Airway topicalization in pediatric anesthesia: An international cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: There is no national or international consensus or guideline on recommended dosing of lidocaine for airway topicalization in children. Doses quoted in the literature vary substantially. AIMS: The primary aim of the study was to ascertain current international dosing practices (mg.kg-1 and concentration of solution) for lidocaine airway topicalization in children. The secondary aims included examining aftercare instructions for those receiving lidocaine airway topicalization and instances of local anesthetic systemic toxicity secondary to the use of lidocaine for airway topicalization in pediatric patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study consisted of 11-20 questions across three domains-population demographics, clinical practice, and local anesthetic systemic toxicity. It adhered to the consensus-based checklist for reporting of survey studies. Responses were collected over 14 weeks using a combination of probability (cluster and simple random) and nonprobability (purposive, convenience and snowball) sampling. Data were analyzed based on the response rate per question with proportions expressed as percentages and nonparametric data expressed as median (interquartile range [range]) in an effort to minimize nonresponse error. No weighting of items or propensity scoring was applied. RESULTS: After initial exclusions, 1501 participants from 69 countries, across six continents, were included. Consultant anesthetists or those with an equivalent level of experience accounted for 1262/1501 (84.1%) of responses. Results showed heterogeneity in dosing and timing regimens and evidence that dosing may contribute to adverse outcomes. The maximum dose reported by participants who use lidocaine for airway topicalization as part of their normal practice was 5 mg.kg-1 (4-6 mg.kg-1 [0.5-50]) median (interquartile range [range]) over 2 h (1-4 h [0-30]). CONCLUSION: The results support the need for further research and consensus in this area, in order to provide safe provision of lidocaine airway topicalization in children. It is hoped the results of this study can support future collaborative work in this area.

Assessing Patient Satisfaction with Kidney Stone Information Advice During Admission for Acute Renal Colic.

Aims This study focuses on the assessment of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) following an educational intervention by urological service providers. In the modern era, social media and search engines are used as educational tools for both patients and healthcare providers alike. The aim of the study was to assess patient satisfaction with kidney stone information, through the viewing of a novel kidney stone educational video. Methods A prospective quality improvement study was conducted amongst patients admitted to our urology service with kidney stones undergoing emergency ureteroscopy using a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Results Patients reported increased satisfaction with overall information provided about kidney stone prevention after viewing the kidney stone educational video (4.8 vs 4 p=0.01). They also reported increased satisfaction with information provided about diet and lifestyle modification (4.5 vs3 p=0.02) (4.6 vs 3 p=0.02), information and demonstration on stent removal 4.8 vs 3.17 p=0.029), information on stent pain (4.7 vs 2.6 P=0.016) and availability of educational information and resources after viewing the video (4.8 vs 2.83 p=0.017). There were 17 patients in total included for statistical analysis. Conclusion Patient satisfaction with traditional patient education regarding kidney stones can be further strengthened through the use of a concise, informative, and readily accessible patient education video during and after point of care.

Design and testing of the safety of the SARUS-CPR hood for novice resuscitators.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bystanders should be protected against aerosols, droplets, saliva, blood and vomitus during resuscitation after cardiac arrest The SARUS (safer - airway - resuscitation) CPR airway hood™ is a clear plastic cover and integrated mask that envelopes the head and torso. Our objectives were to test leakage using saline aerosol generation tests, then assess the performance of the hood during mock cardio-pulmonary resuscitation on a manikin. METHODS: A checklist was validated by comparing the performance of 10 novices against 10 experts during mock resuscitation. Thereafter, 15 novices were tested with and without the hood, in a randomised cross-over study, one week apart. RESULTS: Laboratory analysis showed a > 99% reduction of saline particles detected 5 cm, 75 cm and 165 cm above volunteers wearing the hood. On manikins, experts scored better compared to novices, 8.5 (0.7) vs 7.6 (1.2), difference (95%CI) 0.9 (0.4-1.3), P = 0.0004. Novice performance was equivalent using the hood and standard equipment, 7.3 (1.4) vs 7.3 (1.1) respectively, difference (90%CI) 0.0 (-0.3 - 0.3), P = 0.90. CONCLUSION: Aerosol transmission reduced in the breathing zone. Simulated resuscitation by novices was equivalent with and without the hood.

Need for tracheostomy in major head and neck ablative surgery: a paradigm shift during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Management of the airway in the perioperative period for patients requiring major head and neck ablative surgery has commonly included the performance of elective surgical tracheostomy. This has been standard practice in most maxillofacial units across the UK, including ours. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and emerging guidelines on aerosol-generating procedures required us to revisit the need for a perioperative tracheostomy. METHODS: We present our series of 29 consecutive cases, cared for during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, that were managed either using surgical tracheostomy or overnight tracheal intubation. RESULTS: Out of 29 patients 3 received a surgical tracheostomy. The average duration of tracheostomy use was 8 days. Twenty patients were managed using a period of overnight tracheal intubation. Average duration of tracheal intubation was 1.2 days, with an average intensive care unit stay of 1.7 days. The average duration of hospital stay was 15.8 days for patients managed with overnight tracheal intubation and 30.1 days for patients who received a surgical tracheostomy. The return to theatre rate was 13.8% for reasons including flap failure and neck space infection. There were no airway issues reported in this series of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that overnight tracheal intubation can be a safe alternative to surgical tracheostomy in the majority of cases.

Airway management guidance for the endemic phase of COVID-19.

It is now apparent that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will remain endemic for some time. Improved therapeutics and a vaccine may shorten this period, but both are far from certain. Plans must be put in place on the assumption that the virus and its disease will continue to affect the care of patients and the safety of staff. This will impact particularly on airway management due to the inherent risk to staff during such procedures. Research is needed to clarify the nature and risk of respiratory aerosol-generating procedures. Improved knowledge of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity is also required. In the meantime, we describe the current status of airway management during the endemic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Some controversies remain unresolved, but the safety of patients and staff remains paramount. Current evidence does not support or necessitate dramatic changes to choices for anaesthetic airway management. Theatre efficiency and training issues are a challenge that must be addressed, and new information may enable this.

Consensus guidelines for managing the airway in patients with COVID-19: Guidelines from the Difficult Airway Society, the Association of Anaesthetists the Intensive Care Society, the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine and the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious. Airway management of patients with COVID-19 is high risk to staff and patients. We aimed to develop principles for airway management of patients with COVID-19 to encourage safe, accurate and swift performance. This consensus statement has been brought together at short notice to advise on airway management for patients with COVID-19, drawing on published literature and immediately available information from clinicians and experts. Recommendations on the prevention of contamination of healthcare workers, the choice of staff involved in airway management, the training required and the selection of equipment are discussed. The fundamental principles of airway management in these settings are described for: emergency tracheal intubation; predicted or unexpected difficult tracheal intubation; cardiac arrest; anaesthetic care; and tracheal extubation. We provide figures to support clinicians in safe airway management of patients with COVID-19. The advice in this document is designed to be adapted in line with local workplace policies.

Psychologists' perspectives on supported decision making in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: A new legal capacity act was introduced in Ireland in 2015. This study aimed to identify and critically examine key issues in the area of decision-making capacity from the perspective of psychologists working with adults with an intellectual disability. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory approach was employed, and the study was positioned in a social constructionist framework. Purposive and snowballing sampling methods were used to recruit 15 clinical psychologists working with adults with an intellectual disability. Data were collected with the use of individual semistructured interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed using a model of thematic analysis. RESULTS: Six themes were identified: (1) a presumption of capacity but a culture of incapacity, (2) supporting decision making as a process, (3) authenticity of decision making, (4) need for support and training, (5) contributions of psychology and (6) the way forward. CONCLUSIONS: Participants described that people with intellectual disabilities were often excluded from decision-making processes. They welcomed the functional approach to decision making, considered substituted decision making to be necessary within a support framework and described supporting decision making as a process. Systemic, resource and attitudinal challenges were identified.

The effectiveness of psychological interventions for fatigue in cancer survivors: systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a common symptom in cancer patients that can persist beyond the curative treatment phase. This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of psychological interventions for cancer-related fatigue in post-treatment cancer survivors. METHODS: We searched relevant online databases and sources of grey literature. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating psychological interventions in adult cancer patients after the completion of treatment, with fatigue as an outcome measure, were included. Two review authors extracted data independently from the selected studies and assessed the methodological quality using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. RESULTS: Thirty-three psychological interventions were identified. The sample size of the included studies varied between 28 and 409, with 4525 participants overall. Twenty-three of the included studies reported a significant effect of the interventions on reducing fatigue in cancer survivors. Most interventions focused on psychoeducation, mindfulness, cognitive or behaviour therapy-oriented strategies. However, studies differed widely in terms of measurement tools used to assess fatigue, mode, duration and frequency of the intervention delivery. CONCLUSIONS: This review showed some tentative support for psychological interventions for fatigue after cancer treatment. However, as the RCTs were heterogeneous in nature and the number of high-quality studies was limited, definitive conclusions are not yet possible. With the growing need for stage-specific research in cancer, this review sought to inform current practice and to summarise the existing evidence base of randomised controlled trials in the area. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42014015219.

Magnetic Stent Removal in a Nurse Led Clinic; a Nine Month Experience.

Ureteric stents are frequently inserted post endourological procedures. However, subsequent endoscopic stent removal requires a second procedure for the patient and the availability of necessary resources. Longer duration of indwelling stents can lead to increased risk of symptoms and complications. The use of magnetic stents removed with a magnetic retrieval device (BlackStar©), offers an alternative which obviates the need for cystoscopy. We assessed the outcomes for this novel method of stent removal in our institution. A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients undergoing magnetic stent insertion and subsequent removal in a nurse-led clinic over a nine-month period. Patients were followed up with a prospective validated Ureteral Stent Symptoms Questionnaire (USSQ)3. A cost analysis was also performed. In total, 59 patients were treated using magnetic stents. The complication rate was low (6.7%). The median duration of indwelling stent was 5.8 days (range 1-11 days). Patients reported haematuria and lower urinary tract symptoms but >90% experienced no functional impairment with minimal days of employment lost (mean 0.75 days). All patients reported satisfaction with nurse-led stent removal and 97% were happy to have stents removed via this method in the future. The total financial savings were estimated at €47,790 over this period. Nurse-led removal of magnetic stents is safe and well tolerated by patients and enables expedient stent removal. It also provides a significant cost benefit and frees up valuable endoscopic resources.

Systematic review of benefits or harms of routine anaesthetist-inserted throat packs in adults: practice recommendations for inserting and counting throat packs: An evidence-based consensus statement by the Difficult Airway Society (DAS), the British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (BAOMS) and the British Association of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ENT-UK).

Throat packs are commonly inserted by anaesthetists after induction of anaesthesia for dental, maxillofacial, nasal or upper airway surgery. However, the evidence supporting this practice as routine is unclear, especially in the light of accidentally retained throat packs which constitute 'Never Events' as defined by NHS England. On behalf of three relevant national organisations, we therefore conducted a systematic review and literature search to assess the evidence base for benefit, and also the extent and severity of complications associated with throat pack use. Other than descriptions of how to insert throat packs in many standard texts, we could find no study that sought to assess the benefit of their insertion by anaesthetists. Instead, there were many reports of minor and major complications (the latter including serious postoperative airway obstruction and at least one death), and many descriptions of how to avoid complications. As a result of these findings, the three national organisations no longer recommend the routine insertion of throat packs by anaesthetists but advise caution and careful consideration. Two protocols for pack insertion are presented, should their use be judged necessary.

Diabetes in pregnancy: worse medical outcomes in type 1 diabetes but worse psychological outcomes in gestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Women with diabetes experience an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. AIM: We aim to describe and quantify the psychological impact of the diagnosis of diabetes in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to each other and to their counterparts without diabetes. DESIGN: This is a survey-based study with prospective collection of pregnancy outcome data. METHODS: A total of 218 pregnant women (50% with diabetes) were administered questionnaires relating to psychological health. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were collected. Associations between key psychometric and health outcome variables were examined. RESULTS: At least 25% of women in all three pregnancy groups had scores indicating affective distress in at least one domain. Compared to those with type 1 diabetes, women with GDM evidenced a greater number of uplifts in pregnancy (U = 94, P = 0.041), but also higher levels of overall anxiety (U = 92, P = 0.03) and stress (U = 82, P < 0.01). Women with GDM also had significantly elevated overall depression scores, compared with the control group (U = 34, P = 0.02). Both groups of women with diabetes had clinically elevated levels of diabetes-related distress. There were no associations between maternal psychological variables and pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlights a potential role for targeted psychological interventions to address and relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression among pregnant women with diabetes.

The Natural History of Severe Acute Liver Injury.

OBJECTIVES: Acute liver failure (ALF) is classically defined by coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy (HE); however, acute liver injury (ALI), i.e., severe acute hepatocyte necrosis without HE, has not been carefully defined nor studied. Our aim is to describe the clinical course of specifically defined ALI, including the risk and clinical predictors of poor outcomes, namely progression to ALF, the need for liver transplantation (LT) and death. METHODS: 386 subjects prospectively enrolled in the Acute Liver Failure Study Group registry between 1 September 2008 through 25 October 2013, met criteria for ALI: International Normalized Ratio (INR)≥2.0 and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)≥10 × elevated (irrespective of bilirubin level) for acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) ALI, or INR≥2.0, ALT≥10x elevated, and bilirubin≥3.0 mg/dl for non-APAP ALI, both groups without any discernible HE. Subjects who progressed to poor outcomes (ALF, death, LT) were compared, by univariate analysis, with those who recovered. A model to predict poor outcome was developed using the random forest (RF) procedure. RESULTS: Progression to a poor outcome occurred in 90/386 (23%), primarily in non-APAP (71/179, 40%) vs. only 14/194 (7.2%) in APAP patients comprising 52% of all cases (13 cases did not have an etiology assigned; 5 of whom had a poor outcome). Of 82 variables entered into the RF procedure: etiology, bilirubin, INR, APAP level and duration of jaundice were the most predictive of progression to ALF, LT, or death. CONCLUSIONS: A majority of ALI cases are due to APAP, 93% of whom will improve rapidly and fully recover, while non-APAP patients have a far greater risk of poor outcome and should be targeted for early referral to a liver transplant center.

A systematic review examining factors predicting favourable outcome in cognitive behavioural interventions for psychosis.

Psychosis is a debilitating mental health condition affecting approximately 4 persons per 1000. Cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp) has been shown to be an effective treatment for psychosis and is recommended by several national guidelines. CBTp does not work equally well with everyone, however, with some 50% of clients receiving little benefit. This review sets out to systematically assess the literature and methodological quality of a number of studies, which examine factors predicting successful outcome in CBTp. The databases CINAHL, Cochrane, EBSCO, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus were electronically searched. English language articles in peer reviewed journals were reviewed. Search terms "psychosis", "psychotic disorder", "cognitive behavioural therapy", "cognitive therapy", "randomised controlled trial", "predictor", and "treatment outcome" in various combinations were used as needed. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Results suggest that female gender, older age, and higher clinical insight at baseline, each predicted better outcome in CBT interventions with psychotic patients, as did a shorter duration of the illness, and higher educational attainment. Several other factors, such as higher symptom severity at baseline, were suggestive of predictive capacity but further research to clarify was indicated. Providers of mental healthcare should consider these findings when offering CBTp. The onus is also on healthcare providers to better equip non-responders to CBTp. Further investigation into a limited number of predictive factors, with an agreed set of outcome measures, would allow future researchers more direct comparisons between studies.

A randomised cross-over trial comparing the McGrath(®) Series 5 videolaryngoscope with the Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with cervical spine immobilisation.

We compared the performance of the McGrath® Series 5 videolaryngoscope with the Macintosh laryngoscope in 49 patients without suspected cervical spine pathology, whose cervical spine was immobilised using a semi-rigid collar. The primary outcome was the view obtained at laryngoscopy. Secondary outcomes included time to tracheal intubation, rates of successful intubation and incidence of complications. In all patients, the view was better (92%) or the same (8%) in the McGrath group versus the Macintosh group (p < 0.01). There were no failed intubations in the McGrath group and seven (28%) in the Macintosh group (p < 0.02). There was no statistical difference in time taken to intubate or incidence of complications. We conclude that the McGrath® Series 5 is a superior laryngoscope when cervical spine immobilisation is maintained during tracheal intubation.