Rituximab therapy for neuro - inflammatory disorders - Real world experience from South India.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the real-world data regarding the use of Rituximab (RTX) in neuroinflammatory disorders (NIDS) and assess the outcomes following RTX treatment. METHODS: A cohort of consecutive patients with NIDS started on RTX (2018-2020) was included. The outcomes assessed were the proportion with favourable clinical response (FCR) as defined by clinical remission/ improvement using disease specific disability scores, comparative efficacy based on timing of initiation and B cell kinetics. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients with NIDS were included. The mean age was 36.43 (±14.4) years and median duration of follow - up being 15 months (IQR 12-16). Forty patients (41.2%) were initiated on RTX "early" in disease course. Favourable clinical response at last follow-up was seen in 94.9% (n = 92). The mean change in disability score (mRS) was 1.89 (SD 1.30) (p < 0.001). RTX appeared more effective when initiated "early" with higher remission rates (75% vs. 42%, p 0.015). B cell kinetics varied across NIDS, with 73% having adequate depletion at 6 months. Minor adverse events including infusion related reactions were reported in 9%. CONCLUSIONS: RTX has a favourable efficacy and safety profile. Future prospective studies are needed to establish the optimal timing of initiation and need for disease-based dosage regimens.

Pre-administration of a carboxypeptidase inhibitor enhances tPA-induced thrombolysis in mouse microthrombi: Evidence from intravital imaging analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Thrombolysis using recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the pharmacological treatment of choice in acute thrombotic events. However, a narrow therapeutic window and bleeding complications limit its use. We describe the role of carboxypeptidase inhibitor from potato tuber (PTCI), an inhibitor of activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa), on Glu-plasminogen accumulation and microthrombus dynamics in vivo and demonstrate its influence on rt-PA-mediated thrombolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In conjunction with real-time intravital two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, we produced and imaged laser-induced microthrombi in the mesenteric venules of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-expressing mice. We examined microthrombus dynamics and thrombolysis patterns in vivo by measuring the changes in the fluorescence intensity of labeled Glu-plasminogen following administration of epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA), PTCI, and rt-PA. RESULTS: PTCI enhanced Glu-plasminogen accumulation at the core of the thrombus by inhibiting TAFIa, while EACA inhibited this process. Exogenous rt-PA effectively triggered Glu-plasminogen activation within the thrombus and promoted thrombolysis. Administration of PTCI and rt-PA together showed no significant benefit on thrombolysis compared to rt-PA administration alone. However, early-phase systemic administration of PTCI before thrombolytic therapy by rt-PA expedited clot lysis as evidenced by significantly faster time to reach peak Glu-plasminogen fluorescence intensity and shorter time to achieve near-complete clot lysis (P = 0.014 and P = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: PTCI potentiates rt-PA-mediated thrombolysis when administered early in acute thrombotic events. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential of TAFI inhibitors as adjunct agents in thrombolysis or thromboprophylaxis.

Laboratory characterization of obligate carriers of type 3 von Willebrand disease with a potential role for Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-200).

INTRODUCTION: Type 3 von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by undetectable von Willebrand Antigen (VWF:Ag). Carriers of type 3 VWD carry one null allele and have von Willebrand factor (VWF) at about 50% of normal. The aim of this study was to characterize type 3 VWD carriers and to study the role of Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-200) in this cohort. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study where data were collected from carriers (parents/offspring) of type 3 VWD patients and evaluated with activated partial thromboplastin time, factor VIII, blood group, ristocetin cofactor assay (VWF:RCo), VWF:Ag, and closure time on PFA-200 with collagen/epinephrine (COL/EPI), and collagen/ADP (COL/ADP). RESULTS: One hundred carriers were included in the study of which 85 were included for PFA-200 analysis. The mean (SD) of VWF:Ag (IU/ml) and VWF:RCo (IU/ml) was 0.63 (0.24) and 0.61 (0.26), respectively. Among the 100 carriers, based on VWF levels (VWF:Ag and/or VWF:RCo) and bleeding history, there were 7 type 1 VWD, 10 type 2 VWD, 25 borderline VWF (0.30-0.50 IU/ml and no bleeding), and 58 normal VWF (>0.50 IU/ml). PFA-200 was prolonged in 71% of the carriers, all carriers with type 1 and type 2 VWD phenotype, 80% carriers with borderline VWF, and 59% with normal VWF. COL/EPI was more sensitive than COL/ADP and showed better correlation with VWF parameters than COL/ADP. CONCLUSION: Carriers of type 3 VWD can have a variable laboratory phenotype. PFA-200 showed good sensitivity among the carriers at VWF levels <0.50 IU/ml.

Autoantibodies Among HIV-1 Infected Individuals and the Effect of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) on It.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a decline in autoimmune diseases but lacks studies on its effect on autoantibodies. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study with archived samples from 100 paired HIV-1 infected ART naïve and experienced individuals and 100 prospectively collected matched blood-donor controls. Antinuclear antibody, IgG anticardiolipin antibody, IgM and IgG ß2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies, and total IgG levels were detected. Results are expressed as mean with standard deviation (SD), median, percentage positivity, and a p<0.05 is considered significant. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. RESULTS: The median viral load of the treatment naïve samples was 4.34 Log copies/mL, while all were virally suppressed post ART with a median duration of treatment for 12 months (range: 3-36 months). The percentage of antinuclear antibody positivity was 5% among ART naïve and controls, with a decrease of 2% post ART (p= 0.441). The positivity for anti-cardiolipin antibody was 15% among ART naïve while none of the ART experienced or controls were positive (p<0.05). IgM ß2 glycoprotein-1 were 4%, 1% and 3% among ART naïve, treated and controls, respectively (p<0.05). IgG ß2 glycoprotein-1 was 2% among ART naïve while none of the treated and controls were positive (p<0.05). The mean total IgG level among ART naïve, experienced, and controls were 21.82 (SD 6.67), 16.91 (SD 3.38), 13.70 (SD 2.24) grams/Litre, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: ART has a significant effect on IgG anti-cardiolipin antibody and total IgG but only a marginal effect on ANA, IgM, and IgG ß2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies.

Microsatellite instability in young patients with mucinous colorectal cancers - characterization using molecular testing, immunohistochemistry, and histological features.

CONTEXT: The incidence of colorectal cancers (CRCs) in young Indian patients is higher than the international average. CRCs in young patients are commonly of mucinous type and show microsatellite instability (MSI). AIMS: To ascertain the MSI status of mucinous CRCs in patients ≤40 years of age by molecular testing and to correlate this with immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and tumor histology. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of 30 young mucinous CRC patients were retrieved. MSI testing was done using two mononucleotide markers - BAT26 and NR24. IHC analysis was done using MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. Histological features of all cases were studied. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software and the Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Eight out of 30 cases (26.7%) showed MSI by molecular testing. IHC identified seven of these cases. Histological features showing a statistically significant association with MSI were the presence of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma component (P = 0.003), peritumoral lymphocytes (P = 0.002) and tumor budding (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: The detection of defective mismatch repair (MMR) proteins using IHC for MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 and molecular testing using BAT26 and NR24 appears to be a good protocol to detect CRCs with MSI. Histology could be useful in identifying cases that require screening for presence of MMR protein defects.