What We Know About the Peer Workforce and Economic Evaluation for Peer Recovery Support Services: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Peer recovery support services (PRSS) for substance use disorder (SUD) have expanded in the past 2 decades to be formally certified and reimbursed under Medicaid in almost every US state. This rapid expansion has been followed by a growth in research, but 2 persistent gaps remain: a lack of research on the peer workforce, and a lack of economic evaluation research. This systematic review examines the current literature on PRSS to summarize what is currently known about the SUD peer workforce and collect potential PRSS economic evaluation parameters, and clearly identify the current gaps in each category. METHODS: PRISMA methods were followed and a PROSPERO protocol was registered (CRD42022323516). The search included a database search of peer-reviewed journal articles and dissertations, and also a hand-search of conference presentations and evaluation reports. Manuscripts were categorized as either workforce development-related and/or those containing potential economic evaluation parameters. RESULTS: Forty-two total manuscripts were included, with 22 related to the peer workforce and 26 containing potential economic evaluation parameters. Manuscripts with workforce-related findings covered peer worker characteristics, characteristics of PRSS delivery, or peer worker training-related outcomes. Economic evaluation parameters were primarily costs related to service utilization patters with some limited reporting on peer worker pay, as well as multiple sources that can be used to estimate averted medical costs. Effectiveness parameters were primarily substance use related, as virtually all quality of life and life functioning parameters are not readily convertible to estimating quality-adjusted life years. CONCLUSION: Future PRSS research can contribute to filling these gaps in the evidence base by addressing remaining questions about the interrelationship between peer worker job satisfaction, job tenure, and patient outcomes, as well as by using more consistent outcome measures, especially in the realm of quality of life and life functioning.

'Trauma sits in your body and makes you shut down:' sexual and reproductive health professionals' views of the impact of trauma on the sexual health of Native American older adolescent and young adult women.

A history of colonisation and corresponding traumas has resulted in disparate rates of violence and sexual health inequities among many Native American populations. As a result, Native American adolescents and young adults specifically, experience higher rates of STIs, HIV and unintended pregnancy relative to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. To address these inequities, sexual health education programmes should reflect Native American cultural values and traditional teachings to align with community assets and protective factors. The objective of this study was to describe sexual and reproductive health professionals' perspectives on how trauma collectively affects the sexual health of older adolescents and young adult Native American women between the ages of 15-25 years. We purposively sampled sexual and reproductive health professionals who worked with members of this priority population. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted, recorded, and transcribed. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. The themes identified in the interviews include the impact of trauma and colonisation on sexual health, strategies for combatting trauma, promoting sexual health, and supporting the development of culturally congruent sexual health education curricula. Findings point to the need for culturally relevant, trauma-informed sexual health education interventions to help promote sexual and reproductive health equity for Native American adolescent and young adult women.

"And Now that I Feel Safe I'm Coming Out of Fight or Flight": A Qualitative Exploration of Challenges and Opportunities for Residents' Mental Health in Substance Use Recovery Housing.

Co-occurring mental health concerns are prevalent among substance use recovery housing residents. We sought to explore how residents with co-occurring mental health and substance use needs experience recovery housing. We conducted semi-structured interviews with residents (N = 92) in recovery homes across Texas and developed themes through thematic analysis. Residents note that living in a group home can exacerbate anxiety and paranoia, especially during periods of high turnover. Overwhelmingly, however, residents believe recovery housing improves their mental health. Residents use their shared lived experiences to support one another. Residents also express appreciation for the transition period offered by recovery housing, allowing them to solidify their recoveries before fully re-entering society. Participants describe recovery homes as a critical support for their co-occurring mental health and substance use concerns. These results provide key insights on how to better support mental health in recovery housing.

University students' perception of their dietary behavior through the course of the COVID-19 pandemic: a phenomenological approach.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic mandates that were imposed to curb the spread of disease may have triggered unhealthy dietary behaviors among university students. The current study aims at exploring university students' perception of their dietary behaviors through the course of the pandemic. METHODS: The qualitative study is designed using a phenomenological framework. Using convenience and snowball sampling, nine university students were recruited in southeast Texas. Interviews were conducted using an interview guide after receiving verbal consent. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes were identified. Initially, an increase in consumption of home-cooked meals and frequency of snacking were reported which were associated with emotions including boredom, stress, and homesickness. However, as the students adapted to the pandemic, the frequency of dining and restaurant food consumption increased. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the urgency for educational institutions to be well-equipped in terms of nutrition assistance during times of crisis.

"Being here is saving my life": Resident experiences of living in recovery residences for people taking medication for an opioid use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are an effective treatment for addressing opioid use disorder. Despite MOUD's demonstrated effectiveness, MOUD-related stigma is prevalent throughout many recovery communities and subsequently limits persons taking MOUD access to recovery supports, including recovery housing. While recovery residences that serve people taking MOUD could be a critical recovery support, they are limited in number and understudied. METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with 47 residents in medication-assisted recovery (MAR) living in 11 Texas-based recovery residences serving people taking MOUD to characterize residents' experiences and understand the impact that these homes had on their recovery. RESULTS: We found that many participants could not previously access recovery housing and other recovery supports due to MOUD-related stigma, thus recovery homes that supported people in MAR were considered a groundbreaking opportunity. Recovery residences provided participants with a space in which they did not feel judged for taking MOUD, which facilitated participants' connections with their fellow housemates. Subsequently, participants no longer had to hide their MAR pathway and could be transparent about taking MOUD among their recovery residence community. Last, recovery homes provided a supportive environment in which participants' internalized MOUD-related stigma could evolve into acceptance of their MAR pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery residences that serve people in MAR provide a supportive, safe, nonjudgmental recovery environment in which residents develop relationships with other peers taking MOUD, share openly about their MAR, and are empowered to embrace their recovery pathway. These findings highlight the need for more recovery residences that are supportive of people taking MOUD as part of their recovery.

The peer to career pipeline: An observational study of peer worker trainee characteristics and training completion likelihood.

INTRODUCTION: Peer recovery support services (PRSS) for substance use disorder (SUD) are a flexible and evidence-based intervention employed across multiple settings and for a variety of populations. These services have expanded over the past two decades, but there is little research on recruitment and training of prospective peer workers - the peer to career pipeline. This study observed training outcomes for applicants to a peer worker scholarship program in Texas. METHODS: A total of 448 participants provided baseline personal history information, and a subset of participants (n = 239) completed optional psychosocial surveys. Logistic regression analysis tested associations of personal history and psychosocial variables with three training stage completion outcomes: classroom training completion, placement at an internship site, and full certification. RESULTS: The greatest decline in advancement between stages occurred in the transition between classroom training (78.1 % of participants completed) and internship placement (43.3 % of participants completed). Participants were diverse in terms of race/ethnicity and life experiences salient to the peer worker role, but Hispanic/Latinx peer workers were under-represented. Past work with a SUD peer worker, age, and having a bachelor's degree were each positively associated with training stage completion across multiple models, while having basic technological access, being a woman, and veteran status were each positively associated with training stage completion in only one model. Years since recovery initiation date, non-monosexual orientation, White race, and quality of life were each negatively associated with training stage completion in only one model. CONCLUSIONS: The existing peer workforce may be a key source of recruitment for new peer workers; thus retention of existing workers is key to ensuring continued expansion of these services. Additional support may be required to recruit and retain younger peer worker trainees, men trainees, Hispanic/Latinx trainees, trainees who lack basic technological access, or trainees without bachelor's degrees. Unanswered questions about the peer workforce remain and must be addressed to ensure that an appropriately diverse workforce is recruited, that disparities in training outcomes are minimized or prevented, and that existing peer workers are well-supported.

Health-related quality of life and recovery capital among recovery residents taking medication for opioid use disorder in Texas.

Background: Recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) includes improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and is supported by recovery capital (RC). Little is known about RC and HRQOL among recovery residents taking medication for OUD. We described HRQOL and RC and identified predictors of HRQOL. Methods: Project HOMES is an ongoing longitudinal study implemented in 14 recovery homes in Texas. This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from 358 participants' on HRQOL (five EQ-5D-5L dimensions-mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression) and RC (Assessment of Recovery Capital scores) collected from April 2021 to June 2023. Statistical analyses were conducted using T-, Chi-squared, and Fisher's exact tests. Results: Most participants were 35 years/older (50.7%), male (58.9%), non-Hispanic White (68.4%), heterosexual (82.8%), and reported HRQOL problems, mainly anxiety/depression (78.4%) and pain/discomfort (55.7%). Participants who were 35 years/older [mean (SD) = 42.6 (7.3)] were more likely to report mobility and pain/discomfort problems than younger participants. Female participants were more likely to report pain/discomfort problems than male participants. Sexual minorities were more likely to report anxiety/depression problems than heterosexual participants. Married participants and those in committed relationships were more likely to report problems conducting self-care than single/never-married participants. Comorbid conditions were associated with mobility, pain/discomfort, and usual activities problems. Most participants reported high social (65.4%), personal (69.0%), and total (65.6%) RC. Low personal RC was associated with mobility (aOR = 0.43, CI = 0.24-0.76), self-care (aOR = 0.13, CI = 0.04-0.41), usual activities (aOR = 0.25, CI = 0.11-0.57), pain/discomfort (aOR = 0.37, CI = 0.20-0.68), and anxiety/depression (aOR = 0.33, CI = 0.15-0.73) problems. Low total RC was associated with problems conducting self-care (aOR = 0.20, CI = 0.07-0.60), usual activities (aOR = 0.43, CI = 0.22-0.83), pain/discomfort problems (aOR = 0.55, CI = 0.34-0.90), and anxiety/depression (aOR = 0.20, CI = 0.10-0.41) problems. Social RC was not associated with HRQOL. Conclusion: Personal and total RC and comorbid conditions predict HRQOL. Although the opioid crisis and the increasing prevalence of comorbidities have been described as epidemics, they are currently being addressed as separate public health issues. Our findings underscore the importance of ensuring residents are provided with interprofessional care to reduce the burden of comorbidities, which can negatively impact their OUD recovery. Their RC should be routinely assessed and enhanced to support their recovery and improve HRQOL.

Situational Confidence and Recovery Capital Among Recovery Residents Taking Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in Texas.

OBJECTIVES: Situational confidence, that is, confidence to resist substance use in high-risk situations, and recovery capital (RC) are resources that individuals can draw upon to initiate and sustain their recovery from opioid use disorder. We assessed the associations between total, social, and personal RC and situational confidence among recovery residents taking medications for opioid use disorder. METHODS: Cross-sectional associations between the Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire and Assessment of Recovery Capital scores were assessed among participants (N = 267) enrolled in a longitudinal study in 13 recovery homes for persons taking medications for opioid use disorder in Texas using χ 2 tests and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Most participants were 35 years or older (51.7%), male (59.4%), non-Hispanic White (71.5%), and unemployed (66.0%); used more than one substance (77.9%); and had higher educational levels (53.8%). The majority had high situational confidence (66.7%), social (63.7%), physical (67.0%), and total (64.8%) RC. Education (model 1: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.96; confidence interval [CI], 1.13-3.40; model 2: aOR, 2.03; CI, 1.17-3.51) and social (aOR, 2.08; CI, 1.11-3.92), personal (aOR, 2.06; CI, 1.08-3.93), and total (aOR, 2.98; CI, 1.71-5.20) RC were associated with situational confidence. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need for recovery housing operators to be trained on the relevance of RC and situational confidence to practice to improve recovery outcomes among residents with opioid use disorder. Health planners, recovery housing administrators, and policymakers should strengthen recovery residence-based services and systems to improve individual RC and situational confidence.

Food insecurity increases risk of depression and anxiety among women in Senegal living with diabetes and/or hypertension.

Food insecurity affects close to half the population of Senegal, West Africa, a country simultaneously affected by the ongoing global diabetes pandemic. Diabetes and food insecurity are associated with adverse mental health, yet research exploring the relationship between chronic physical illness, food insecurity, and mental illness in Senegal is currently lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food insecurity and depression and anxiety, separately, in Senegalese women living with diabetes and hypertension. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. Occurrence of depression and anxiety symptoms was assessed using the Modified Hopkins Symptoms Checklist Survey (HSCL-25). A sensitivity analysis examining the relationship between food insecurity and depression and anxiety was performed by comparing two previously validated cutoff values (1.75 and 2.25) on the HSCL-25. Most participants (83%) had some level of food insecurity. More than 80% of the sample were depressed or anxious using 1.75 as the cutoff, while 42 and 60% were depressed or anxious, respectively, using 2.25 as the cutoff. Food insecurity increased relative risk for depression (RRR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.05-1.31, 1.75 as cutoff; RRR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99-1.14, 2.25 as cutoff) and anxiety (RRR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05-1.31, 1.75 as cutoff; RRR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04-1.19, 2.25 as cutoff). These findings demonstrate that among populations suffering from diabetes and hypertension, food insecurity is a modifiable risk factor for depression and anxiety and a potential intervention target in this setting.

Data to Action: Community-Based Participatory Research to Address Concerns about Metal Air Pollution in Overburdened Neighborhoods near Metal Recycling Facilities in Houston.

BACKGROUND: Exposures to environmental contaminants can be influenced by social determinants of health. As a result, persons living in socially disadvantaged communities may experience disproportionate health risks from environmental exposures. Mixed methods research can be used to understand community-level and individual-level exposures to chemical and nonchemical stressors contributing to environmental health disparities. Furthermore, community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches can lead to more effective interventions. OBJECTIVES: We applied mixed methods to identify environmental health perceptions and needs among metal recyclers and residents living in disadvantaged neighborhoods near metal recycling facilities in Houston, Texas, in a CBPR study, Metal Air Pollution Partnership Solutions (MAPPS). Informed by what we learned and our previous findings from cancer and noncancer risk assessments of metal air pollution in these neighborhoods, we developed an action plan to lower metal aerosol emissions from metal recycling facilities and enhance community capacity to address environmental health risks. METHODS: Key informant interviews, focus groups, and community surveys were used to identify environmental health concerns of residents. A diverse group from academia, an environmental justice advocacy group, the community, the metal recycling industry, and the local health department collaborated and translated these findings, along with results from our prior risk assessments, to inform a multifaceted public health action plan. RESULTS: An evidence-based approach was used to develop and implement neighborhood-specific action plans. Plans included a voluntary framework of technical and administrative controls to reduce metal emissions in the metal recycling facilities, direct lines of communication among residents, metal recyclers, and local health department officials, and environmental health leadership training. DISCUSSION: Using a CBPR approach, health risk assessment findings based on outdoor air monitoring campaigns and community survey results informed a multipronged environmental health action plan to mitigate health risks associated with metal air pollution. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11405.

Twelve-month Treatment Retention and Associated Factors: A Comparison of 2 Medically Assisted Therapy Clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

OBJECTIVES: Retention in methadone maintenance treatment is instrumental in achieving better treatment outcomes. In this study, we compared 2 medication-assisted treatment (MAT) clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania with respect to patient characteristics, outcomes, and factors that predict 12-month treatment retention. METHODS: This retrospective registry-based cohort study utilized data collected for routine clinical and program monitoring at 2 sites, Mwananyamala and Muhimbili MAT clinics. Cumulative retention in treatment was calculated using life tables. The analysis of treatment retention predictor variables used both Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses. RESULTS: We examined the socio-demographic and program-related characteristics of 362 (181 from each clinic) patients. Twelve-month treatment retention was higher at Mwananyamala (73%) than Muhimbili (64%) MAT clinic, but the difference was not significant. In both clinics, a higher methadone dose (>60mg) significantly predicted treatment retention ( P < 0.05). Being employed and traveling an average short distance (<5 km) from home to clinic significantly increased the likelihood of remaining in treatment in Muhimbili MAT clinic (P< 0.05) only. CONCLUSIONS: A methadone dose of 60 mg and above was associated with longer retention in treatment. At 1 clinic in a denser and more central location, employment and a short travel distance from home to clinic were associated with longer tenure in treatment. These findings have potential implications for clinical practice, research, and scaling up MAT services in Tanzania.

Assessing the Health Status and Needs of Informal Workers at Texas Truck Stops.

BACKGROUND: The experiences of informal workers are often characterized by homelessness, social isolation, lack of access to health care, mental illness, and substance use. The aim of this study is to conduct an assessment of the health status and needs of informal workers at truck stops. METHODS: This study took place at multiple Texas truck stops in 2017, where 25 informal male workers participated in a semi-structured interview and demographic survey. Recorded interviews were transcribed and coded, and a thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The primary themes were the following: (1) substance use; (2) mental illness; (3) criminal justice involvement; (4) lack of access to health care; and (5) lack of access to transportation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the need for health promotion programming at truck stops. Interventions at truck stops would need to be multifaceted to address the multiple layers of disenfranchisement and marginalization.

Mental Healthcare: Experiences of Rural Women With Disabilities Following Interpersonal Violence.

Women with disabilities are at increased risk of interpersonal violence compared to women without disabilities. Little is known, however, about women with disabilities' experience accessing and participating in counseling and other mental health services during and following their victimization, particularly when living in a rural setting. This study involved qualitative interviews with 33 women with diverse disabilities who experienced interpersonal violence in rural communities. Researchers used thematic content analysis to identify three key themes from the findings: (a) experiences learning about mental health service options, (b) challenges to finding an appropriate "fit" and therapy approach, and (c) access barriers to mental health services. Participants emphasized the need for provider training specific to disability, the inclusion of people with disabilities more prominently in the mental health workforce, and the importance of advancements in accessible telemental health. We discuss implications for improving mental health services.

"They Didn't Ask." Rural Women With Disabilities and Experiences of Violence Describe Interactions With the Healthcare System.

Women with disabilities are at risk of experiencing multiple forms of severe and prolonged violence, yet guidelines for screening this population are unclear, screening rates are historically low, and screening tools may be inadequate to capture disability-related aspects of abuse. We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 33 rural women in the United States with diverse disabilities and experiences of violence. They described overarching healthcare provider and system factors that influenced their trust and confidence in healthcare delivery as an avenue to support their safety. Women described interactions with the healthcare system during their experience of violence as a missed opportunity for identifying and responding to their abuse and connecting them with resources. We conclude with policy and practice recommendations based on women with disabilities' perspectives and insights.

Guideline for feedback of individual genetic research findings for genomics research in Africa.

As human genomics research in Africa continues to generate large amounts of data, ethical issues arise regarding how actionable genetic information is shared with research participants. The Human Heredity and Health in Africa Consortium (H3Africa) Ethics and Community Engagement Working group acknowledged the need for such guidance, identified key issues and principles relevant to genomics research in Africa and developed a practical guideline for consideration of feeding back individual genetic results of health importance in African research projects. This included a decision flowchart, providing a logical framework to assist in decision-making and planning for human genomics research projects. Although presented in the context of the H3Africa Consortium, we believe the principles described, and the decision flowchart presented here is applicable more broadly in African genomics research.

Pirate Talk: Navigating Practical, Ethical, and Legal Issues Associated with Biomedical Citizen Science Interview Studies.

In citizen science, in-depth interviews have advanced the understanding of project leaders' and citizen scientists' objectives, motivations, attitudes, and concerns. The issues encountered by researchers conducting in-depth interviews in citizen science are likely not unique to this field. However, these issues can surface and play out in distinct ways that depend on the scientific and sociopolitical circumstances of citizen science communities and projects. Researchers' experiences conducting in-depth interviews are the subject of a growing literature that describes considerations for conducting research with discrete populations. We aim to contribute to this literature by describing salient practical, ethical, and legal issues to consider when interviewing biomedical citizen scientists, with a focus on bottom-up biomedical citizen scientists who have loose or no affiliations with traditional scientific institutions. These issues concern how to define the interview population; earn trust and demonstrate trustworthiness given past treatment of bottom-up biomedical citizen scientists by traditional researchers and institutions; adapt research practices to the strong culture of openness that characterizes bottom-up biomedical citizen science; and manage potential safety concerns. This essay draws on our own experiences and those of other qualitative researchers and makes suggestions for addressing these issues in ways intended to protect study integrity and demonstrate respect for participants. We also identify questions that would benefit from broad input and continued study. Our objectives in sharing these lessons learned are to support future research and to improve understanding of this exciting participatory space.

"Helping Somebody Else Has Helped Me Too": Resilience in Rural Women With Disabilities With Experiences of Interpersonal Violence.

The concept of resilience, the ability to "bounce back," from adversity, can inform interpersonal violence interventions and victim assistance services. Unfortunately, though women with disabilities (WWD) experience high rates of all forms of violence and multiple layers of adversity, existing resilience research overlooks this populations' experiences, perspectives, and resilience strategies. The impairment, socially misperceived as a personal tragedy, precludes individuals with disabilities from being considered resilient; rather, they are designated almost universally as "at risk" or "vulnerable." This study aims to remedy this gap in understanding and scholarship. This qualitative study engaged 33 rural women with diverse disabilities who experienced violence to learn about how they cultivated resilience to support recovery and growth after experiencing abuse. Women described key personal qualities and supportive networks and services, such as internal drive, connectedness, dedication, healthy and helpful outlets, and an evolution of thoughts and behaviors. Counter to prevailing perceptions of WWD as dependent and helpless, women described how living with a disability honed strengths fundamental to their resilience. Women also described an "altruism born of suffering" wherein their experiences of violence contributed to a desire to give back and help others in difficult circumstances.Women's insights help to build a more comprehensive understanding of effective strategies and supports to bolster WWD's resilience. These findings inform interventions and promote approaches to build on women's strengths and resourcefulness.

Responding to Natural and Industrial Disasters: Partnerships and Lessons Learned.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to provide insights learned from disaster research response (DR2) efforts following Hurricane Harvey in 2017 to launch DR2 activities following the Intercontinental Terminals Company (ITC) fire in Deer Park, Texas, in 2019. METHODS: A multidisciplinary group of academic, community, and government partners launched a myriad of DR2 activities. RESULTS: The DR2 response to Hurricane Harvey focused on enhancing environmental health literacy around clean-up efforts, measuring environmental contaminants in soil and water in impacted neighborhoods, and launching studies to evaluate the health impact of the disaster. The lessons learned after Harvey enabled rapid DR2 activities following the ITC fire, including air monitoring and administering surveys and in-depth interviews with affected residents. CONCLUSIONS: Embedding DR2 activities at academic institutions can enable rapid deployment of lessons learned from one disaster to enhance the response to subsequent disasters, even when those disasters are different. Our experience demonstrates the importance of academic institutions working with governmental and community partners to support timely disaster response efforts. Efforts enabled by such experience include providing health and safety training and consistent and reliable messaging, collecting time-sensitive and critical data in the wake of the event, and launching research to understand health impacts and improve resiliency.

Sexual Violence and Chemsex among Substance-Using Sexual and Gender Minorities in Texas.

Chemsex is the use of methamphetamine or other substances to enhance sexual experiences, and is most often associated with sexual minority men. Within the chemsex literature, questions of sexual violence emerge due, in part, to ambiguity about what constitutes consent within sexualized environments with co-occurring substance use.To understand the context in which sexual violence occurs, data from an online survey of sexual and gender minority Texans were analyzed using bivariate and logistic regression (N = 1273), and qualitative interviews with substance-using sexual minority men from a separate sample were thematically analyzed (N = 22).Among survey participants, 12.8% experienced a form of sexual violence (10.1% experienced intimate partner violence and 7.6% experienced sexual assault). When participants were categorized based on past year substance use and sex party attendance, 48.0% of participants who used drugs and attended sex parties (a proxy for chemsex) experienced sexual violence (41.6% experienced intimate partner violence and 41.0% experienced sexual assault). When variables statistically significant at the bivariate-level were entered into logistic regression models, participants in the chemsex category were 12.5 [95% CI: 6.9, 22.8] times more likely to experience sexual violence. Substance-using sexual minority men experiencing sexual violence describe situations in which consent is difficult to revoke and sexual exploitation is likely to occur.Studies which more deeply explore the relationship between sexual and relationship violence and chemsex among sexual and gender minorities are needed. Particularly, the notion of consent needs further conceptualization in the context of drug use and sex parties. HIGHLIGHTS: Measures of recent substance use and sex party attendance were combined to create a proxy measure for chemsex, which is the use of substances to enhance sexual experiences.Substance-using sexual and gender minorities engaging in chemsex were at increased risk of sexual violence.In addition to engaging in chemsex, variables associated with an increased odds of sexual violence among sexual and gender minorities were younger age, having a non-monosexual sexual identity, and receiving a mental health diagnoses.Studies on sexual and gender minorities engaging in chemsex should be developed to further explore sexual exploitation.

Use of School Wellness Policy Templates in One Texas Public Health Region: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Federal law requires most school districts to develop school wellness policies (SWPs), which state agencies assist in by providing templates. Templates provide standard language, which districts may edit for numerous reasons. We aimed to identify the frequency/consistency of template usage and identify the types of edits districts make when using SWP templates. METHODS: We identified SWPs (N = 117) and templates (N = 2) from districts in 1 Texas public health region. We developed template specific coding guides, which allowed us to examine the frequency SWPs used template text within multiple areas (eg, nutrition goals, reporting). We also collected/categorized SWP edits from the template text and conducted a thematic analysis of locally developed SWPs and SWP templates. RESULTS: Of 117 SWPs, 81.2% used a 2020 template, 13.7% used a 2005 template, and 5.1% created their own SWP. Across template-based SWPs, 44 content edits (0.4 per policy) occurred in 9 categories. Thematic analysis revealed: (1) locally developed SWPs created an informed mission statement linked to their goals; (2) Locally developed SWPs provided details that the current template includes in wellness plans. CONCLUSIONS: Most districts used exact template language when writing their SWP. Adding spaces where districts can specify details could improve SWP content.