The Effect of Freezing and Thawing on Complex Permittivity of Bovine Tissues.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the freezing and thawing of biological tissues affect their complex permittivity in the microwave frequency range from 0.5 MHz to 18 GHz. We measured the complex permittivity of ex vivo bovine tissues, including brain white and grey matter, liver, and muscle, using an open-ended coaxial probe. Bovine tissues were chosen for their availability and similarity to human tissue permittivity. The samples were measured at 25 °C, before they were frozen either in a commercial freezer below -18 °C or in liquid nitrogen, nominally at -196 °C. The measured permittivity before freezing was compared to the permittivity measured after freezing and thawing the tissues back to 25 °C. Statistical analysis of the results showed a statistically significant change in permittivity after freezing and thawing by both methods for all the measured tissues, at least in some parts of the measured frequency range. The largest difference was observed for the white matter, while the liver had the smallest percent change.

Complex Permittivity of Ex-Vivo Human, Bovine and Porcine Brain Tissues in the Microwave Frequency Range.

Accurate knowledge about the dielectric properties of biological tissues in the microwave frequency range may lead to advancement of biomedical applications based on microwave technology. However, the published data are very scarce, especially for human brain tissues. The aim of this work was to measure and report the complex permittivity of brain white matter, grey matter and cerebellum. Complex permittivity was measured on human, bovine and porcine brain tissues in the microwave frequency range from 0.5 to 18 GHz using an open-ended coaxial probe. The results present a valuable addition to the available data on the brain tissue complex permittivity. Some noticeable variations between the results lead to several conclusions. Complex permittivity variation within the same tissue type of the individual species was comparable to interspecies variation. The difference was prominent between human brains obtained from autopsies, while bovine brains obtained from healthy animals showed very similar complex permittivity. We hypothesize that the difference might have been caused by the basic pathologies of the patients, where the associated therapies could have affected the brain water content. We also examined the effect of excised tissue degradation on its complex permittivity over the course of three days, and the results suggest the gradual dehydration of the samples.

Dielectric Permittivity Measurement Using Open-Ended Coaxial Probe-Modeling and Simulation Based on the Simple Capacitive-Load Model.

The study aim was to validate that dielectric permittivity measurement using the open-ended coaxial probe can be reliably modeled using electromagnetic modeling and simulations, followed by the postprocessing calculations based on the simple capacitive-load model. Saline solutions with various NaCl concentrations were used as materials under test (MUTs) to investigate how ionic conductivity affects the model validity. Two different solvers and simulation methods were used: FEKO for the frequency domain and CST for the time domain. Furthermore, we performed physical experiments with the same probe and MUTs, again implementing the capacitive-load model on the measurement data to observe the model validity. Relative error of the capacitive-load model with respect to the reference permittivity values, both in measurements and simulations, was within 10% for all cases except for the measured εr' of 1M solution at the lowest frequencies. The model yielded average relative errors well below 1% for the physiological saline, which is relevant for biological materials. The error increased for higher concentrations and for the lowest simulated frequencies but was within the declared measurement accuracy of the probe itself. This makes the simple capacitive-load model valid for all analyzed concentrations in the microwave frequency range from 0.5 to 18 GHz.