Clinical variables associated with major adverse cardiac events following radical cystectomy.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the association between major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and clinical factors of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis using the 2015-2020 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was performed on patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer. MACE was defined as any report of cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, or thromboembolic events (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis). A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was conducted to identify clinical predictors of postoperative MACE. Results: A total of 10 308 (84.2%) patients underwent RC with incontinent urinary diversion (iUD), and 1938 (15.8%) underwent RC with continent urinary diversion (cUD). A total of 629 (5.1%) patients recorded a MACE, and on the multivariable-adjusted logistic regression, it was shown that MACE was significantly associated with increased age (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.024-1.046, p < 0.001), obesity (OR = 1.583, 95% CI: 1.266-1.978, p < 0.001), current smokers (OR = 1.386, 95% CI: 1.130-1.700, p = 0.002), congestive heart failure before surgery (OR = 1.991, 95% CI: 1.016-3.900; p = 0.045), hypertension (OR = 1.209, 95% CI: 1.016-1.453, p = 0.043), and increase the surgical time (per 10 min increase, OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.003-1.017, p = 0.009). We also report that increased age, obesity, and patients undergoing cUD (OR = 1.368, 95% CI: 1.040-1.798; p = 0.025) are associated with thromboembolic events. Conclusion: By considering the preoperative characteristics of patients, including age, obesity, smoking, congestive heart failure, and hypertension status, urologists may be able to decrease the incidence of MACE in patients undergoing RC. Urologists should aim for lower operative times as this was associated with a decreased risk of thromboembolic events.

Factors associated with urinary incontinence among Hispanic/Latina women in the United States: Findings from The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

PURPOSE: To identify factors associated with urinary incontinence (UI) in women of various Hispanic/Latina backgrounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a multicenter, community-based cohort study which includes a health-related questionnaire assessing presence and type of UI. Complex survey logistic regression analysis was used to assess the cross-sectional association of Hispanic/Latina backgrounds and other factors of UI. All estimates accounted for HCHS/SOL survey design. RESULTS: Of 5027 women, 33.4% answered "yes" to UI. Rates of any UI ranged from approximately 21.9% to 40.3% in women of Dominican and Puerto-Rican background, respectively. Any UI and UI subtypes were associated with age older than 65 years, increasing body mass index, smoking status, any alcohol use, parity ≥3, and postmenopausal status. After controlling for covariates and when compared with women of Mexican background, women of Dominican background were less likely to have any UI (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.30-0.57), as were women of Cuban (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.37-0.62), Puerto-Rican (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.62-1.0), and mixed (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.99) background; and women of every other background except for South American were less likely to have stress UI. In addition, women of Cuban (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.32-0.86) and mixed (OR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.87) background were less likely to have urge UI than women of Mexican background. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates differences in UI by Hispanic/Latina background, suggesting collective designation of Hispanics/Latinas as a single ethnic group does not adequately describe UI among this diverse group.

Racial disparity in the utilization of immunotherapy for advanced prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To identify whether there was a disparity in the utilization of immunotherapy in the treatment of black patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS: Using the National Cancer Database, we identified patients between 2010- 2015 with likely minimally/asymptomatic mCRPC. We analyzed annual trends for chemotherapy and immunotherapy use and compared utilization by demographic and clinical features. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine predictors of receiving immunotherapy vs chemotherapy. RESULTS: We identified 1301 patients with likely mCRPC. The majority were non Hispanic White (NHW - 63 %) and 23 % were non-Hispanic Black (NHB). Overall, there was increased utilization of immunotherapy in mCRPC from 2010 onwards, with the peak occurring in 2014 (4.6 %). Chemotherapy use increased significantly, peaking in 2014 to 26.1 %. However, the increased utilization of immunotherapy in the mCRPC was mainly seen in White patients: from 50 % to 74.2 % of the cohort. Conversely, there was a decrease in utilization of immunotherapy among Black mCPRC patients: from 50 % to 25.8 %. On multivariable analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between treatment types by race. CONCLUSION: FDA approval of Sipuleucel-T for mCRPC led to increased utilization of immunotherapy shortly thereafter, but this was mainly noted in white patients. Black patients comparatively did not exhibit increased utilization of this novel agent after 2010. Further studies are necessary to help understand barriers to access to new treatment in mCRPC and eliminate the burden of disease in minority populations."

Optimum threshold of the 4Kscore for biopsy in men with negative or indeterminate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: The study aims to identify the optimal 4Kscore thresholds to determine the need for a prostate biopsy when multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (mpMRI) is negative or indeterminate. Materials and methods: We analysed retrospective data from men in eight different institutions who underwent an mpMRI, 4Kscore and prostate biopsy for evaluation of prostate cancer. We selected men with a negative (PIRADS ≤2) or indeterminate (PIRADS 3) mpMRI. 4Kscore values were categorized into ranges of 1-7, 8-19, 20-32 and greater than 32. We evaluated the proportion of men with grade group 2 or higher (GG2+) cancer in groups defined by PIRADS and 4Kscore. We also evaluated the number of biopsies avoided and GG2+ cancer missed in each group reported depend on 4Kscore cutoff points. Results: Among 1111 men who had an mpMRI, 4Kscore and biopsy, 625 of them had PIRADS ≤3 on mpMRI: 374 negative (PIRADS ≤2) and 251 indeterminate (PIRADS 3). In men with a negative mpMRI, we found a 4Kscore cut-point of 33 resulted in an increased risk of GG2+ cancer on biopsy. In patients with an equivocal lesion on mpMRI, men with a 4Kscore cutoff ≥8 had a greater risk of GG2+ cancer on biopsy. Decision curve analysis supported the proposed cut-points in each mpMRI group. Conclusions: In men with negative and indeterminate mpMRI, we found the best 4Kscore threshold to determine the need for biopsy to be 33 and 8 respectively. Future prospective studies in independent populations are needed to confirm these findings.

Two Affordable, High-Fidelity Central Venous Models for Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Training.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound-guided vascular access is an increasingly popular technique due to its reduced complication and higher success rates. Commercially bought training phantoms allow providers to develop tactile skills in a low-risk setting, but are also expensive and poorly accessible. This study analyzes the efficacy of homemade, low-cost, gelatin-based central line vascular models to teach vascular anatomy and intravascular access techniques in training physicians. METHODS: A gelatin mold was created using a mixture of unflavored gelatin, hot water, psyllium husk powder, and rubbing alcohol. Latex tubing, balloons, precooked hot dog, and tofu were inserted to simulate arteries, veins, nerves, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle, respectively. Medical students from a single institution participated in a 90-minute workshop led by interventional radiology residents. Participants completed presurveys and postsurveys that assessed knowledge acquisition and confidence levels related to acquiring central access. All images were obtained using a USB-C Butterfly iQ probe. RESULTS: Twenty medical students were analyzed after the workshop. There was a statistically significant increase in self-reported confidence in basic ultrasound use (adjusting gain, depth, probe manipulation), localizing major anatomical structures, using ultrasound for vessel access, and reported ease in identifying muscle, nerves, and major blood vessels under ultrasound. There was also a significant increase in correctly identified anatomical landmarks after the workshop, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle, internal jugular vein, carotid artery, femoral nerve, femoral artery, and femoral vein. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that our homemade, low-cost, gelatin-based models were effective in teaching vascular anatomy and ultrasound-guided vascular access techniques to training physicians.

Incidence and predictors of deep incisional and organ/space surgical site infection following radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical risk factors associated with postoperative deep incisional or organ/space surgical site infections (SSI) following radical cystectomy (RC) in a well characterized and large contemporary cohort. METHODS: We used the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to identify adult patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer between 2015 and 2020 (n = 13,081). We conducted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and Cox adjusted proportional hazards regression analysis to identify clinical predictors of deep incisional or organ/space SSI in the 30-day postoperative-period following RC. RESULTS: Deep incisional or organ/space SSI risk increased with continent urinary diversion (HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.38-1.88; P < 0.001), obesity (HR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.35-1.90; P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.51; P < 0.001), and being functionally dependent before surgery (HR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.44-3.03; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative deep incisional or organ/space SSIs following RC occur more frequently in patients who were obese, diabetic, functionally dependent before surgery, and those who underwent continent urinary diversion. These findings may assist urologists in preoperative counseling, medical optimization, and choice of urinary diversion approach, as well as improved patient monitoring and identification of candidates for intervention postoperatively.

Endometrial carcinoma: association between mutational status, sites of metastasis, recurrence, and correlation with overall survival.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between sites of endometrial carcinoma (EC) recurrence and metastases, mutational status, race, and overall survival (OS). METHODS: This single-center retrospective study evaluated patients with biopsy-proven EC that underwent genomic molecular testing between January 2015 and July 2021. Association between genomic profile and sites of metastases or recurrence was performed using Pearson's chi-squared or Fisher exact test. Survival curves for ethnicity and race, mutations, sites of metastases or recurrence were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used. RESULTS: The study included 133 women [median age 64 years (IQR 57-69)]. The most common mutation was TP53 (65/105 patients, 62%). The most common site of metastasis was the peritoneum (35/43, 81%). The most common recurrence was in lymph nodes (34/75, 45%). Mutations of TP53 and PTEN were significantly associated with Black women (p = 0.048, p = 0.004, respectively). In the univariable Cox regression analyses, TP53 mutation and presence of recurrence or metastases to the peritoneum were associated with lower OS (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1, 4.3; p = 0.03/ HR 2.9; 95% CI 1.6, 5.4; p = 0.0004; respectively). On multivariable Cox proportional hazards model ER expression (HR 0.4; 95% CI 0.22, 0.91; p = 0.03), peritoneal recurrence or metastases (HR 3.55; 95% CI 1.67, 7.57; p = 0.001), and Black race (HR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1, 4.6; p = 0.03) were significant independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSIONS: The integration of EC mutational status and clinicopathological risk assessment demonstrated potential implications on the patterns of metastasis, recurrence, and OS.

Uterine serous carcinoma: assessing association between genomics and patterns of metastasis.

Background: Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive subtype of endometrial carcinoma which has been increasing at alarming rates, particularly among Asian, Hispanic and Black women. USC has not been well characterized in terms of mutational status, pattern of metastases and survival. Objective: To investigate the association between sites of recurrence and metastases of USC, mutational status, race, and overall survival (OS). Methods: This single-center retrospective study evaluated patients with biopsy-proven USC that underwent genomic testing between January 2015 and July 2021. Association between genomic profile and sites of metastases or recurrence was performed using χ2 or Fisher's exact test. Survival curves for ethnicity and race, mutations, sites of metastasis/recurrence were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine the association between OS with age, race, ethnicity, mutational status, and sites of metastasis/recurrence. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS Software Version 9.4. Results: The study included 67 women (mean age 65.8 years, range 44-82) with 52 non-Hispanic women (78%) and 33 Black women (49%). The most common mutation was TP53 (55/58 women, 95%). The peritoneum was the most common site of metastasis (29/33, 88%) and recurrence (8/27, 30%). PR expression was more common in women with nodal metastases (p=0.02) and non-Hispanic women (p=0.01). ERBB2 alterations were more common in women with vaginal cuff recurrence (p=0.02), while PIK3CA mutation was more common in women with liver metastases (p=0.048). ARID1A mutation and presence of recurrence or metastases to the liver were associated with lower OS (Hazard Ratio (HR): 31.87; 95%CI: 3.21, 316.9; p<0.001 and HR: 5.66; 95%CI: 1.2, 26.79; p=0.01, respectively). In the bivariable Cox model, the presence of metastasis/recurrence to the liver and/or the peritoneum were both independent significant predictors of OS (HR: 9.8; 95%CI: 1.85-52.7; p=0.007 and HR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.02-7.1; p=0.04, respectively). Conclusions: TP53 is often mutated in USC, which most commonly metastasize and recur in the peritoneum. OS was shorter in women with ARID1A mutations and with metastasis/recurrence to the liver. The presence of metastasis/recurrence to liver and/or peritoneum were independently associated with shorter OS.

Ejaculation: the Process and Characteristics From Start to Finish.

Purpose of Review: Semen analysis serves as the initial step in the evaluation of male infertility. However, given the difficulty in interpreting abnormal findings, physicians and patients often struggle with understanding the results. In this review, we aim to review the normal physiology of ejaculation and create an accessible resource for interpreting abnormal semen volume, viscosity, liquefaction, pH, appearance, and color. Recent Findings: Emerging evidence has revealed that men with genitourinary tract infections have a greater number of seminal leukocytes, which may result in clumping of motile sperm and altered morphology. Hence, these patients may have abnormal sperm parameters secondary to their health status. Recent findings have further characterized the semen liquefaction process, suggesting that increased levels of semenogelin and decreased levels of proteases and plasminogen activators (e.g., urokinase and chymotrypsin) may be associated with the failure of semen to convert to a watery consistency. Summary: This article creates a resource which may be referenced when abnormalities in semen analysis are encountered. We offer a comprehensive overview of normal ejaculation physiology and abnormal variants in male ejaculate volume-including aspermia, anejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and hypo- and hyperspermia-and their potential etiologies. Additionally, we discuss several processes (infection, inflammation, and dysfunction of male sex glands) which may affect semen viscosity, liquefaction, and pH. Finally, our discussion of the potential colors of male ejaculate is meant to reduce the anxiety of both patient and provider. Through a better understanding of the process and varying characteristics of ejaculation, physicians may adequately counsel their patients on abnormal findings and concerns regarding infertility.

Racial and socioeconomic disparities in cost and postoperative complications following sacrocolpopexy in a US National Inpatient Database.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine the association between socioeconomic factors, procedural costs, and postoperative complications among patients who underwent sacrocolpopexy. METHODS: The 2016-2017 US National Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project was used to identify females > 18 years of age with an ICD10 diagnosis code of apical prolapse who received open or laparoscopic/robotic sacrocolpopexy. We analyzed relationships between socioeconomic factors, procedural costs, and postoperative complications in these patients. Multivariate logistic and linear regressions were used to identify variables associated with increased complications and costs, respectively. RESULTS: We identified 4439 women who underwent sacrocolpopexy, of which 10.7% had complications. 34.6% of whites, 29.1% of Blacks, 29% of Hispanics, and 34% of Others underwent a laparoscopic/robotic procedure. Hispanic patients had the highest median charge associated with surgical admission for sacrocolpopexy at $51,768, followed by Other ($44,522), White ($43,471), and Black ($40,634) patients. Procedure being within an urban teaching hospital (+ $2602), laparoscopic/robotic (+ $6790), or in the West (+ $9729) were associated with a significantly higher median cost of surgical management. CONCLUSIONS: In women undergoing sacrocolpopexy, the protective factors against postoperative complications included private insurance status, a laparoscopic approach, and concurrent hysterectomy. Procedures held within an urban teaching hospital, conducted laparoscopically/robotically or in the West are associated with significantly higher costs of surgical management. Hispanic patients observe significantly higher procedure charges and costs, possibly resulting from the large number of this ethnic group living in the Western United States.

A comparison of adverse pregnancy events between ureteral stents and percutaneous nephrostomy tubes in the treatment of nephrolithiasis during pregnancy: A propensity score-matched analysis of a large multi-institutional research network.

PURPOSE: To investigate rates of adverse pregnancy events associated with the use of percutaneous nephrostomy tubes (PCN) versus ureteral stents in the treatment of nephrolithiasis during pregnancy. METHODS: We queried the TriNetX Diamond Network database to evaluate pregnant women (ICD-10 Z34, O09) with a history of nephrolithiasis (N20-23) who underwent a PCN (CPT 50432) or ureteral stent (52332) placement up to 6 months before delivery (O80-82). We controlled for the following potentially confounding variables through propensity score matching: age, race, ethnicity, acute pyelonephritis (N10), infections of the genitourinary tract in pregnancy (O23.0), and other sepsis (A41) at the time of stent or PCN placement. RESULTS: We identified 2,999 pregnant women who underwent ureteral stent placement and 321 who underwent PCN. Following propensity score matching, we found there to be no significant difference in the rate of premature labor or delivery (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 0.735-1.588), premature rupture of membranes (0.889, 0.453-1.743), intrauterine infection (0.906, 0.379-2.165), or c-Sect. (0.825, 0.408-1.667). Within 6 months of their initial procedure, women with a ureteral stent experienced a significantly decreased rate of subsequent urinary tract infection (UTI) or pyelonephritis (0.52, 0.38-0.71), inpatient hospital stay (0.40, 0.26-0.64), emergency department visit (0.65, 0.48-0.89), and repeat exchange procedure (0.70, 0.51-0.96). CONCLUSION: In the treatment of nephrolithiasis during pregnancy, PCN versus ureteral stent placement does not confer a significant difference in rates of adverse pregnancy events. However, ureteral stent placement was associated with a lower incidence of hospital admissions, emergency department visits, exchange procedures, and new UTIs or pyelonephritis.

Does Varicocele Treatment in Adolescence Improve Fertility Outcomes in Adulthood?

Many questions on diagnosis of varicocele in adolescent patients have yet to be adequately answered, particularly regarding paternity outcomes after treated in comparison to conservative monitoring. There have been some promising outcomes after surgical treatment, particularly microsurgical varicocelectomy, but the results are mixed and may not be comparable because of differing variables. Future studies with robust methodologies are needed to identify which adolescents require treatment and when treatment should be initiated to avoid any detrimental effects on future fertility.

U-shaped association between prevalence of secondary hypogonadism and body mass index: a retrospective analysis of men with testosterone deficiency.

The prevalence of both obesity and hypogonadism in the United States has increased over the past two decades. While prior studies have shown an association between obesity and secondary hypogonadism-low testosterone and luteinizing hormone-few have used a large enough sample size to determine prevalence at each body mass index class. We aimed to compare rates of secondary hypogonadism among body mass index classes by constructing a retrospective database with men who had their body mass index, morning testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels measured during a visit to a urology clinic at a tertiary academic medical center between 2011-2020. Men previously on testosterone replacement therapy, Clomiphene, or Anastrozole were excluded. Chi-squared analysis was conducted in "R". We found that among the 7211 men studied, 45.7%, 22.6%, and 4.4% were classified as having diagnosis of secondary, primary, and compensated hypogonadism, respectively. We found that obese men and underweight men had increased prevalence of secondary hypogonadism as compared to men with normal body mass index. These findings support the need for routine screening criteria and personalized advice to patients dealing with secondary hypogonadism.

Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for diabetic men with erectile dysfunction: A systematic scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a very common complication in men with diabetes mellitus (DM). Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT) offers a promising nonsurgical treatment option for ED. A systematic scoping review investigating the outcomes of Li-ESWT in diabetic men with ED has not yet been performed. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review animal and clinical studies related to the use of Li-ESWT for treatment of DM-related ED. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched, unrestricted by dates or study design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included qualitative studies, quantitative studies, primary research studies, meta-analyses, and research letters written in English. Full text reviewing was completed in all animal and human studies discussing Li-ESWT for the treatment of ED in subjects with DM. Data extracted included the journal citation, publication year, country of origin, study design, and a summary of the pertinent findings. RESULTS: Our search yielded nine clinical studies and 10 animal studies. The results of the clinical studies suggest that Li-ESWT is a safe and effective treatment in men with well-controlled DM and moderate or better ED. However, the benefit is less durable in diabetic men than nondiabetic men. The results of the animal studies suggest that Li-ESWT can significantly improve erectile function in diabetic rat models with ED. CONCLUSIONS: The examined studies present encouraging results for the use of Li-ESWT to treat diabetic men with ED. Future studies, particularly robust randomized controlled trials, are necessary to confirm these findings and provide long-term follow-up.

PSA Testing in Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy With History of Prostate Cancer: A Matched Analysis of a Large Multi-Institutional Research Network.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in men receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TT) and with a history of prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: We queried the TriNetX network database, a global health research network consisting of 65 million men in 44 large healthcare organizations, to investigate rates of PSA testing in 4 cohorts of men aged 55-69 with a history of PCa diagnosis and/or a prescription for any route or formulation of testosterone. We further stratified each cohort to evaluate PSA testing in men with previously treated (CPT 55,840, 55,866, 77,778, 77,385) or untreated PCa. All cohorts' PSA testing rates were compared against the "no PCa or TT" cohort by Chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 4,525,259 men, aged 55-69, were included in our study. Following stratification into cohorts based on PCa or TT history, we found that 14.2% (P < .0001) of men without PCa or TT underwent PSA testing following an initial ambulatory visit. Among men without PCa who received TT, 33.6% (P < .0001) underwent testing. Unfortunately, only 53.2% (P < .0001) and 61.0% (P < .0001) of men receiving TT with previously untreated and treated PCa, respectively, had PSA testing. CONCLUSION: In contrast to current guidelines, a large proportion of men receiving TT and with a history of PCa did not undergo PSA testing. Further studies are necessary to better characterize reasons why PSA testing rates are low even in this high-risk cohort.

Limbic Neurons Shape Sex Recognition and Social Behavior in Sexually Naive Males.

Sexually naive animals have to distinguish between the sexes because they show species-typical interactions with males and females without meaningful prior experience. However, central neural pathways in naive mammals that recognize sex of other individuals remain poorly characterized. We examined the role of the principal component of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNSTpr), a limbic center, in social interactions in mice. We find that activity of aromatase-expressing BNSTpr (AB) neurons appears to encode sex of other animals and subsequent displays of mating in sexually naive males. Silencing these neurons in males eliminates preference for female pheromones and abrogates mating success, whereas activating them even transiently promotes male-male mating. Surprisingly, female AB neurons do not appear to control sex recognition, mating, or maternal aggression. In summary, AB neurons represent sex of other animals and govern ensuing social behaviors in sexually naive males.