Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Heart Failure on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Undergoing Radiocontrast Agent Invasive Procedures: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

(1) Background: This single-center retrospective study aimed to evaluate whether sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) therapy may have a nephroprotective effect to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing iodinated contrast medium (ICM) invasive procedures. (2) Methods: The population was stratified into SGLT2-i users and SGLT2-i non-users according to the chronic treatment with gliflozins. The primary endpoint was CI-AKI incidence during hospitalization. Secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality and the need for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). (3) Results: In total, 86 patients on SGLT2-i and 179 patients not on SGLT2-i were enrolled. The incidence of CI-AKI in the gliflozin group was lower than in the non-user group (9.3 vs. 27.3%, p < 0.001), and these results were confirmed after propensity matching analysis. Multivariable logistic regression showed that only SGLT2-i treatment was an independent preventive factor for CI-AKI (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16-0.90, p = 0.045). The need for CRRT was reported only in five patients in the non-SGLT2-i-user group compared to zero patients in the gliflozin group (p = 0.05). (4) Conclusions: SGLT2-i therapy was associated with a lower risk of CI-AKI in patients with HF undergoing ICM invasive procedures.

Quality control in treating patients with patent foramen ovale: 7-year-experience of the Heart and Brain team of the Careggi University Hospital.

BACKGROUND: The right comprehension of ischemic stroke pathogenesis guarantees the best prevention therapy. The term "patent foramen ovale (PFO) related stroke" has been proposed for those events where PFO is supposed to be pathogenetic, but their definition is challenging. A multidisciplinary evaluation in a "Heart & Brain" team (HBteam) including stroke neurologists and interventional cardiologists was therefore highly recommended in the recent guidelines of secondary stroke prevention. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at describing the organization of the HBteam of Careggi-University-Hospital of Florence (Italy), and the results of the first seven years of activity. METHODS: In 2016 Interventional Cardiologists and Stroke Neurologists set up an outpatient clinic for the joined evaluation of patients with PFO and other cardio/neurological conditions. A specific diagnostic-therapeutic hospital plan was produced for PFO patients. Patient empowerment was guaranteed by a hospital explicative webpage, a booklet regarding risks/benefits of PFO closure and a 3D heartmodel to simulate the intervention. Data were collected in a dedicated registry. RESULTS: We evaluated 594 patients for PFO, 40 for left atrial appendage closure and 38 for other conditions. In 20% of PFO-patients, HBteam diagnosis was discordant from that of referring physicians, 14% were stroke misdiagnoses. We advised against closure in 53% of patients. At follow-up 94% of closed patients had no/minimum residual shunt; 3 patients had a cerebral ischemic event. CONCLUSIONS: A dedicated HBteam represents a unique opportunity to share decisions with patients after a thorough empowerment process. The joining of cardioneurological skills allows a better classification of PFO-patients, reducing futile interventions.

Management of Giant Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm with Quadricuspid Valve Stenosis.

The pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) is a rare disease with no well-defined guidelines about the diagnostic criteria and its management. In fact, the indications for surgical treatment and the type of surgical approach are not clear. However, in case of giant PAAs with hypertension and pulmonary valve abnormalities, surgery should be considered as an effective and safe approach to prevent dissections or ruptures. In this report, we describe a successful case of surgical repair, using a Bioconduit with a pericardial patch to recreate the pulmonary artery bifurcation in a 72-year-old male with aneurysm of the pulmonary artery (max diameter: 72 mm), associated with quadricuspid pulmonary valve stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. The procedure was uncomplicated and the follow-up computed tomography scan at 4 months showed correct positioning of the graft with no sign of contrast leakage.

Impact of diabetes on long-term outcomes of bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention. An analysis from the BIFURCAT registry.

BACKGROUND: It is still unclear the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) in complex coronary lesions treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) which themselves are at increased incidence of adverse events. METHODS: BIFURCAT registry encompassed patients treated with PCI for coronary bifurcation lesion from the COBIS III and the RAIN registry. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of major cardiovascular adverse event (MACE), a composite and mutual exclusive of all-cause death or myocardial infarction (MI) or target-lesion revascularization (TLR). A total of 5537 patients were included in the analysis and 1834 (33%) suffered from DM. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 21 months, diabetic patients had a higher incidence of MACE (17% vs. 9%, p < 0.001), all-cause mortality (9% vs. 4%, p < 0.001), TLR (5% vs. 3%, p = 0.001), MI (4% vs. 2%, p < 0.001), and stent thrombosis (ST) (2% vs. 1%, p = 0.007). After multivariate analysis, diabetes remained significantly associated with MACE (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.37; confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-1.65; p = 0.001), all-cause death (HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.24-2.19, p = 0.001), TLR (HR: 1.45; CI: 1.03-2.04; p = 0.031) and ST (HR: 1.73, CI: 1.04-2.88; p = 0.036), but not with MI (HR: 1.34; CI: 0.93-1.92; p = 0.11). Among diabetics, chronic kidney disease (HR: 2.99; CI: 2.21-4.04), baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (HR: 0.98; CI: 0.97-0.99), femoral access (HR: 1.62; CI: 1.23-2.15), left main coronary artery (HR: 1.44; CI: 1.06-1.94), main branch diameter (HR: 0.79; CI: 0.66-0.94) and final kissing balloon (HR: 0.70; CI: 0.52-0.93) were independent predictors of MACE at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DM treated with PCI for coronary bifurcations have a worse prognosis due to higher incidence of MACE, all-cause mortality, TLR and ST compared to the non-diabetics.

Urgent coronary angiography in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective single centre investigation.

AIMS: The role of immediate coronary angiography (CAG) with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients who present with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and cardiac arrest is well recognized. However, the role of immediate angiography in patients after cardiac arrest without STEMI is less clear. We assessed whether urgent (<6 h) CAG and PCI (whenever needed) was associated with improved early survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: In our single-centre, retrospective, observational study, we included all consecutive OHCA patients admitted to the A&E of the Careggi University Hospital between 1 June 2016 and 31 July 2020. One hundred and forty-four OHCA patients were submitted to CAG and constituted our study population. RESULTS: Among the 221 consecutive OHCA patients, 69 (31%) had refractory cardiac arrest treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) in 37 (37/69, 56%) patients. The mortality rate was significantly higher in the no CAG subgroup (P < 0.00001). In the CAG subgroup, coronary artery disease was detected in the 70% (92 patients), among whom the left main coronary artery was involved in 10 patients (10.8%). At multivariable regression analysis (CAG subgroup, outcome ICU survival), witnessed cardiac arrest was independently associated with survival. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of coronary artery disease was observed at CAG in the real-world of OHCA patients. Better planning of revascularization and treatment in patients studied with CAG may explain, at least in part, their lower mortality rate.

Comparison of Outcomes Between 1- and 2-Stent Techniques for Medina Classification 0.0.1 Coronary Bifurcation Lesions.

BACKGROUND: Although Medina 0.0.1 bifurcation lesions are often treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in real-world practice, the optimal revascularization strategy for this lesion is uncertain. OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes between 1- and 2-stent strategies in patients treated with PCI for Medina 0.0.1 bifurcation lesions. METHODS: The extended BIFURCAT (Combined Insights From the Unified RAIN [Very Thin Stents for Patients with Left Main or Bifurcation in Real Life] and COBIS [Coronary Bifurcation Stenting] Bifurcation Registries) registry was obtained by patient-level merging the dedicated bifurcation COBIS II, III, and RAIN registries. Among 8,434 patients with bifurcation lesions undergoing PCI, 345 (4.1%) with Medina 0.0.1 lesions were selected for the current analysis. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac event (MACE, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, and stent thrombosis) at 800 days. RESULTS: In the total population, 209 patients (60.6%) received PCI with a 1-stent strategy and the remaining 136 patients (39.4%) with a 2-stent strategy. There was a tendency for higher use of a 1-stent strategy over time (36.0%, 47.4%, and 90.4% in 2003-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2017, respectively; P for trend < 0.001). For the treatment of Medina 0.0.1 lesions, there was no significant difference in the risk of MACE between 1- and 2-stent strategies (1 stent vs 2 stent, 14.3% vs 13.9%; HR: 1.034; 95% CI: 0.541-1.977; P = 0.92). The risk of MACE was also not significantly different when stratifying into 3 groups (1-stent crossover only, 1-stent with strut opening, and 2-stent strategy). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a Medina 0.0.1 type bifurcation lesion, PCI with a 1-stent strategy showed comparable outcomes to that of a 2-stent strategy. (Coronary Bifurcation Stenting II [COBIS II]; NCT01642992; Coronary Bifurcation Stenting III [COBIS III]; NCT03068494; Very Thin Stents for Patients with Left Main or Bifurcation in Real Life [RAIN]; NCT03544294).

Association of Successful Percutaneous Revascularization of Chronic Total Occlusions With Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Importance: Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO-PCI) is not usually offered because of skepticism about long-term clinical benefits. Objective: To assess the association of successful CTO-PCI with quality of life by analyzing the relevant domains of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ). Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify randomized trials and observational studies specifically addressing quality of life domains of SAQ from January 2010 to June 2022. Study Selection: Studies included reporting SAQ metrics such as angina frequency, physical limitation, and quality of life, before and after CTO-PCI. Data Extraction and Synthesis: The present study was performed according to the Cochrane Collaboration and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statements, in which fixed-effect or random-effect models with generic inverse-variance weighting depending on statistical homogeneity were applied. Data were extracted by 3 independent reviewers. Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was angina frequency; physical limitation and quality of life were assessed as secondary outcomes. Results: Seven prospective randomized or observational studies (2500 patients) were included, with a mean (SD) participant age of 61.2 (2.1) years. CTO-PCI was associated with significantly improved quality-of-life metrics during a mean (SD) follow-up of 14.8 (16.3) months. In patients with successful procedures, angina episodes became less frequent (mean [SD] difference for SAQ angina frequency of 12.9 [3.1] survey points [95% CI, 7.1-19.8 survey points]; standardized mean difference was 0.54 [95% CI, 0.21-0.92]; P = .002; I2 = 86.4%) and they experienced less physical activity limitation (mean [SD] difference for SAQ physical limitation of 9.7 [6.2] survey points [95% CI, 3.5-16.2 survey points]; standardized mean difference was 0.42 [95% CI, 0.24-0.55]; P < .001; I2 = 20.9%), and greater quality-of-life domain (mean [SD] difference for SAQ quality of life of 14.9 [3.5] survey points [95% CI, 7.7-22.5 survey points]; standardized mean difference was 0.41 [95% CI, 0.25-0.61]; P < .001; I2 = 58.8%) compared with patients with optimal medical therapy or failed procedure. Furthermore, follow-up duration (point estimate, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.04; P = .01) was associated with a significant decrease in angina frequency in meta-regression analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: In this systematic review and meta-analysis examining quality of life following CTO-PCI, successful procedures were associated with improved quality-of-life parameters compared with patients on optimal medical therapy or after failed CTO-PCI. These findings suggest support for using PCI to treat CTOs in symptomatic patients unresponsive to medical treatment.

Comparison of myocardial reperfusion between intracoronary versus intravenous cangrelor administration in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial reperfusion is the main target of treatment in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The intracoronary administration of cangrelor bolus could favor a higher local drug concentration, favoring an earlier thrombotic resolution and a reduced distal micro-embolization. METHODS: Seventy-one patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI: 37 treated with intracoronary and 34 with intravenous bolus administration of cangrelor. The primary endpoint was ST-segment elevation resolution (STR) ≥ 50% after 30 min from the end of the PCI. Other explorative reperfusion indices investigated were: STR ≥ 50% at 24 hours, STR ≥ 70% at 30 min, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction frame count and the QT dispersion. Moreover, acute and subacute stent thrombosis, bleeding events and 30-day mortality have been evaluated. RESULTS: More frequent STR ≥ 50% was observed in the intravenous cangrelor bolus group as compared to the intracoronary administration at 30 min (71.9% vs. 45.5%; p = 0.033), the difference was maintained 24 hours after PCI (87.1% vs. 63.6%; p = 0.030). STR ≥ 70% at 30 min was statistically more frequent in the intravenous bolus administration cohort (66.7% vs. 28.6% p = 0.02). At multivariable analysis, intravenous cangrelor administration was significantly related to STR ≥ 50% (odds ratio: 3.586; 95% confidence interval: 1.134-11.335; p = 0.030). The incidence of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3-5 bleedings was 15.5% and mortality was 4.2% without any significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion the results of the study do not show any advantages in the administration of intracoronary bolus of cangrelor in patients affected by STEMI and treated with primary PCI.

Impact of Clinical and Lesion Features on Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Bifurcation Lesions.

Background: Bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with higher risk of clinical events. Objectives: This study aimed to determine clinical and lesion features that predict adverse outcomes, and to evaluate the differential prognostic impact of these features in patients undergoing PCI for bifurcation lesions. Methods: We analyzed 5,537 patients from the BIFURCAT (comBined Insights From the Unified RAIN and COBIS bifurcAtion regisTries) registry. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 2-year follow-up; secondary outcomes included hard endpoints (all-cause death, myocardial infarction) and lesion-oriented clinical outcomes (LOCO) (target-vessel myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) model was used for feature selection. Results: During the 2-year follow-up period, MACE occurred in 492 patients (8.9%). The LASSO model identified 5 clinical features (old age, chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus, current smoking, and left ventricular dysfunction) and 4 lesion features (left main disease, proximal main branch disease, side branch disease, and a small main branch diameter) as significant features that predict MACE. A combination of all 9 features improved the predictive value for MACE compared with clinical and lesion features (area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve: 0.657 vs 0.636 vs 0.581; P < 0.001). For secondary endpoints, the clinical features had a higher impact than lesion features on hard endpoints, whereas lesion features had a higher impact than clinical features on LOCO. Conclusions: In bifurcation PCI, 9 features were associated with MACE. Clinical features were predominant predictors for hard endpoints, and lesion features were predominant for predicting LOCO. Clinical and lesion features have distinct values, and both should be considered in bifurcation PCI.

Prediction of All-Cause Mortality Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Bifurcation Lesions Using Machine Learning Algorithms.

Stratifying prognosis following coronary bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an unmet clinical need that may be fulfilled through the adoption of machine learning (ML) algorithms to refine outcome predictions. We sought to develop an ML-based risk stratification model built on clinical, anatomical, and procedural features to predict all-cause mortality following contemporary bifurcation PCI. Multiple ML models to predict all-cause mortality were tested on a cohort of 2393 patients (training, n = 1795; internal validation, n = 598) undergoing bifurcation PCI with contemporary stents from the real-world RAIN registry. Twenty-five commonly available patient-/lesion-related features were selected to train ML models. The best model was validated in an external cohort of 1701 patients undergoing bifurcation PCI from the DUTCH PEERS and BIO-RESORT trial cohorts. At ROC curves, the AUC for the prediction of 2-year mortality was 0.79 (0.74-0.83) in the overall population, 0.74 (0.62-0.85) at internal validation and 0.71 (0.62-0.79) at external validation. Performance at risk ranking analysis, k-center cross-validation, and continual learning confirmed the generalizability of the models, also available as an online interface. The RAIN-ML prediction model represents the first tool combining clinical, anatomical, and procedural features to predict all-cause mortality among patients undergoing contemporary bifurcation PCI with reliable performance.

Peripheral intravascular lithotripsy for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a multicentre observational study.

BACKGROUND: The presence of severe calcific atherosclerosis at the iliofemoral axis may preclude transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) by the transfemoral (TF) approach. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is a novel technology that fractures intimal/medial calcium and increases vessel compliance allowing TF TAVI in selected patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). AIMS: The aim of this study was to report on the safety and efficacy of IVL-assisted TF TAVI in an all-comers population. METHODS: Clinical, imaging and procedural data on all consecutive patients treated by IVL-assisted TF TAVI in six high-volume European centres (2018-2020) were collected in this prospective, real-world, multicentre registry. RESULTS: IVL-assisted TF TAVI was performed in 108 patients, increasing from 2.4% to 6.5% of all TAVI from 2018 to 2020, respectively. The target lesion was most often localised at the common and/or external iliac artery (93.5% of cases; average TL-MLD 4.6±0.9 mm with 318 degrees of calcium arc). Transfemoral aortic valve delivery was successful in 100% of cases; final procedural success in 98.2% (two conversions to cardiac open surgery for annular rupture and valve migration). Complications of the IVL-treated segments consisted of 1 perforation and 3 major dissections requiring stent implantation (2 covered stents and 2 BMS). Access-site-related complications included 3 major bleedings. Three in-hospital deaths were recorded (2.8%, 1 failed surgical conversion after annular rupture, 1 cardiac arrest after initial valvuloplasty, 1 late hyperkalaemia in renal dysfunction). CONCLUSIONS: IVL-assisted TF TAVI proved to be a safe and effective approach, which helps to expand the indications for TF TAVI in patients with severe calcific PAD. However, these patients continue to have a higher-than-average incidence of periprocedural complications.

Performance of Thin-Strut Stents in Non-Left Main Bifurcation Coronary Lesions: A RAIN Subanalysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study assesses the safety and efficacy of thin-strut stents in non-left main (non-LM) bifurcation coronary lesions. BACKGROUND: Thinner struts of recent drug-eluting stent (DES) devices are associated with improved outcomes, but data about their performance in challenging scenarios are scant. METHODS: RAIN was a retrospective multicenter registry enrolling patients with coronary bifurcation lesions or left main (LM) disease treated with thin-strut DESs. Target-lesion revascularization (TLR) was the primary endpoint, while major adverse clinical event (MACE) rate, a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), target-vessel revascularization (TVR), TLR, and stent thrombosis (ST), and its single components were the secondary endpoints. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify predictors of TLR. Outcome incidences according to stenting strategy (provisional vs 2-stent technique), use of final kissing balloon (FKB), and intravascular ultrasound/optical coherence tomography optimization were further investigated in prespecified subanalyses. RESULTS: A total of 1803 patients (59% acute coronary syndrome, 41% stable coronary artery disease) with non-LM bifurcations were enrolled. After a median follow-up of 12 months, TLR incidence was 2.5% (2.2% for provisional stenting and 3.5% for 2-stent technique). MACE rate was 9.4% (all-cause death, 4.1%; MI, 3.2%; TVR, 3.7%; definite ST, 1.1%). After multivariable adjustment, postdilation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.71; P<.01) and provisional stenting (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.55-0.89; P=.03) were associated with lower TLR rates. FKB was associated with a lower incidence of TLR in the 2-stent subgroup (P=.03). Intracoronary imaging had no significant impact on the primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Thin-strut DES options represent an effective choice in bifurcation lesions. Postdilation and provisional stenting are associated with a reduced risk of TLR. FKB should be recommended in 2-stent techniques.

Advancements in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Focused Update.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the leading technique for aortic valve replacement in symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis with conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) now limited to patients younger than 65-75 years due to a combination of unsuitable anatomies (calcified raphae in bicuspid valves, coexistent aneurysm of the ascending aorta) and concerns on the absence of long-term data on TAVI durability. This incredible rise is linked to technological evolutions combined with increased operator experience, which led to procedural refinements and, accordingly, to better outcomes. The article describes the main and newest technical improvements, allowing an extension of the indications (valve-in-valve procedures, intravascular lithotripsy for severely calcified iliac vessels), and a reduction of complications (stroke, pacemaker implantation, aortic regurgitation).

Intracoronary optical coherence tomography: state of the art and future directions.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been increasingly utilised to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite the diagnostic utility of OCT, facilitated by its high resolution, the impact of intracoronary OCT on clinical practice has thus far been limited. Difficulty in transitioning from intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), complex image interpretation, lack of a standardised algorithm for PCI guidance, and paucity of data from prospective clinical trials have contributed to the modest adoption. Herein, we provide a comprehensive up-do-date overview on the utility of OCT in coronary artery disease, including technical details, device set-up, simplified OCT image interpretation, recognition of the imaging artefacts, and an algorithmic approach for using OCT in PCI guidance. We discuss the utility of OCT in acute coronary syndromes, provide a summary of the clinical trial data, list the work in progress, and discuss the future directions.

TAVR in patients with hip fracture and severe aortic stenosis: how and when?

Comorbidities are common in elderly patients with hip fracture and are associated with an increased mortality after surgery. Internal medicine/geriatric leaded multidisciplinary hip fracture teams may play a pivotal role in the clinical management of complex patients. Treatment strategy is particular relevant in patients with severe aortic stenosis that represent more than 5% of patients with hip fracture. These patients have a high in-hospital mortality and poor 1-year survival (less than 50%). Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may be an option in selected patients; however, the choice to treat and, in the case, the timing of valve replacement in relation to hip surgery is highly dependent on clinical conditions before trauma. In this paper, three different scenario of TAVR timing after hip fracture are reported.

Long-term echocardiographic findings after TAVR: 5-year follow-up in 400 consecutive patients.

A little is known about long-term hemodynamic performance of the transcatheter heart valves (THVs). The aim of the present study was to assess hemodynamic outcome, structural valve deterioration (SVD) and bioprosthetic valve failure (BVF) in patients treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) five or more years ago. All consecutive patients treated at Bologna and Florence University Hospitals with TAVR between January 2008 and December 2013 were analyzed in a retrospective registry with regards to demographic, procedural and outcome data as well as follow-up data on mortality and echocardiographic characteristics. Standardized definitions were used to define outcomes and durability of the THVs. 400 patients were included in the study, mostly treated with transfemoral TAVR (71.8%), using first generation balloon-expandable (37%) or self-expanding (63%) devices. The 1-year mortality was 21.8% (87 patients) and 5-year mortality was 53.8% (215 patients). Median follow-up was 45.5 months (14.0-68.9) totaling 1516.7 patient/years, with the longest follow-up being 10.25 years. At least one follow-up echocardiogram was available for 320 patients (80%), SVD occurred in 19 of these patients (5.94%): moderate in 17 patients (5.31%) and severe in two patients (0.63%). The hemodynamic presentation was stenosis in most of the cases (12 patients). Late BVF was registered in 10 patients (3.13%) and this was mainly driven by transcatheter paravalvular leak closure (six patients) with subsequent good long-term outcome. Our results confirm that TAVR appears to be a long-lasting treatment strategy with low rates of structural valve degeneration and valve failure.