Interobserver Reliability and Sensitivity to Change of a Composite Ocular Inflammatory Activity Index: UVEDAI©.

INTRODUCTION: This was a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, observational study involving eight Spanish tertiary hospitals to determine the interobserver reliability of an uveitis disease activity index, (UVEDAI) and assess its sensitivity to change in patients with receiving pharmacologic treatment. METHODS: Patients aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with active noninfectious uveitis were included. A complete baseline assessment was performed by two ophthalmologists who determined ocular inflammatory activity using the UVEDAI index independently of each other. The principal ophthalmologist made a new visit at 4 weeks to determine the change in inflammatory activity. The interobserver reliability analysis was performed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with the values of the variables and the UVEDAI obtained by both ophthalmologists in the more active eye at the baseline visit. Sensitivity to change in the UVEDAI index was assessed at 4 weeks from the start of pharmacologic treatment by determining the clinically relevant change, defined as a change in UVEDAI of ≥ 0.8 points over baseline. The mean change between both measures was compared using the repeated-measures t-test. RESULTS: A total of 111 patients were included. In the interobserver reliability analysis, the ICC for the UVEDAI value was 0.9, and, when compared with the mean UVEDAI values obtained by the ophthalmologists, no statistically significant differences were found (p value > 0.05). As for the sensitivity to change in UVEDAI, statistically significant differences (p value = 0.00) were found for the mean values of the index compared with baseline. In all cases, the index value decreased by > 1 point at the 4-week visit. CONCLUSIONS: The interobserver reliability of the UVEDAI was high in the total sample. Furthermore, the index was sensitive in determining the change in inflammatory activity after treatment. We believe that UVEDAI is a disease activity index that enables objective comparison of results in clinical practice and trials.

Validation of UVEDAI: An Index for Evaluating the Level of Inflammatory Activity in Uveitis.

INTRODUCTION: Uveitis is the inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, the uvea, and is a major cause of blindness. None of the instruments used in clinical practice are, in themselves, sufficient to evaluate the course of uveitis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop instruments enabling standardized measurement of inflammatory activity. We developed a composite disease activity index for patients with uveitis known as UVEDAI, which considers the overall activity of the eye. The objective of this study was to validate the composite index of ocular inflammation, UVEDAI. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study involving eight Spanish tertiary hospitals. Sixty-two patients aged ≥ 18 years with acute uveitis were recruited. Participants gave informed consent before participating in the study. A full ophthalmological examination was performed by two ophthalmologists to determine inflammatory activity: one used the UVEDAI score and the other used clinical judgment. The ophthalmologists did not share their findings with each other to avoid introducing bias into the analysis. Construct validity was established by means of factor analysis. The criterion validity of the index was determined using an ordinal multivariate regression model, in which the dependent variable was the degree of uveal inflammation (mild, moderate, or high/severe). Cut-off points were determined for the UVEDAI and for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were included. Total variance with the three components accounted for 80.32% of the construct validity. Each of the three components identified one type of eye involvement. The discriminatory capacity of UVEDAI was 0.867 (95% CI 0.778; 0.955 p < 0.001) for mild versus moderate-high and 0.946 (95% CI 0.879; 1.000 p < 0.001) for high versus mild-moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The variables included in UVEDAI enable ocular inflammatory activity to be described with a high degree of accuracy. The index may be used to evaluate and classify this activity with considerable discriminatory power.

Anti-TNF vs tocilizumab in refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema due to Behcet's disease. Multicenter study of 49 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of TNF inhibitors (adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX)) vs tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with refractory cystoid macular edema (CME) due to Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: Multicenter study of patients with BD-associated CME refractory to conventional and/or biological immunosuppressive drugs. From a cohort of 177 patients treated with anti-TNF and 14 patients treated with TCZ, we selected those with CME at baseline. We analyzed the evolution of macular thickness (main outcome), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular inflammation (Tyndall and vitritis) from baseline up to 4 years in the 3 groups mentioned. RESULTS: 49 patients and 72 eyes with CME were included. ADA was used in 25 patients (40 eyes), IFX in 15 (21 eyes) and TCZ in 9 (11 eyes). No statistically significant baseline differences were observed between the 3 groups except for a lower basal BCVA in TCZ group and a higher basal degree of intraocular inflammation in ADA group. Most patients from all groups had received several conventional immunosuppressive drugs. In addition, most patients in the group of TCZ had also received anti-TNF agents. Biological therapy was used in monotherapy (n=8) or combined with conventional immunosuppressive drugs (n=41). Macular thickness progressively decreased in the 3 groups, with no signs of CME after 1 year of treatment. Similarly, BCVA improvement and inflammatory intraocular remission was achieved in all groups. CONCLUSION: Refractory CME associated with BD uveitis can be effectively treated either with ADA, IFX or TCZ. Furthermore, TCZ is effective in patients resistant to anti-TNF therapy.

Atypical herpes zoster ophthalmicus with madarosis of upper eyelid, recurrent iridocyclitis and atrophic multifocal chorioretinopathy.

INTRODUCTION: Ocular involvement due to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection includes conjunctivitis, scleritis, keratitis, uveitis, and necrotizing retinitis. Non-necrotizing chorioretinopathy as a late manifestation has been described. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old immunocompetent man developed herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) in the right V1 dermatome with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) treated with oral valaciclovir and topical steroid and a chalazion in the upper eyelid with associated madarosis. Four months later, he presented recurrence of the AAU and multiple areas of chorioretinal atrophy on fundoscopy. Biopsy of the upper eyelid lesion revealed granulomatous inflammation of the eyelid margin and polymerase chain reaction study (PCR) tested positive for VZV-specific DNA. The iridocyclitis was resolved with oral valaciclovir at maximum doses with minimal choroidal pigmentary changes. DISCUSSION: VZV ophthalmic infection starts by reactivation from the trigeminal ganglion, and it spreads to the isthmus of the pilosebaceous follicles and the epidermis, which can cause involvement of follicle and sebaceous glands. Chorioretinopathy is a rare form of late-onset non-necrotizing herpetic uveitis characterized by atrophic-appearing hypopigmented lesions, the pathogenesis of which is unknown. A direct viral infection or secondary to occlusive choroidal vasculitis is postulated at the level of the choriocapillaris and more recently it has been referred to as "choroidal vitiligo" due to possible involvement of choroidal melanocytes, as occurs in cases of cutaneous vitiligo due to VZV infection.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in Spain.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease in Spain. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter analysis of data from VKH patients followed for at least 6 months. The data collected were related to demographics, clinical manifestations, treatments, and complications. RESULTS: Participants were 112 patients (224 eyes), from 13 tertiary referral centers, of mean age 37.5 ± 14.7 years; 83.9% were women. Ethnicities were 61.6% Caucasian and 30.4% Hispanic. The disease was classified as complete in 16.1%, incomplete in 55.4%, and probable in 28.6%. When seen for the first time, the clinical course was acute in 69.6%, recurrent chronic in 15.2%, and chronic in 14.3%. The most frequent treatment was corticosteroids (acute stage 42.2%, maintenance stage 55.6%). The most common complications were cataract (41.1%) and ocular hypertension (16.1%). In most eyes, visual acuity was improved (96.7%) or remained stable at the end of follow up. CONCLUSION: VKH in Spain mostly affects women and presents as incomplete acute stage disease. Visual prognosis is good. Cataract and glaucoma are the two most frequent complications.

Fungal Necrotizing Scleritis After Intravitreal Injection Therapy.

PURPOSE: To report a case of infectious necrotizing scleritis secondary to Aspergillus terreus after intravitreal injection therapy. METHODS: This is a case report with literature review. RESULTS: A 98-year-old woman receiving intravitreal aflibercept injections for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the left eye presented with severe pain, redness, and purulent discharge at the injection site. She was initially treated with topical fortified antibiotics, and clinical improvement was achieved, although microbial cultures showed negative results. Two months later, she presented with severe ocular pain and was diagnosed with anterior necrotizing scleritis. Scleral scrapings were collected for cultures, and intensive topical antibiotic therapy was reintroduced. Evaluation for autoimmune etiology and microbiological testing showed negative results. Because of the progression of the scleral necrotic area, empirical therapy with topical voriconazole was initiated, and surgical debridement was performed. Finally, the culture was positive for A. terreus. The modified therapy consisted of topical voriconazole and oral voriconazole for 3 months with an excellent clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first case of fungal necrotizing scleritis secondary to intravitreal injection. Diagnosis was delayed due to its chronic clinical course and the slow fungal growth in culture media, but the combined medical and surgical approach resulted in a satisfactory outcome.

Tocilizumab in Behçet's disease with refractory ocular and/or neurological involvement: response according to different clinical phenotypes.

OBJECTIVES: Anti-IL6R tocilizumab (TCZ) therapy has proved to be useful in the treatment of refractory ocular and/or neurological involvement of Behçet's disease (BD). However, TCZ efficacy in other BD manifestations remains unclear. In this study we aimed to assess the efficacy of TCZ in the different clinical phenotypes of BD. METHODS: This is a multicentre study of BD patients treated with TCZ, due to refractivity to standard systemic treatment. RESULTS: We studied 16 patients (10 men/6 women); mean age 36.5±18.2 years. The main clinical manifestations at TCZ onset were ocular, oral and/or genital ulcers, arthritis, folliculitis and/or neurological involvement. Before TCZ, they had received several conventional and/or biological immunosuppressants, such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, adalimumab or infliximab. TCZ was used in monotherapy or combined with conventional immunosuppressive drugs. The main indications for TCZ prescription were refractory uveitis (n=14) and refractory neurobehçet (n=2). After a median [IQR] follow-up of 20 [9-45] months using TCZ, neurological and ocular domains improved in most cases with complete remission in most patients with uveitis. Articular and peripheral venous manifestations also experienced a favourable evolution. However, oral/genital ulcers, skin lesions and intestinal manifestations followed a torpid course. CONCLUSIONS: TCZ is effective in BD with major clinical involvement. However, it does not seem to be effective in oral/genital ulcers or skin lesions.

Choroidal lymphoma diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction-based clonality assessment.

PURPOSE: To report a case of primary choroidal lymphoma that was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-based clonality testing. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old woman presented with unilateral progressive vision loss. Fundus examination and B-ultrasonography demonstrated diffuse choroidal thickening without vitritis. Pars plana vitrectomy and subretinal biopsy were performed, and histopathologic analysis revealed choroidal B-cell lymphoid hyperplasia without evidence of neoplasia. Extraocular extension was ruled out, and transitory improvement was observed with oral steroids. After 1-year follow-up, she was referred to our hospital and clonality testing was performed using the samples taken months before. First, we used a forensic DNA extraction kit, and then, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction was carried out using the IgH Rearrangements Molecular Analysis Kit. Clonal rearrangement was identified for the immunoglobulin heavy chain framework regions 1 and 2, and B-cell choroidal lymphoma was confirmed. The patient began treatment with intravitreal rituximab, but no response was observed. Finally, complete regression was achieved using external beam radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Polymerase chain reaction-based clonality testing can be a valuable tool to confirm a choroidal lymphoproliferative process.

Adalimumab in Elderly Patients with Non-Infectious Uveitis. Safety and Efficacy.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of adalimumab in elderly patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU).Methods: An observational, retrospective, multicenter study was done. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), inflammatory activity parameters, central retinal thickness (CRT), and the occurrence of adverse events (AE) developed during follow-up were recorded.Results: A total of 82 eyes from 41 patients 60 years of age and older with noninfectious uveitis treated with adalimumab were included. A significant improvement in BCVA (71.5 to 75.4 letters, p = .001) and in CRT (311.1 µm to 265 µm, p = .001) was observed. Moreover, a significant decrease from baseline in the rate of patients with anterior chamber cell (ACC) >0+ (34.6% to 5.7%, p = <0.001) or vitreous haze>0+ (21.3% to 4.3%, p = .002) was determined. AEs were observed in 11 patients (26.8%).Conclusion: Adalimumab can be safe and efficacious for the treatment of NIU in patients 60 years of age and older.

Ophthalmic and Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

PURPOSE: To describe a case of inflammatory chorioretinopathy and Adie's syndrome possibly associated with COVID-19. METHODS: Observational case report. RESULTS: A 51-year-old woman developed fever, cough, and headache followed by retro-ocular pain and reading impairment. She tested positive for SARS-COV-2 infection by qualitative real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction. The slit-lamp and funduscopic exam revealed abnormal pupillary response and yellowish creamy deep chorioretinal lesions, which were not present in previous examinations. Instillation of pilocarpine demonstrated denervation supersensitivity, and it was suggestive of bilateral Adie tonic pupil. A comprehensive work-up ruled out other systemic, autoimmune, or infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates the possible association between multifocal chorioretinitis and Adie's syndrome, and the SARS-COV-2 infection in humans. Further investigation of virus infectivity specifically within ocular tissues has to be conducted.

Biologic therapy in severe and refractory peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK). Multicenter study of 34 patients.

PURPOSE: We assessed the efficacy and safety of biologic therapy in severe and refractory Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis (PUK). DESIGN: Open-label multicenter study of biologic-treated patients with severe PUK refractory to conventional immunosuppressive drugs. SUBJECTS: We studied 34 patients (44 affected eyes) (24 women/10 men; mean age, 55.26±17.4 years). PUK was associated with a well-defined condition in 29 of them (rheumatoid arthritis [n = 20], psoriatic arthritis [n = 2], inflammatory bowel disease [n = 2], Behçet disease [n = 1], granulomatosis with polyangiitis [n = 1], microscopic polyangiitis [n = 1], systemic lupus erythematosus [n = 1] and axial spondyloarthritis [n = 1]). Besides topical and oral systemic glucocorticoids, patients had received: methylprednisolone pulses [n = 9], and conventional immunosuppressive drugs, mainly methotrexate [n = 18], and leflunomide [n = 7]. Eleven patients had required ocular surgery prior to biologic therapy. METHODS: Following biologic therapy, baseline main outcomes were compared with those found at 1st week, 1st and 6th months and 1st year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Efficacy and safety of biologic therapy. Efficacy was analyzed by the assessment of corneal inflammation (corneal thinning, central keratolysis and ocular perforation); other causes of ocular surface inflammation (scleritis, episcleritis); intraocular inflammation (uveitis); visual acuity and glucocorticoid sparing effect. RESULTS: The first biologic agents used were anti-TNFα drugs (n = 25); adalimumab (n = 16), infliximab (n = 8), etanercept (n = 1), and non-TNFα agents (n = 9); rituximab (n = 7), tocilizumab (n = 1) belimumab (n = 1) and abatacept (n = 1). During the follow-up, switching to a second biologic agent was required in 12 of the 25 (48%) patients treated with anti-TNFα drugs. However, no switching was required in those undergoing biologic therapy different from anti-TNFα agents. The main outcome variables showed a rapid and maintained improvement after a mean follow-up of 23.7 ± 20 months. Major adverse effects were tachyphylaxis, relapsing respiratory infections, supraventricular tachycardia, pulmonary tuberculosis and death, one each. CONCLUSIONS: Biologic therapy is effective and relatively safe in patients with severe and refractory PUK. Non-anti-TNFα agents appear to be effective in these patients.

Comparative Study of Infliximab Versus Adalimumab in Refractory Uveitis due to Behçet's Disease: National Multicenter Study of 177 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) versus adalimumab (ADA) as a first-line biologic drug over 1 year of treatment in a large series of patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet's disease (BD). METHODS: We conducted an open-label multicenter study of IFX versus ADA for BD-related uveitis refractory to conventional nonbiologic treatment. IFX or ADA was chosen as the first-line biologic agent based on physician and patient agreement. Patients received 3-5 mg/kg intravenous IFX at 0, 2, and 6 weeks and every 4-8 weeks thereafter, or 40 mg subcutaneous ADA every other week without a loading dose. Ocular parameters were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The study included 177 patients (316 affected eyes), of whom 103 received IFX and 74 received ADA. There were no significant baseline differences between treatment groups in main demographic features, previous therapy, or ocular sign severity. After 1 year of therapy, we observed an improvement in all ocular parameters in both groups. However, patients receiving ADA had significantly better outcomes in some parameters, including improvement in anterior chamber inflammation (92.31% versus 78.18% for IFX; P = 0.06), improvement in vitritis (93.33% versus 78.95% for IFX; P = 0.04), and best-corrected visual acuity (mean ± SD 0.81 ± 0.26 versus 0.67 ± 0.34 for IFX; P = 0.001). A nonsignificant difference was seen for macular thickness (mean ± SD 250.62 ± 36.85 for ADA versus 264.89 ± 59.74 for IFX; P = 0.15), and improvement in retinal vasculitis was similar between the 2 groups (95% for ADA versus 97% for IFX; P = 0.28). The drug retention rate was higher in the ADA group (95.24% versus 84.95% for IFX; P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Although both IFX and ADA are efficacious in refractory BD-related uveitis, ADA appears to be associated with better outcomes than IFX after 1 year of follow-up.

Anti-IL6-Receptor Tocilizumab in Refractory and Noninfectious Uveitic Cystoid Macular Edema: Multicenter Study of 25 Patients.

PURPOSE: Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a leading cause of blindness. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ) in refractory CME. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Patients with CME secondary to noninfectious uveitis who had inadequate response to corticosteroids and at least 1 conventional immunosuppressive drug, and in most cases to other biological agents, were studied. CME was defined as central retinal thickness greater than 300 µm. The primary outcome measure was macular thickness. Intraocular inflammation, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and corticosteroid-sparing effect were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients (mean ± standard deviation age 33.6 ± 18.9 years; 17 women) with CME were assessed. Underlying diseases associated with uveitis-related CME are juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 9), Behçet disease (n = 7), birdshot retinochoroidopathy (n = 4), idiopathic (n = 4), and sarcoidosis (n = 1). The ocular patterns were panuveitis (n = 9), anterior uveitis (n = 7), posterior uveitis (n = 5), and intermediate uveitis (n = 4). Most patients had CME in both eyes (n = 24). TCZ was used in monotherapy (n = 11) or combined with conventional immunosuppressive drugs. Regardless of the underlying disease, compared to baseline, a statistically significant improvement in macular thickness (415.7 ± 177.2 vs 259.1 ± 499.5 µm; P = .00009) and BCVA (0.39 ± 0.31 vs 0.54 ± 0.33; P = .0002) was obtained, allowing us to reduce the daily dose of prednisone (15.9 ± 13.6 mg/day vs 3.1 ± 2.3 mg/day; P = .002) after 12 months of therapy. Remission was achieved in 14 patients. Only minor side effects were observed after a mean follow-up of 12.7 ± 8.34 months. CONCLUSION: Macular thickness is reduced following administration of TCZ in refractory uveitis-related CME.

Successful Optimization of Adalimumab Therapy in Refractory Uveitis Due to Behçet's Disease.

PURPOSE: To assess efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of adalimumab (ADA) therapy optimization in a large series of patients with uveitis due to Behçet disease (BD) who achieved remission after the use of this biologic agent. DESIGN: Open-label multicenter study of ADA-treated patients with BD uveitis refractory to conventional immunosuppressants. SUBJECTS: Sixty-five of 74 patients with uveitis due to BD, who achieved remission after a median ADA duration of 6 (range, 3-12) months. ADA was optimized in 23 (35.4%) of them. This biologic agent was maintained at a dose of 40 mg/subcutaneously/2 weeks in the remaining 42 patients. METHODS: After remission, based on a shared decision between the patient and the treating physician, ADA was optimized. When agreement between patient and physician was reached, optimization was performed by prolonging the ADA dosing interval progressively. Comparison between optimized and nonoptimized patients was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness in optimized and nonoptimized groups. To determine efficacy, intraocular inflammation (anterior chamber cells, vitritis, and retinal vasculitis), macular thickness, visual acuity, and the sparing effect of glucocorticoids were assessed. RESULTS: No demographic or ocular differences were found at the time of ADA onset between the optimized and the nonoptimized groups. Most ocular outcomes were similar after a mean ± standard deviation follow-up of 34.7±13.3 and 26±21.3 months in the optimized and nonoptimized groups, respectively. However, relevant adverse effects were only seen in the nonoptimized group (lymphoma, pneumonia, severe local reaction at the injection site, and bacteremia by Escherichia coli, 1 each). Moreover, the mean ADA treatment costs were lower in the optimized group than in the nonoptimized group (6101.25 euros/patient/year vs. 12 339.48; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: ADA optimization in BD uveitis refractory to conventional therapy is effective, safe, and cost-effective.

Anti-interleukin 6 receptor tocilizumab in refractory uveitis associated with Behçet's disease: multicentre retrospective study.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ) in refractory uveitis of Behçet's disease (BD). Methods: Multicentre study of patients with BD-associated uveitis. Patients were refractory to conventional and biologic immunosuppressive drugs. The main outcome measures were intraocular inflammation, macular thickness, visual acuity and corticosteroid-sparing effects. Results: We studied 11 patients (7 men) (20 affected eyes); median age 35 years. Uveitis was bilateral in nine patients. The patterns of ocular involvement were panuveitis (n = 8, with retinal vasculitis in 4), anterior uveitis (n = 2) and posterior uveitis (n = 1). Cystoid macular oedema was present in seven patients. The clinical course was recurrent (n = 7) or chronic (n = 4). Before TCZ, patients had received systemic corticosteroids, conventional immunosuppressants and the following biologic agents: adalimumab (n = 8), infliximab (n = 4), canakimumab (n = 1), golimumab (n = 3), etanercept (n = 1). TCZ was used as monotherapy or combined with conventional immunosuppressants at 8 mg/kg/i.v./4 weeks (n = 10) or 162 mg/s.c./week (n = 1). At TCZ onset the following extraocular manifestations were present: oral and/or genital ulcers (n = 7), arthritis (n = 4), folliculitis/pseudofolliculitis (n = 4), erythema nodosum (n = 2), livedo reticularis (n = 1) and neurological involvement (n = 2). TCZ yielded rapid and maintained improvement in all ocular parameters of the patients, with complete remission in eight of them. However, this was not the case for the extraocular manifestations, since TCZ was only effective in three of them. After a mean (s.d.) follow-up of 9.5 (8.05) months, TCZ was withdrawn in two cases, due to a severe infusion reaction and arthritis impairment, respectively. Conclusion: TCZ could be a therapeutic option in patients with BD and refractory uveitis.

Surgical Management of a Patient with Anterior Megalophthalmos, Lens Subluxation, and a High Risk of Retinal Detachment.

The early development of lens opacities and lens subluxation are the most common causes of vision loss in patients with anterior megalophthalmos (AM). Cataract surgery in such patients is challenging, however, because of anatomical abnormalities. Intraocular lens dislocation is the most common postoperative complication. Patients with AM also seem to be affected by a type of vitreoretinopathy that predisposes them to retinal detachment. We here present the case of a 36-year-old man with bilateral AM misdiagnosed as simple megalocornea. He had a history of amaurosis in the right eye due to retinal detachment. He presented with vision loss in the left eye due to lens subluxation. Following the removal of the subluxated lens, it was deemed necessary to perform a vitrectomy in order to prevent retinal detachment. Seven months after surgery, an Artisan® Aphakia iris-claw lens was implanted in the anterior chamber. Fifteen months of follow-up data are provided.

Development of an activity disease score in patients with uveitis (UVEDAI).

To develop a disease activity index for patients with uveitis (UVEDAI) encompassing the relevant domains of disease activity considered important among experts in this field. The steps for designing UVEDAI were: (a) Defining the construct and establishing the domains through a formal judgment of experts, (b) A two-round Delphi study with a panel of 15 experts to determine the relevant items, (c) Selection of items: A logistic regression model was developed that set ocular inflammatory activity as the dependent variable. The construct "uveitis inflammatory activity" was defined as any intraocular inflammation that included external structures (cornea) in addition to uvea. Seven domains and 15 items were identified: best-corrected visual acuity, inflammation of the anterior chamber (anterior chamber cells, hypopyon, the presence of fibrin, active posterior keratic precipitates and iris nodules), intraocular pressure, inflammation of the vitreous cavity (vitreous haze, snowballs and snowbanks), central macular edema, inflammation of the posterior pole (the presence and number of choroidal/retinal lesions, vascular inflammation and papillitis), and global assessment from both (patient and physician). From all the variables studied in the multivariate model, anterior chamber cell grade, vitreous haze, central macular edema, inflammatory vessel sheathing, papillitis, choroidal/retinal lesions and patient evaluation were included in UVEDAI. UVEDAI is an index designed to assess the global ocular inflammatory activity in patients with uveitis. It might prove worthwhile to motorize the activity of this extraarticular manifestation of some rheumatic diseases.

The effect of biologic therapy different from infliximab or adalimumab in patients with refractory uveitis due to Behçet's disease: results of a multicentre open-label study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of other biologic therapies, different from infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA), in patients with Behçet's disease uveitis (BU). METHODS: Multicenter study of 124 patients with BU refractory to at least one standard immunosuppressive agent that required IFX or ADA therapy. Patients who had to be switched to another biologic agent due to inefficacy or intolerance to IFX or ADA or patient's decision were assessed. The main outcome measures were the degree of anterior and posterior chamber inflammation and macular thickness. RESULTS: Seven (5.6%) of 124 cases (4 women/3 men; mean age, 43 (range 28- 67) years; 12 affected eyes) were studied. Five of them had been initially treated with ADA and 2 with IFX. The other biologic agents used were golimumab (n=4), tocilizumab (n=2) and rituximab (n=1). The ocular pattern was panuveitis (n=4) or posterior uveitis (n=3). Uveitis was bilateral in 5 patients (71.4%). At baseline, anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation were present in 6 (50%) and 7 (58.3%) of the eyes. All the patients (12 eyes) had macular thickening (OCT>250µm) and 4 of them (7 eyes), cystoid macular edema (OCT>300 µm). Besides reduction anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation, we observed a reduction of OCT values, from 330.4±58.5 µm at the onset of the biological agent to 273±50 µm at month 12 (p=0.06). Six patients achieved a complete remission of uveitis. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of patients with BU refractory to standard immunosuppressive drugs are successfully controlled with ADA and/or IFX. Other biologic agents appear to be also useful.