evaluations. The quantification of trace metals was performed in samples of skeletal muscles of the animals collected, where concentrations of Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) were found. Except for Cadmium (Cd), all the concentrations were above the recommended limits. The PAHs analysis revealed the presence of Naphthalene and Acenaphthene in the water samples Histopathological and genotoxic analyses revealed of lesions in 100% of the study specimens. Thus, the histological and genotoxic alterations found in 100% of S. herzbergii specimens captured in São José Bay-MA are potentially associated with PAH concentrations present in the water. These results are potentially associated with the presence of PAH and trace metals, both in water and in animal tissues, inferring a general scenario of environmental contamination which directly implies a risk to the health and survival of the local biota. This study shows the relevance of continuous biomonitoring of estuarine ecosystems, in order to guide authorities regarding sewage management and ensure the evolutionary development of estuarine species, especially fishes of importance in the local cuisine, therefore related to human food security.