The first genome-wide association study in the Argentinian and Chilean populations identifies shared genetics with Europeans in Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are fundamental for identifying loci associated with diseases. However, they require replication in other ethnicities. METHODS: We performed GWAS on sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) including 539 patients and 854 controls from Argentina and Chile. We combined our results with those from the European Alzheimer and Dementia Biobank (EADB) in a meta-analysis and tested their genetic risk score (GRS) performance in this admixed population. RESULTS: We detected apolipoprotein E ε4 as the single genome-wide significant signal (odds ratio  = 2.93 [2.37-3.63], P = 2.6 × 10-23 ). The meta-analysis with EADB summary statistics revealed four new loci reaching GWAS significance. Functional annotations of these loci implicated endosome/lysosomal function. Finally, the AD-GRS presented a similar performance in these populations, despite the score diminished when the Native American ancestry rose. DISCUSSION: We report the first GWAS on AD in a population from South America. It shows shared genetics modulating AD risk between the European and these admixed populations. HIGHLIGHTS: This is the first genome-wide association study on Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a population sample from Argentina and Chile. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis reveals four new loci involving lysosomal function in AD. This is the first independent replication for TREM2L, IGH-gene-cluster, and ADAM17 loci. A genetic risk score (GRS) developed in Europeans performed well in this population. The higher the Native American ancestry the lower the GRS values.

Efectos del reto de líquidos sobre el acople ventrículo arterial en un biomodelo porcino de choque endotóxico / The effect of fluid challenge on ventriculo-arterial coupling in an endotoxic shock swine bio-model

Introducción: el reto de líquidos es una prueba que consiste en administrarlos y medir la respuesta hemodinámica mediante el cambio del gasto cardíaco (GC), aunque solo medir el GC resulta insuficiente. El acople ventrículo-arterial (AVA) (elastancia arterial efectiva/ elastancia telesistólica: Eae/Ets) aparece como una variable que evalúa el estado cardiocirculatorio en forma integral. Objetivo: evaluar el AVA en un biomodelo de choque endotóxico y durante retos de líquidos. Materiales y métodos: biomodelo de choque endotóxico (9 porcinos). Se midieron variables hemodinámicas cada hora desde un tiempo 0 (T0) hasta T6. Se realizaron 5 retos de líquidos entre T0 y T4. El tiempo de hipotensión se denominó TH0. Se calcularon diferencias de medianas de variables entre T0-T4. Se clasificaron los retos en dos grupos según el delta del AVA (AVA posreto-AVA prerreto), en ΔAVA≤0 o >0, se midieron variables antes y después de cada reto. Se determinó la relación lactato/piruvato (L/P) en T0, T3 y T6, se establecieron correlaciones entre la diferencia LP T6-T0 y de variables hemodinámicas. Resultados: el AVA aumentó (1.58 a 2,02, p=0.042) por incremento en la Eae (1.74 a 2,55; p=0.017). El grupo ΔAVA≤0 elevó el GC (4.32 a 5,46, p=0.032) y el poder cardíaco (PC) (0.61 a 0,77, p=0,028). El Δ L/P se correlacionó con el Δ del índice de choque sistólico y diastólico (r=0.73), pero no con el del AVA. Conclusión: durante el choque endotóxico el AVA aumentó de manera significativa. Durante el reto de líquidos el grupo Δ AVA≤0, elevó el GC y PC. El Δ L/P no se correlacionó con variables del AVA.

Introduction: fluid challenges (FCs) consist of measuring hemodynamic response through changes in cardiac output (CO) after fluid administration, although only measuring CO proves insufficient. Ventriculo-arterial coupling (V-A) (effective arterial elastance / tele-systolic elastance: E(a)/Ets) are variables used for a comprehensive cardiac and circulatory status appraisal. Objective: to evaluate V-A in an endotoxic shock bio-model by FCs. Materials and methods: an endotoxic shock bio-model (9 pigs). Hemodynamic variables were measured every hour from time 0 (T0) to T6. Five FCs were performed between T0 and T4. Hypotension time was referred to as HT. The median differences in variables between T0-T4 were calculated. Challenges were classified into two groups according to V-A delta (post-challenge V-A - pre-challenge V-A). In ΔV-A≤0 o>0, variables were measured before and after each FC. The lactate to pyruvate (L/P) ratio was determined at T0, T3 and T6. Correlations between the LP T6-T0 difference and hemodynamic variables, were established. Results: V-A increased (1.58 to 2,02, p=0.042) as Eae increased (1.74 to 2.55; p=0.017). CO (4.32 to 5.46, p=0.032) and cardiac power (CP) (0.61 to 0.77, p=0,028) increased, in the ΔV-AC≤0 group. The ΔLP correlated with the systolic and diastolic shock index (r=0.73), but not with V-A. Conclusion: V-A increased significantly during endotoxic shock. The ΔAVA≤0 group, showed elevated CO and CP during FC. ΔLP did not correlate with any of the V-A variables.

Variables influencing the prediction of fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Prediction of fluid responsiveness in acutely ill patients might be influenced by a number of clinical and technical factors. We aim to identify variables potentially modifying the operative performance of fluid responsiveness predictors commonly used in clinical practice. METHODS: A sensitive strategy was conducted in the Medline and Embase databases to search for prospective studies assessing the operative performance of pulse pressure variation, stroke volume variation, passive leg raising (PLR), end-expiratory occlusion test (EEOT), mini-fluid challenge, and tidal volume challenge to predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill and acutely ill surgical patients published between January 1999 and February 2023. Adjusted diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were calculated by subgroup analyses (inverse variance method) and meta-regression (test of moderators). Variables potentially modifying the operative performance of such predictor tests were classified as technical and clinical. RESULTS: A total of 149 studies were included in the analysis. The volume used during fluid loading, the method used to assess variations in macrovascular flow (cardiac output, stroke volume, aortic blood flow, volume‒time integral, etc.) in response to PLR/EEOT, and the apneic time selected during the EEOT were identified as technical variables modifying the operative performance of such fluid responsiveness predictor tests (p < 0.05 for all adjusted vs. unadjusted DORs). In addition, the operative performance of fluid responsiveness predictors was also influenced by clinical variables such as the positive end-expiratory pressure (in the case of EEOT) and the dose of norepinephrine used during the fluid responsiveness assessment for PLR and EEOT (for all adjusted vs. unadjusted DORs). CONCLUSION: Prediction of fluid responsiveness in critically and acutely ill patients is strongly influenced by a number of technical and clinical aspects. Such factors should be considered for individual intervention decisions.

Association between physical activity and affects in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study / Asociación entre actividad física y afectos en estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia de COVID-19: estudio transversal

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted physical and mental health worldwide. It is essential to continue exploring the population's psychological manifestations and the pandemic's impact on lifestyles (physical activity, quality of sleep). Objective This research aimed to describe the relationship between affect (positive and negative) and physical activity (PA) in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted on health sciences students from three universities in Mexico and Colombia. PA was assessed using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-S), and affects were measured using the PANAS index. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association between PA and affect. Results We included 430 participants between 16 and 40 years. We found no differences between the male and female participants regarding age, weight (BMI), PA, or the number of hours of sitting per day. The monthly consumption of alcohol and tobacco was more frequent in males (p < .05), and women expressed having worse sleep quality (p < .05). Adjusting for the number of hours spent sitting per day, gender, BMI, age, sleep quality, smoking and alcohol consumption habits, participants reported having more positive affect when they engaged in greater PA. No association was found between PA and negative affect. Discussion and conclusion Prioritizing mental health and assessments that determine the late impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological well-being is critical. Promoting PA in university communities is considered a priority to positively impact students' mental health and provide tools to facilitate coping.

Resumen Introducción La pandemia de COVID-19 impactó negativamente la salud tanto física como mental a lo largo del mundo. Es importante identificar las manifestaciones psicológicas de la población y el impacto de la pandemia en los estilos de vida (actividad física, calidad del sueño). Objetivo Describir la relación entre el afecto (positivo y negativo) y la actividad física (AF) en estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método Se realizó una encuesta transversal a estudiantes de ciencias de la salud pertenecientes a tres instituciones de educación superior en México y Colombia. La AF se evaluó mediante la versión corta del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ-S), y los afectos se midieron mediante el Índice PANAS. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre AF y afectos. Resultados Se incluyeron 430 participantes entre 16 y 40 años. No encontramos diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en cuanto a edad, peso (IMC), nivel de AF ni el número de horas sentados por día, sin embargo, el consumo mensual de alcohol y tabaco fueron más frecuentes en hombres (p < .05) y las mujeres expresaron tener peor calidad de sueño (p < .05). Al ajustar por la cantidad de horas que pasaban sentados por día, el género, IMC, edad, calidad del sueño y los hábitos de consumo de tabaco y alcohol, los participantes expresaron tener más afectos positivos cuando realizaban mayor AF, sin embargo, no encontramos asociación entre AF y los afectos negativos. Discusión y conclusión Es fundamental priorizar la salud mental y las evaluaciones que determinan el impacto tardío de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el bienestar psicológico. Se considera necesario promover la AF en las comunidades universitarias para impactar positivamente en la salud mental de los estudiantes y brindar herramientas que faciliten el afrontamiento.

Changes of operative performance of pulse pressure variation as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in endotoxin shock.

Several limitations regarding pulse pressure variation (PPV) use have been reported. Our aim was to describe changes in the PPV operative performance as a predictor of fluid responsiveness during the development of a swine endotoxin shock model and to assess hemodynamic variables associated with PPV changes. A swine porcine endotoxin shock model was established (Escherichia Coli 055:B5 endotoxin) in 7 pigs, and 3 pigs were included in the control group. The endotoxin was infused until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropped below 50 mmHg (TH0); then, the model animal was reanimated with fluids and vasopressors. We performed fluid challenges every hour for 6 h. ROC curve analysis and a linear mixed model were performed. The area under the curve of PPV decreased from 0.95 (0.81-1.00) to 0.60 (0.17-1.00) at TH0. Its cutoff increased from 10.5 to 22.00% at TH0. PPV showed an inverse relationship with stroke volume, mean systemic filling pressure, MAP, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (p < 0.001, AIC = 111.85). The PPV operative performance as a predictor of fluid responsiveness decreased with the progression of shock. This could lead to an inverse association between PPV and the following variables: MAP and SVR.

Predictors of fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients mechanically ventilated at low tidal volumes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Dynamic predictors of fluid responsiveness have shown good performance in mechanically ventilated patients at tidal volumes (Vt) > 8 mL kg-1. Nevertheless, most critically ill conditions demand lower Vt. We sought to evaluate the operative performance of several predictors of fluid responsiveness at Vt ≤ 8 mL kg-1 by using meta-regression and subgroup analyses. METHODS: A sensitive search was conducted in the Embase and MEDLINE databases. We searched for studies prospectively assessing the operative performance of pulse pressure variation (PPV), stroke volume variation (SVV), end-expiratory occlusion test (EEOT), passive leg raising (PLR), inferior vena cava respiratory variability (Δ-IVC), mini-fluid challenge (m-FC), and tidal volume challenge (VtC), to predict fluid responsiveness in adult patients mechanically ventilated at Vt ≤ 8 ml kg-1, without respiratory effort and arrhythmias, published between 1999 and 2020. Operative performance was assessed using hierarchical and bivariate analyses, while subgroup analysis was used to evaluate variations in their operative performance and sources of heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis based on the methodological quality of the studies included (QUADAS-2) was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 33 studies involving 1,352 patients were included for analysis. Areas under the curve (AUC) values for predictors of fluid responsiveness were: for PPV = 0.82, Δ-IVC = 0.86, SVV = 0.90, m-FC = 0.84, PLR = 0.84, EEOT = 0.92, and VtC = 0.92. According to subgroup analyses, variations in methods to measure cardiac output and in turn, to classify patients as responders or non-responders significantly influence the performance of PPV and SVV (p < 0.05). Operative performance of PPV was also significantly affected by the compliance of the respiratory system (p = 0.05), while type of patient (p < 0.01) and thresholds used to determine responsiveness significantly affected the predictability of SVV (p = 0.05). Similarly, volume of fluids infused to determine variation in cardiac output, significantly affected the performance of SVV (p = 0.01) and PLR (p < 0.01). Sensitivity analysis showed no variations in operative performance of PPV (p = 0.39), SVV (p = 0.23) and EEOT (p = 0.15). CONCLUSION: Most predictors of fluid responsiveness reliably predict the response of cardiac output to volume expansion in adult patients mechanically ventilated at tidal volumes ≤ 8 ml kg-1. Nevertheless, technical and clinical variables might clearly influence on their operative performance.

Primer registro de la familia Piesmatidae Amyot y Serville, 1843 (Hemipetra: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea) para Colombia / First record of the family piesmatidae amyot and serville, 1843 (hemiptera: heteroptera: lygaeoidea) from colombia

ABSTRACT Piesmatidae Amyot and Serville, are relatively small phytophagous hemipterans (less than 5 mm) with a wide world distribution. We record for the first time the family for Colombia, with the species Parapiesma cinereum (Say). The specimens were collected in Sincelejo - Sucre (Caribbean coast) on plants of the family Amaranthaceae.

RESUMEN Piesmatidae Amyot y Serville, es un grupo de hemípteros fitófagos relativamente pequeños (menos de 5 mm) con una amplia distribución en el mundo. Se registra para Colombia por primera vez la presencia de la familia Piesmatidae con la especie Parapiesma cinereum (Say). Los especímenes fueron recolectados en Sincelejo - Sucre (Caribe colombiano) en plantas de la familia Amaranthaceae.

Use of Pulse Pressure Variation as Predictor of Fluid Responsiveness in Patients Ventilated With Low Tidal Volume: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Pulse pressure variation (PPV) has been shown to be useful to predict fluid responsiveness in patients ventilated at tidal volume (Vt) >8 mL kg-1. Nevertheless, most conditions in critical care force to use lower Vt. Thus, we sought to evaluate the operative performance of PPV when a Vt ⩽8 mL kg-1 is used during mechanical ventilation support. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Embase databases for articles evaluating the operative performance of PPV as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in critical care and perioperative adult patients ventilated with tidal volume ⩽8 mL kg-1 without respiratory effort and arrhythmias, between January 1990 and January 2019. We included cohort and cross-sectional studies. Two authors performed an Independently selection using predefined terms of search. The fitted data of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were assessed by bivariate and hierarchical analyses. RESULTS: We retrieved 19 trials with a total of 777 patients and a total of 935 fluid challenges. The fitted sensitivity of PPV to predict fluid responsiveness during mechanical ventilation at Vt ⩽8 mL kg-1 was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.73), the specificity was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73-0.84), and the AUC was 0.75. The diagnostic odds ratio was 5.5 (95% CI: 3.08-10.01, P < .001) by the random-effects model. CONCLUSIONS: Pulse pressure variation shows a fair operative performance as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in critical care and perioperative patients ventilated with a tidal volume ⩽8 mL kg-1 without respiratory effort and arrhythmias.

Comparative analysis of acid-base balance in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: traditional approach vs. physicochemical approach / Análisis comparativo del equilibrio ácido-base en pacientes con sepsis severa y choque séptico: enfoque tradicional versus enfoque físico-químico

Abstract Introduction: The evaluation of metabolism and the diagnostic classification of acid-base disorders has generated great controversy. Acid-base balance (ABB) is approached by means of the physicochemical and Henderson's models. Objective: To compare two diagnostic approaches to ABB in patients with severe sepsis. Materials and methods: Prospective, descriptive study conducted in patients with severe sepsis. ABB was analyzed within the first 24 hours. The diagnosis was compared according to each model and the causes of the disorders were compared according to the physicochemical model. Results: 38 patients were included in the study, of which 21 (55%) were women; the mean age was 49 years, the median APACHE II, 13.28, and the mortality at 28 days, 24.3%. The traditional approach identified 8 patients with normal ABB, 20 with metabolic acidosis, and 10 with other disorders. Based on the physicochemical model, all subjects had acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. Increased strong ion difference (SID) was the most frequently observed disorder. Conclusion: The physicochemical model was useful to diagnose more patients with acid-base disorders. According to these results, all cases presented with acidosis and metabolic alkalosis; the most frequent proposed mechanism of acidosis was elevated SID. The nature of these disorders and their clinical relevance is yet to be established.

Resumen Introducción. Existe gran controversia en la evaluación del componente metabólico y en la clasificación diagnóstica de las alteraciones del equilibrio ácido-base (EAB), el cual se aborda mediante los modelos físico-químico y de Henderson. Objetivo. Comparar dos enfoques diagnósticos del EAB en pacientes con sepsis severa. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo prospectivo realizado en pacientes con sepsis severa. Se analizó el EAB en las primeras 24 horas; el diagnóstico se comparó según cada modelo y las causas de alteraciones, según el modelo físico-químico. Resultados. Se analizaron 38 pacientes (55% mujeres) con edad promedio de 49 años, mediana APACHE II de 13 y mortalidad a 28 días del 24.3%. El enfoque tradicional identificó 8 pacientes con EAB normal, 20 con acidosis metabólica y 10 con otros trastornos. En el modelo físico-químico, los 38 pacientes tuvieron alteraciones denominadas acidosis y alcalosis metabólica; el aumento de la brecha de iones fuertes (SIG, por su sigla en inglés) fue la más frecuente. Conclusión. El modelo físico-químico diagnosticó más pacientes con alteraciones ácido-base. Según este, todos tuvieron acidosis y alcalosis metabólica y el mecanismo propuesto más frecuente de acidosis fue el SIG elevado. La naturaleza de estas alteraciones y su significado clínico está por definirse.

Transethnic meta-analysis of rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 supports their general contribution to Alzheimer's disease.

Rare coding variants in TREM2, PLCG2, and ABI3 were recently associated with the susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Caucasians. Frequencies and AD-associated effects of variants differ across ethnicities. To start filling the gap on AD genetics in South America and assess the impact of these variants across ethnicity, we studied these variants in Argentinian population in association with ancestry. TREM2 (rs143332484 and rs75932628), PLCG2 (rs72824905), and ABI3 (rs616338) were genotyped in 419 AD cases and 486 controls. Meta-analysis with European population was performed. Ancestry was estimated from genome-wide genotyping results. All variants show similar frequencies and odds ratios to those previously reported. Their association with AD reach statistical significance by meta-analysis. Although the Argentinian population is an admixture, variant carriers presented mainly Caucasian ancestry. Rare coding variants in TREM2, PLCG2, and ABI3 also modulate susceptibility to AD in populations from Argentina, and they may have a European heritage.

Manejo del trauma penetrante de cuello en dos hospitales de Bogotá, Colombia / Management of penetrating neck trauma at two hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. El manejo del trauma penetrante de cuello en pacientes estables, según la zona de Monson lesionada, orienta la solicitud de pruebas diagnósticas para identificar lesiones vasculares, de las vías aéreas y del tubo digestivo. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes de 15 años o más con trauma penetrante de cuello, que consultaron a los dos hospitales de la Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá en un periodo de cinco a seis años. Se recolectó la información demográfica, clínica y de las pruebas diagnósticas practicadas, para determinar su utilidad. Las variables cualitativas se describieron con frecuencias relativas y absolutas, y las cuantitativas, con medias y desviaciones estándar. Resultados. Inicialmente, se incluyeron 148 pacientes, de los cuales 133 fueron catalogados como estables durante la valoración primaria, con un promedio de edad de 33,04 años (desviación estándar, DE=12,9); la mayoría (88,7 %) eran hombres. La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de dos días (rango intercuartílico, RIQ=1-4 días). En la mayoría (117; 87,9 %) de los casos, la herida fue causada con arma cortopunzante. En casi todas las pruebas diagnósticas, se reportaron pocos hallazgos anormales, a excepción de la angiotomografía (angio-TC) que se practicó en 59 pacientes y demostró 43 resultados anormales. Se decidió tratamiento quirúrgico en siete pacientes catalogados como estables al ingreso y, en 14, por resultados anormales de las pruebas diagnósticas. Se presentaron cinco fallecimientos. Conclusión. El examen físico, la observación clínica y la angio-TC son suficientes para identificar lesiones vasculares, de la vía aérea o del tubo digestivo en los pacientes con trauma penetrante de cuello, en hospitales que no son considerados como especializados en trauma

Introduction: Management of penetrating neck trauma in stable patients according to the affected Monson zone directs the diagnostic tests to identify vascular, airway and digestive tract lesions. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive observational study was conducted. We included 15 year-old or older patients with penetrating neck trauma that consulted at the two hospitals of the Sociedad de Cirugía in Bogotá, Colombia, during a 5 to 6 year period. Demographic and clinical information was collected, as well as the results of the diagnostic tests applied in order to determine their utility. Qualitative variables were described with relative and absolute frequencies and quantitative variables with median and standard deviations. Results: 148 patients were enrolled initially, of which 133 were classified as stable during the primary assessment, with an average age of 33.04 years (SD: 12.9), the majority being men (88.7%). The median hospital stay was 2 days (IQR=1-4 days). The most frequent wound mechanism was a sharp bladed weapon in 117 cases (87.9%). A low proportion of abnormal findings were reported in the diagnostic tests, except for angiography CT which was performed in 59 patients with 43 with abnormal findings. Surgical management was defined for 7 patients classified as stable at admission and for 14 patients after abnormal findings found in the diagnostic tests. Five deaths were registered. Conclusion: Physical examination, clinical observation and angiography CT are sufficient to identify vascular, airway and digestive lesions in patients with penetrating neck trauma at hospitals that are not considered specialized in trauma

Factores predictores perioperatorios de complicaciones de la colecistectomía por laparoscopia / Perioperative complications predictive risk factors in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introducción. Los factores de riesgo para la conversión a laparotomía y las complicaciones de la colecistectomía laparoscópica se han estudiado, pero no se conocen modelos actuales de predicción para estos resultados. Objetivo. Desarrollar un modelo de predicción para las complicaciones de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Pacientes y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico retrospectivo que incluyó 1.234 pacientes con colelitiasis sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica, en un periodo de 18 meses en un hospital de IV nivel de Colombia. Se hizo el análisis multivariado por medio de regresión logística, usando el procedimiento backward para selección de variables, buscando determinar la probabilidad en un punto compuesto de complicación (presencia de, al menos, una complicación: lesión de vía biliar, colección intraabdominal o sangrado). Se elaboró una curva ROC para determinar la capacidad predictiva del modelo y el análisis de datos se hizo en Stata 13™. Resultados. Los pacientes incluidos se clasificaron en cohortes de derivación (926) y de validación (308), y se encontró que el 69,2 % eran mujeres; la edad mediana fue de 48 años (RIC=34-60) y, la conversión, de 4,3 %; hubo colección intraabdominal en 2,6 % y complicaciones en 4,7 %, y la mortalidad global fue de 0,3 %. La edad, la diabetes mellitus, la enfermedad renal crónica, la coledocolitiasis y el síndrome de Mirizzi se identificaron como predictores de alguna complicación. La capacidad predictiva del modelo fue de 58 %. Conclusión. La probabilidad de alguna complicación perioperatoria de la colecistectomía por laparoscopia depende de la edad, la diabetes mellitus, la enfermedad renal crónica, la coledocolitiasis y el síndrome de Mirizzi. Los factores de riesgo y las complicaciones descritos aquí, pueden guiar nuevas investigaciones y proporcionar evaluación de riesgos específicos

Introduction. Risk factors associated with conversion from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open surgery and its complications are well known. However, there are currently no prediction models for such outcomes. The objective of tis work was to devolop a prediction model for laparoscopic cholecystectomy complications. Materials and methods. This is a retrospective analytical study that included 1,234 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in an 18 months period at a fourth level of care hospital in Bogota, Colombia. A multivariable logistic regression analysis using backward procedure was performed to for the selection of variables, in order to determine the likelihood of a combined endpoint complication (presence of at least one of the complications: bile ducts injury, haemorrhage, organ/space surgical site infection). A ROC curve was performed to determine the predictive ability of the model; information analysis was performed in 13 STATA. Results. Patients were classified in a derivation (926) and a validation cohort (308). It was found that 69.2 % were female, median age 48 years (IQR 34-60 ), conversion rate 4.3%, organ/space surgical site infections 2.6%, combined end point complication 4.7%, and global mortality rate 0.3%. Diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD), choledocholitiasis and Mirizzi´s syndrome were found as predictors of the occurrence of complications. The model was validated in the validation cohort, obtaining an area under the ROC curve of 58%. Discussion. The likelihood of major complication in laparoscopic cholecystectomy depends on age, DM, CKD, choledocholitiasis, and Mirizzi´s syndrome. Risk Factors and complications described here can guide a new research avenue and provide the evaluation of specific risks

Incidencia de falla anastomótica en intestino delgado, colon y recto, Bogotá, Colombia / Incidence of anastomotic failure in small bowel, colon and rectum, Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. La falla anastomótica es una de las principales complicaciones de las cirugías gastrointestinales, que se presenta en 3,4 a 15 % de los pacientes, aproximadamente. En Colombia, no se conoce con exactitud la incidencia de falla anastomótica. Objetivo. Determinar la incidencia de falla anastomótica en cirugías intestinales en dos hospitales de IV nivel de Bogotá. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de cohorte que incluyó pacientes sometidos a anastamosis y a quienes se les hizo seguimiento hasta de 30 días. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la información, asociaciones entre variables mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado y, además, se emplearon gráficas de KaplanMeier para determinar el tiempo hasta el evento. Los datos se analizaron en Stata 13®. Resultados. Se incluyeron 195 pacientes. El 47,1 % era de sexo masculino y la mediana de la edad fue de 60 años (rango intercuartílico, RIC: 48 a 70). La incidencia de falla anastomótica fue de 10,8 % y la tasa de incidencia fue de 10,2 por 1.000 personas/año. El 29,7 % de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones posoperatorias y se presentó una mortalidad de 9,7 %. La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 8 días (RIC: 5 a 16). Conclusiones. La incidencia de fístula de la anastomosis que se presentó estuvo acorde con lo reportado en la literatura científica a nivel mundial. El antecedente de cirugía abdominal así como la cirugía de urgencia fueron los factores frecuentes entre los pacientes que presentaron falla anastomótica

Introduction: Anastomotic leak is one of the main complications of patients submitted to gastrointestinal surgery. It occurs in approximately in 3.4% to 15% of cases. In Colombia the overall incidence of anastomotic leak is not known. Material and methods: A prospective cohort study that included patients undergoing anastamosis and who were followed up for up to 30 days. A descriptive analysis of the information was performed. The variables were analyzed with the chi-square test and the Kaplan-Meller graphs were used to determine the time to the event. Data analyses was performed on STATA 13. Results: 195 patients were admitted. 47.1% were male, and the median age of the study group was 60 years (ICR: 48-70). The incidence of anastomotic failure was 10.8% and the incidence rate was 10.2 per 1000 person-years; 29.7% of the patients presented postoperative complications and a mortality rate of 9.7%. The median hospital stay was 8 days (ICR: 5 - 16). Conclusion: The incidence of anastomotic leak observed appears in accordance with reports published in the world literature. The history of abdominal surgery as well as emergency surgery were the most frequent factors among the patients who developed anastomosis leak

Maximum Heart Rate during exercise: Reliability of the 220-age and Tanaka formulas in healthy young people at a moderate elevation / Frecuencia cardíaca máxima en ejercicio: confiabilidad de las fórmulas de 220-edad y Tanaka en jóvenes saludables en altitud moderada

Background. The formulas to predict maximum heart rate have been used for many years in different populations. Objective. To verify the significance and the association of formulas of Tanaka and 220-age when compared to real maximum heart rate. Materials and methods. 30 subjects -22 men, 8 women- between 18 and 30 years of age were evaluated on a cycle ergometer and their real MHR values were statistically compared with the values of formulas currently used to predict MHR. Results. The results demonstrate that both Tanaka p=0.0026 and 220-age p=0.000003 do not predict real MHR, nor does a linear association exist between them. Conclusions. Due to the overestimation with respect to real MHR value that these formulas make, we suggest a correction of 6 bpm to the final result. This value represents the median of the difference between the Tanaka value and the real MHR. Both Tanaka (r=0.272) and 220-age (r=0.276) are not adequate predictors of MHR during exercise at the elevation of Bogotá in subjects of 18 to 30 years of age, although more study with a larger sample size is suggested.

Introducción. Las fórmulas que predicen la Frecuencia Cardíaca Máxima (FCM) han sido utilizadas desde hace varios años en diferentes poblaciones. Objetivo. Verificar la precisión de las fórmulas de Tanaka y 220-edad con respecto a la FCM real. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 30 sujetos -22 hombres y 8 mujeres- entre 18 y 30 años de edad en cicloergómetro y se compararon estadísticamente las fórmulas con la FCM real. Resultados. Se demuestra que tanto Tanaka p=0,0026 como 220-edad p=0,000003 no predicen la FCM real ni existe una asociación lineal de estas. Conclusiones. Debido a la sobreestimación que realizan dichas fórmulas con Tanaka se sugiere realizar una corrección de 6 lpm al resultado final. Este valor representa la mediana de la diferencia de Tanaka con respecto a la FCM real: tanto Tanaka r=0,272 como 220-edad r=0,276 no son predictores adecuados entre sujetos de 18 a 30 años de edad de la FCM durante el ejercicio en la altura de Bogotá, aunque se sugiere realizar más estudios con una muestra mayor.

Fisiología cardiovascular aplicada en caninos con insuficiencia cardiaca / Applied cardiovascular physiology in dogs with heart dailure

La insuficiencia cardiaca está relacionada con anormalidades de la contracción y relajación ventricular. Recientes publicaciones han mostrado que la mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedades cardiacas coexiste alteraciones de la función sistólica y diastólica. Actualmente, hay muchas ambigüedades en el uso de términos clínicos y fisiológicos usados cotidianamente con respecto a este tema. Este artículo pretende revisar algunos conceptos fisiológicos del sistema cardiovascular.

Congestive heart failure is related to abnormal ventricular contraction and relaxation. Recent publications show that the alteration of systolic and diastolic function coexists in most patients with heart diseases. There are currently several ambiguities in the daily use of clinical and physiological terms regarding this topic. This paper aims to review certain physiological concepts of the cardiovascular system.

Modelos de insuficiencia cardiaca en caninos / Heart failure models in canines

Los pequeños animales se han incorporado a las sociedades actuales como miembros de la familia, y una de las afecciones que presentan es la insuficiencia cardiaca. Dada la prevalencia de esta enfermedad, se utilizan caninos para desarrollar el síndrome u utilizarlos como modelos animales para su estudio. La insuficiencia cardiaca se define como un síndrome clínico causado por una enfermedad cardiaca que genera disfunción sistólica-diastólica, que a su vez impide satisfacer las necesidades metabólicas tisulares. Este articulo pretende revisar los diferentes modelos y mecanismos que producen la insuficiencia cardiaca...

El tiempo de los estudiantes de medicina en las rotaciones clínicas y el sistema de créditos / Medical Student's Use of Time during Clinical Clerkships and the Credits Based System

Introducción: La formación en ciencias clínicas del pregrado de medicina se fundamenta en rotaciones clínicas. Para implementar el sistema de créditos es necesario conocer cómo se llevan a cabo estas experiencias. Objetivo: Describir cómo los estudiantes utilizan el tiempo durante las rotaciones clínicas, el valor académico y el grado de disfrute que le asignan a las actividades. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo con una muestra aleatoria estratificada de cien estudiantes de los semestres clínicos. Se recolectó información sobre el tiempo empleado durante una semana, el valor educativo y el grado de disfrute de las actividades de las rotaciones clínicas. Los datos fueron analizados en Excel® 98 y SPSS. Resultados: Las actividades de un día ocuparon en promedio 10.8 h, con 7.3 h (69%) dedicadas a actividades académicas. La actividad asistencial con docente representó el mayor porcentaje de utilización del tiempo (15.4%). Durante una semana, el 56% (28 h) del tiempo efectivo estuvo dedicado al trabajo asistencial y 22.4 h (44.5%) al trabajo independiente en el sitio de práctica. El tiempo dedicado al aprendizaje en la rotación clínica corresponde a 19 créditos para un semestre de 18 semanas. Las actividades calificadas con mayor valor educativo fueron el estudio independiente por fuera de la institución (4.6) y las actividades académicas con el docente (4.5). Las calificadas como de mayor disfrute fueron las extracurriculares y la docencia formal. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes tienen mayor tiempo de contacto con los pacientes que el reportado en la literatura. El trabajo presencial de nuestros estudiantes es mayor al reportado en estudios similares.

Introduction: Comprehensive undergraduate education in clinical sciences is grounded on activities developed during clerkships. To implement the credits system we must know how these experiences take place. Objectives: to describe how students spend time in clerkships, how they assess the educative value of activities and the enjoyment it provides. Method: We distributed a form to a random clustered sample of a 100 students coursing clinical sciences, designed to record the time spent, and to assess the educative value and the grade of enjoyment of the activities in clerkship during a week. Data were registered and analyzed on Excel® 98 and SPSS. Results: mean time spent by students in clerkship activities on a day were 10.8 hours. Of those, 7.3 hours (69%) were spent in formal education activities. Patient care activities with teachers occupied the major proportion of time (15.4%). Of the teaching and learning activities in a week, 28 hours (56%) were spent in patient care activities and 22.4 hours (44.5%) were used in independent academic work. The time spent in teaching and learning activities correspond to 19 credits of a semester of 18 weeks. The activities assessed as having the major educational value were homework activities (4.6) and formal education activities (4.5). The graded as most enjoyable were extracurricular activities, formal educational activities and independent academic work. Conclusion: our students spend more time in activities with patients than the reported in literature. The attending workload of our students is greater than the one reported in similar studies.

Aproximación a la medicina tradicional colombiana. Una mirada al margen de la cultura occidental / Approximation to the Traditional Medicine in Colombia

En este artículo se realiza una aproximación a la medicina tradicional colombiana y a partir de ahí se encuentra un gran conocimiento que ha mantenido la salud de muchas de nuestras comunidades y que por la rigidez de nuestra cultura occidental desconocíamos. No estamos seguros de cuál será nuestro futuro, pero vemos aquí una puerta que espera ser abierta para ofrecernos ya sea nuevos saberes, como herramientas de trabajo, o simplemente su apoyo para hacer nuestras vidas más llevaderas. Para aproximarse a la medicina tradicionales necesario entender previamente que nos acercamos a un tipo diferente de conocimiento del que estamos acostumbrados en la formación médica de occidente, por lo tanto, es importante considerar los antecedentes que han suscitado dicho acercamiento y que han despertado el interés por reconocer y recuperar otras formas del actuar médico, en especial aquellas que atañen a los conceptos que se han manejado en la tradición de nuestros pueblos y que han tenido su origen y desarrollo muchos años antes de lo que hoy conocemos como medicina moderna.

In this article an approach to Colombian traditional medicine is made and from there we find a great knowledge that has maintained the health of many of our communities and that due to the rigidity of our western culture we were unaware of. We are not sure what our future will be, but we see here a door waiting to be opened to offer us either new knowledge, as work tools, or simply their support to make our lives more bearable. In order to approach traditional medicine, it is necessary to understand beforehand that we are approaching a different type of knowledge from what we are used to in Western medical training. Therefore, it is important to consider the background that has given rise to this approach and that has awakened interest in recognizing and recovering other forms of medical action, especially those related to the concepts that have been handled in the tradition of our peoples and that have had their origin and development many years before what we know today as modern medicine.