Neurological disorders throughout acute SARS-CoV2 infection: A comparative study between vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients.

BACKGROUND: The role of vaccination on Covid-19 severity in neurological patients is still unknown. We aim at describing clinical characteristics and outcomes of breakthrough and unvaccinated Covid-19 patients hospitalized for neurological disorders. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-two Covid-19 patients were admitted to a neuro-Covid Unit form March 1st 2021 to February 28th 2022. Out of the total sample, 74 (32%) were full vaccinated. The prevalence, clinical characteristics, disease severity, expressed by Brescia-COVID Respiratory Severity Scale (BCRSS) and National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2), and final outcomes of neurological syndromes were compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated cases. Cox regression analysis was implemented in order to investigate the combined effect of predictors of mortality. RESULTS: Breakthrough vaccinated cases were older (years 72.4 ± 16.3 vs 67.0 ± 18.9 years, p = 0.029), showed higher pre-admission comorbidity score and Clinical Frailty scale score (4.46 ± 1.6 vs 3.75 ± 2.0, p = 0.008) with no differences in terms of disease progression or mortality rate (16.2% vs 15.2%), compared to full-dose vaccinated patients. Cox-regression analysis showed age and NEWS2 score as the variables with a significant relation to mortality between the two groups, independently from pre-morbid conditions and inflammatory response. CONCLUSION: This study on breakthrough COVID-19 infection could help identify vulnerable neurological patients with higher risk of poor outcomes.

Non-contrast CT markers of intracerebral hemorrhage expansion: The influence of onset-to-CT time.

BACKGROUND: Hematoma expansion (HE) is an appealing therapeutic target in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) features are promising predictors of HE. AIMS: We investigated whether onset-to-CT time influences the diagnostic performance of NCCT markers for HE. METHODS: Retrospective multicentre analysis of patients with primary ICH. The following NCCT markers were analyzed: hypodensities, heterogeneous density, blend sign, and irregular shape. HE was defined as growth ⩾6 mL and/or ⩾33%. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values (PPVs and NPVs) of NCCT markers for HE, stratified by onset-to-CT time (<2 h, 2-4 h, 4-6 h, >6 h). RESULTS: We included 1135 patients (median age 69, 53% males), of whom 307 (27%) experienced HE.Overall hypodensities had the highest sensitivity (0.68) and blend sign the highest specificity (0.87) for HE. Hypodensities were more common and had higher sensitivity (0.80) in patients with imaging within 2 h. The same result was observed for heterogeneous density, whereas irregular shape had a similar prevalence across time strata and higher sensitivity (0.79) beyond 6 h from onset. The frequency of blend sign increased with longer onset-to-CT time, whereas its specificity declined after 6 h from onset. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic performance of NCCT markers is influenced by imaging time. Hypodensities identified four out of five patients with HE within 2 h from onset, whereas irregular shape performed better in late presenters. Our findings may improve the use of NCCT markers in future studies and trials targeting HE.

Emergency management of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Acute intracerebral hemorrhage is a medical emergency with high mortality and morbidity. Neuroimaging has a fundamental role in the etiological diagnosis, patients monitoring and in the risk stratification of hematoma expansion and poor outcome. The cornerstones of medical treatment in the acute phase are blood pressure lowering and coagulopathy reversal. Prevention of hematoma expansion is the main goal of these therapies and their efficacy is strongly time-dependent with a narrow time window. This review provides an update on the etiological diagnostic workup, acute treatment and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Antithrombotic therapy in the postacute phase of cervical artery dissection: the Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults Cervical Artery Dissection.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of antithrombotic therapy discontinuation in the postacute phase of cervical artery dissection (CeAD) on the mid-term outcome of these patients. METHODS: In a cohort of consecutive patients with first-ever CeAD, enrolled in the setting of the multicentre Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults Cervical Artery Dissection, we compared postacute (beyond 6 months since the index CeAD) outcomes between patients who discontinued antithrombotic therapy and patients who continued taking antithrombotic agents during follow-up. Primary outcome was a composite of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack. Secondary outcomes were (1) Brain ischaemia ipsilateral to the dissected vessel and (2) Recurrent CeAD. Associations with the outcome of interest were assessed by the propensity score (PS) method. RESULTS: Of the 1390 patients whose data were available for the outcome analysis (median follow-up time in patients who did not experience outcome events, 36.0 months (25th-75th percentile, 62.0)), 201 (14.4%) discontinued antithrombotic treatment. Primary outcome occurred in 48 patients in the postacute phase of CeAD. In PS-matched samples (201 vs 201), the incidence of primary outcomes among patients taking antithrombotics was comparable with that among patients who discontinued antithrombotics during follow-up (5.0% vs 4.5%; p(log rank test)=0.526), and so was the incidence of the secondary outcomes ipsilateral brain ischaemia (4.5% vs 2.5%; p(log rank test)=0.132) and recurrent CeAD (1.0% vs 1.5%; p(log rank test)=0.798). CONCLUSIONS: Discontinuation of antithrombotic therapy in the postacute phase of CeAD does not appear to increase the risk of brain ischaemia during follow-up.

Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebrovascular Diseases.

Cerebrovascular diseases are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. The definition of stroke etiology is mandatory to predict outcome and guide therapeutic decisions. The diagnosis of pathological processes involving intracranial arteries is especially challenging, and the visualization of intracranial arteries' vessel walls is not possible with routine imaging techniques. Vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW-MRI) uses high-resolution, multiparametric MRI sequences to directly visualize intracranial arteries walls and their pathological alterations, allowing a better characterization of their pathology. VW-MRI demonstrated a wide range of clinical applications in acute cerebrovascular disease. Above all, it can be of great utility in the differential diagnosis of atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic intracranial vasculopathies. Additionally, it can be useful in the risk stratification of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions and to assess the risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Recent advances in MRI technology made it more available, but larger studies are still needed to maximize its use in daily clinical practice.

Clinical outcome of neurological patients with COVID-19: the impact of healthcare organization improvement between waves.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in clinical presentations and the impact of healthcare organization on outcomes of neurological COVID-19 patients admitted during the first and second pandemic waves. METHODS: In this single-center cohort study, we included all patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to a Neuro-COVID Unit. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were compared between patients admitted during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-three patients were included, of whom 112 and 111 were hospitalized during the first and second pandemic waves, respectively. Patients admitted during the second wave were younger and exhibited pulmonary COVID-19 severity, resulting in less oxygen support (n = 41, 36.9% vs n = 79, 70.5%, p < 0.001) and lower mortality rates (14.4% vs 31.3%, p = 0.004). The different healthcare strategies and early steroid treatment emerged as significant predictors of mortality independently from age, pre-morbid conditions and COVID-19 severity in Cox regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in healthcare strategies during the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic probably explain the differences in clinical outcomes independently of disease severity, underlying the importance of standardized early management of neurological patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Imaging features and ultraearly hematoma growth in intracerebral hemorrhage associated with COVID-19.

PURPOSE: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an uncommon but deadly event in patients with COVID-19 and its imaging features remain poorly characterized. We aimed to describe the clinical and imaging features of COVID-19-associated ICH. METHODS: Multicenter, retrospective, case-control analysis comparing ICH in COVID-19 patients (COV19 +) versus controls without COVID-19 (COV19 -). Clinical presentation, laboratory markers, and severity of COVID-19 disease were recorded. Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) markers (intrahematoma hypodensity, heterogeneous density, blend sign, irregular shape fluid level), ICH location, and hematoma volume (ABC/2 method) were analyzed. The outcome of interest was ultraearly hematoma growth (uHG) (defined as NCCT baseline ICH volume/onset-to-imaging time), whose predictors were explored with multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 33 COV19 + patients and 321 COV19 - controls with ICH were included. Demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors were similar in the two groups. Multifocal ICH and NCCT markers were significantly more common in the COV19 + population. uHG was significantly higher among COV19 + patients (median 6.2 mL/h vs 3.1 mL/h, p = 0.027), and this finding remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors (systolic blood pressure, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy), in linear regression (B(SE) = 0.31 (0.11), p = 0.005). This association remained consistent also after the exclusion of patients under anticoagulant treatment (B(SE) = 0.29 (0.13), p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: ICH in COV19 + patients has distinct NCCT imaging features and a higher speed of bleeding. This association is not mediated by antithrombotic therapy and deserves further research to characterize the underlying biological mechanisms.

Spontaneous cervical artery dissection and fibromuscular dysplasia: Epidemiologic and biologic evidence of a mutual relationship.

Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) is the most common cause of ischemic stroke in young and middle-aged adults. Over the last decade, a relation between CeAD and fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), an idiopathic, segmental, non-atherosclerotic and non-inflammatory arterial disease, has been suggested based on a number of epidemiologic observations, while preliminary data support the idea that the two conditions may share common biologic mechanisms. In this article, we review the literature on the relation between CeAD and FMD, focus on the potential pathogenetic mechanisms common to the two conditions, summarize clinical features, management and outcome, and provide support to the hypothesis that the coexistence of the two diseases in one individual might be conceptualized as a distinct non-atherosclerotic non-inflammatory arteriopathy.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute ischemic stroke in Lombardy, Italy.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize patients with acute ischemic stroke related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and assess the classification performance of clinical and laboratory parameters in predicting in-hospital outcome of these patients. METHODS: In the setting of the STROKOVID study including patients with acute ischemic stroke consecutively admitted to the ten hub hospitals in Lombardy, Italy, between March 8 and April 30, 2020, we compared clinical features of patients with confirmed infection and non-infected patients by logistic regression models and survival analysis. Then, we trained and tested a random forest (RF) binary classifier for the prediction of in-hospital death among patients with COVID-19. RESULTS: Among 1013 patients, 160 (15.8%) had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Male sex (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.06-2.27) and atrial fibrillation (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.05-2.43) were independently associated with COVID-19 status. Patients with COVID-19 had increased stroke severity at admission [median NIHSS score, 9 (25th to75th percentile, 13) vs 6 (25th to75th percentile, 9)] and increased risk of in-hospital death (38.1% deaths vs 7.2%; HR 3.30; 95% CI 2.17-5.02). The RF model based on six clinical and laboratory parameters exhibited high cross-validated classification accuracy (0.86) and precision (0.87), good recall (0.72) and F1-score (0.79) in predicting in-hospital death. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic strokes in COVID-19 patients have distinctive risk factor profile and etiology, increased clinical severity and higher in-hospital mortality rate compared to non-COVID-19 patients. A simple model based on clinical and routine laboratory parameters may be useful in identifying ischemic stroke patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who are unlikely to survive the acute phase.

Vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging in COVID-19-associated cryptogenic ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to describe the prevalence of vessel wall alterations in patients with cryptogenic stroke through vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (vwMRI). METHODS: All consecutive patients admitted for AIS and COVID-19 to a single neuro-COVID unit from 10 November to 31 December 2020 were prospectively evaluated and underwent a complete etiologic workup for AIS. In patients with cryptogenic stroke, the diagnostic workup was completed with vwMRI study. RESULTS: After the exclusion of four patients ineligible for MRI, a total of 10 patients were included (median age = 78 years, 50% males), of whom four (40%) had a cryptogenic stroke. vwMRI showed vascular changes consistent with inflammation of intracranial artery walls in three subjects (75%). Two patients had focal and one multifocal involvement. CONCLUSIONS: vwMRI detected signs of vascular inflammation in the majority of patients with cryptogenic AIS, leading to an etiologic definition with potential therapeutical implications. Our findings are best interpreted as hypothesis-generating, suggesting the possibility of expanding the diagnostic workup of cryptogenic stroke with vessel wall imaging.

Subclinical Vascular Brain Lesions in Young Adults With Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Subclinical vascular brain lesions are highly prevalent in elderly patients with stroke. Little is known about predisposing factors and their impact on long-term outcome of patients with stroke at a young age. METHODS: We quantified magnetic resonance-defined subclinical vascular brain lesions, including lacunes and white matter hyperintensities, perivascular spaces and cerebral microbleeds, and assessed total small-vessel disease (SVD) score in patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke aged 18 to 45 years, and followed them up, as part of the multicentre Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults. The primary end point was a composite of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, or other arterial events. We assessed the predictive accuracy of magnetic resonance features and whether the addition of these markers improves outcome prediction over a validated clinical tool, such as the Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults score. RESULTS: Among 591 patients (males, 53.8%; mean age, 37.5±6.4 years), 117 (19.8%) had subclinical vascular brain lesions. Family history of stroke was associated with lacunes (odds ratio, 2.24 [95% CI, 1.30-3.84]) and total SVD score (odds ratio, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.20-3.53] for score≥1), hypertension with white matter hyperintensities (odds ratio, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.22-4.32]). After a median follow-up of 36.0 months (25th-75th percentile, 38.0), lacunes and total SVD score were associated with primary end point (hazard ratio, 2.13 [95% CI, 1.17-3.90] for lacunes; hazard ratio, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.20-3.90] for total SVD score ≥1), and the secondary end point brain ischemia (hazard ratio, 2.55 [95% CI, 1.36-4.75] for lacunes; hazard ratio, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.42-4.80] for total SVD score ≥1). The predictive performances of the models, including magnetic resonance features were comparable to those of the random model. Adding individual magnetic resonance features to the Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults score did not improve model prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical vascular brain lesions affect ≈2 in 10 young adults with ischemic stroke. Although lacunes and total SVD score are associated with thrombotic recurrence, they do not improve accuracy of outcome prediction over validated clinical predictors.

Age-dependent effect of susceptibility factors on the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage: Multicenter Study on Cerebral Hemorrhage in Italy (MUCH-Italy).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the age-dependent impact of traditional stroke risk factors on the occurrence of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: We performed a case-control analysis, comparing consecutive patients with ICH with age-matched and sex-matched stroke-free controls, enrolled in the setting of the Multicenter Study on Cerebral Hemorrhage in Italy (MUCH-Italy) between 2002 and 2014 by multivariable logistic regression model within subgroups stratified by age quartiles (Q1-Q4). RESULTS: We analysed 3492 patients and 3492 controls. The impact of untreated hypertension on the risk of ICH was higher in the lower than in the upper age quartile (OR 11.64, 95% CI 7.68 to 17.63 in Q1 vs OR 6.05, 95% CI 3.09 to 11.85 in Q4 with intermediate ORs in Q2 and Q3), while the opposite trend was observed for untreated hypercholesterolaemia (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.97 in Q1 vs OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.56 in Q4 with intermediate ORs in Q2 and Q3). The effect of untreated diabetes and excessive alcohol intake was detected only in the older age group (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.22 to 10.73, and OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.51, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence of age-dependent differences in the effects of susceptibility factors on the risk of ICH.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on reperfusion therapies for acute ischemic stroke in Lombardy, Italy: the STROKOVID network.

Whether and how SARS-CoV-2 outbreak affected in-hospital acute stroke care system is still matter of debate. In the setting of the STROKOVID network, a collaborative project between the ten centers designed as hubs for the treatment of acute stroke during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy, we retrospectively compared clinical features and process measures of patients with confirmed infection (COVID-19) and non-infected patients (non-COVID-19) who underwent reperfusion therapies for acute ischemic stroke. Between March 8 and April 30, 2020, 296 consecutive patients [median age, 74 years (interquartile range (IQR), 62-80.75); males, 154 (52.0%); 34 (11.5%) COVID-19] qualified for the analysis. Time from symptoms onset to treatment was longer in the COVID-19 group [230 (IQR 200.5-270) minutes vs. 190 (IQR 150-245) minutes; p = 0.007], especially in the first half of the study period. Patients with COVID-19 who underwent endovascular thrombectomy had more frequently absent collaterals or collaterals filling ≤ 50% of the occluded territory (50.0% vs. 16.6%; OR 5.05; 95% CI 1.82-13.80) and a lower rate of good/complete recanalization of the primary arterial occlusive lesion (55.6% vs. 81.0%; OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.10-0.80). Post-procedural intracranial hemorrhages were more frequent (35.3% vs. 19.5%; OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.04-4.83) and outcome was worse among COVID-19 patients (in-hospital death, 38.2% vs. 8.8%; OR 6.43; 95% CI 2.85-14.50). Our findings showed longer delays in the intra-hospital management of acute ischemic stroke in COVID-19 patients, especially in the early phase of the outbreak, that likely impacted patients outcome and should be the target of future interventions.

Clinical Features of Patients With Cervical Artery Dissection and Fibromuscular Dysplasia.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Observational studies have suggested a link between fibromuscular dysplasia and spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCeAD). However, whether patients with coexistence of the two conditions have distinctive clinical characteristics has not been extensively investigated. METHODS: In a cohort of consecutive patients with first-ever sCeAD, enrolled in the setting of the multicenter IPSYS CeAD study (Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults Cervical Artery Dissection) between January 2000 and June 2019, we compared demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factor profile, vascular pathology, and midterm outcome of patients with coexistent cerebrovascular fibromuscular dysplasia (cFMD; cFMD+) with those of patients without cFMD (cFMD-). RESULTS: A total of 1283 sCeAD patients (mean age, 47.8±11.4 years; women, 545 [42.5%]) qualified for the analysis, of whom 103 (8.0%) were diagnosed with cFMD+. In multivariable analysis, history of migraine (odds ratio, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.13-2.79]), the presence of intracranial aneurysms (odds ratio, 8.71 [95% CI, 4.06-18.68]), and the occurrence of minor traumas before the event (odds ratio, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.26-0.89]) were associated with cFMD. After a median follow-up of 34.0 months (25th to 75th percentile, 60.0), 39 (3.3%) patients had recurrent sCeAD events. cFMD+ and history of migraine predicted independently the risk of recurrent sCeAD (hazard ratio, 3.40 [95% CI, 1.58-7.31] and 2.07 [95% CI, 1.06-4.03], respectively) in multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factor profile of sCeAD patients with cFMD differs from that of patients without cFMD. cFMD and migraine are independent predictors of midterm risk of sCeAD recurrence.

Diaphragmatic myoclonus due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A wide range of neurological signs and symptoms have been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the present report, we described two Italian patients diagnosed with diaphragmatic myoclonus after COVID-19. In both cases, mild lymphocytosis at cerebrospinal fluid analysis and no structural brain changes were reported. The pathophysiological origin of the myoclonus in the two cases was different. In case 1, electroencephalogram did not reveal any cortical correlates and brain imaging of the spine was unremarkable, while in case 2, cortical origin of myoclonus was demonstrated. With the present two cases, we confirm and extend the neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.