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1.
Anal Verbal Behav ; 40(1): 53-62, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38962520

RESUMEN

Teaching an infant manual signs is beneficial as it promotes early communication, improves socialization, and can functionally replace behaviors such as crying and whining. Improving early communication also may reduce the probability of an infant engaging in dangerous behavior, like unsafe climbing. The purpose of this study was to extend Thompson et al. (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 40:15-23, 2007) by teaching an 8-month-old infant, who was noted to display developmental delays, to sign for "help" when preferred items were inaccessible. Similar to Thompson et al., delayed prompting and differential reinforcement was efficacious in teaching the infant to sign for "help," and the skill generalized to situations that were previously associated with unsafe climbing. However, undesirable generalization of signs for "help" when the infant could independently access the items was observed. Additional teaching was necessary to ensure signing for "help" occurred under appropriate antecedent control. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40616-023-00198-9.

2.
J Appl Behav Anal ; 57(3): 784-797, 2024 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38515350

RESUMEN

Rodriguez et al. (2022) discovered that teaching four component skills was sufficient to facilitate the emergence of intraverbal tacts across four applications with three participants. Our study replicated and evaluated an extension of this procedure that was directed at facilitating intraverbal tacts when a child learns the component skills but continues to fail to produce intraverbal tacts. The extension consisted of procedures to enhance the divergent control exerted by the auditory stimulus (i.e., the question) and the discriminability of joint control. Intraverbal tacts emerged for all three participants after undergoing the extension procedures. These results are discussed in the context of a conceptual analysis of intraverbal tacts and the potential role of joint control.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Autístico , Humanos , Masculino , Niño , Femenino , Trastorno Autístico/psicología , Preescolar , Conducta Verbal
3.
Perspect Behav Sci ; 46(2): 399-408, 2023 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37425990

RESUMEN

Ignore is a common term used in behavioral assessment, behavior intervention plans, textbooks, and research articles. In the present article, we recommend against the typical usage of the term in most applications of behavior analysis. First, we briefly outline some history of the use of the term in behavior analysis. Then, we describe six main concerns about ignore and the implications for its continued use. Finally, we address each of these concerns with proposed solutions, such as alternatives to the use of ignore.

4.
Perspect Behav Sci ; 45(3): 597-617, 2022 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36249176

RESUMEN

Individuals diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder also are commonly diagnosed with a medical comorbidity. Because of this, it is estimated that this population experiences nearly twice the incidence of pain or discomfort as their neurotypical peers. Although behavior analysts consider the effect of biological variables on a client's behavior, considerations of pain appear to be underdiscussed and understudied. The purpose of this article is to discuss how pain may interact with the efficacy of behavior analytic assessments and treatments, provide potential solutions to the barriers associated with pain states, and describe avenues to promote clinical research to improve our behavior analysis of pediatric pain while developing treatments for behavior problems such as aggression.

5.
J Appl Behav Anal ; 55(2): 412-429, 2022 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34978335

RESUMEN

Intraverbal tacts are an example of multiply controlled verbal behavior. More specifically, they are verbal responses under control of both a nonverbal (visual) stimulus (e.g., a green ball) and a verbal (auditory) stimulus (e.g., "What color?" vs. "What shape?"). Studies have shown that verbal behavior training can be arranged in a way that would lead to the emergence of other verbal operants, including multiply controlled (convergent) intraverbals. Our study sought to evaluate the relevance of a specific set of component skills on the emergence of intraverbal tacts in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Intraverbal tacts were observed only when all component skills were mastered, suggesting that this set of skills was sufficient to produce emergent verbal performance. Preliminary data were obtained on the necessity of 4 of the 6 component skills and tentatively suggest that they may be necessary to produce emergent intraverbal tacts, at least under some conditions.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Niño , Humanos , Conducta Verbal/fisiología
6.
J Appl Behav Anal ; 54(4): 1341-1368, 2021 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34077558

RESUMEN

The development of prosocial skills is considered pivotal to childhood development. The friendship unit of the Preschool Life Skills program teaches early prosocial skills likely to facilitate socially desirable behaviors in young children; however, the friendship unit is the most understudied unit and has produced modest, inconsistent outcomes across children. The current study aimed to evaluate procedures necessary to (a) teach friendship skills to 4 children, with and without developmental disabilities, in an applied context and (b) promote the use of these skills with a same-aged peer. Teaching 5 friendship skills in a 1-to-1 format with the addition of tangible reinforcement, if necessary, was efficacious at increasing the children's friendship skills with an adult. Additional tactics were necessary to promote prosociality with a peer. We discuss refinements to the teaching procedures and additional considerations to improve the social acceptability and durability of prosocial skills.


Asunto(s)
Amigos , Grupo Paritario , Habilidades Sociales , Niño , Desarrollo Infantil , Preescolar , Humanos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Refuerzo en Psicología , Conducta Social
7.
J Appl Behav Anal ; 54(4): 1385-1404, 2021 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34010471

RESUMEN

Whether a child with autism spectrum disorder will exhibit observational learning may depend on their attention to and the stimulus modalities of the observed contingency. We used multiple-probe and repeated-acquisition designs to test observational learning across a diverse set of contingencies, which included hidden edible, hidden toy, hidden video, tact, receptive identification, and intraverbal contingencies. During preteaching, 2 children with autism spectrum disorder showed observational learning with some contingencies. After learning to engage in differential observing responses for observed behaviors and consequences with the hidden-video contingency, 1 child showed generalization of observational learning with receptive identification and intraverbals. Neither child showed generalization with the tact contingency. Thus, teaching was initiated with the tact contingency, which led to generalization of observational learning with tacts. The efficacy of teaching differential observing responses over observational learning was demonstrated. Inconsistent observational learning across contingencies suggests scientist-practitioners should assess observational learning across a variety of contingencies.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Niño , Generalización Psicológica , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Conducta Verbal
8.
J Appl Behav Anal ; 54(3): 1265-1280, 2021 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33527372

RESUMEN

Microsoft Excel is ubiquitous, cost-effective, and can be used to create publication-quality single-case design graphs. We systematically replicated the GraphPad Prism video tutorial by Mitteer et al. (2018) to teach 24 master's students to create multiple-baseline graphs using Excel 2016. Students' mean accuracy on the multiple-baseline graph was 25% in pretraining, 86% with the video tutorial, and 96% with the review checklist. Next, students used the same video tutorial to create multielement and reversal graphs. Students' mean accuracy on the multielement graph was 93% with video tutorial and 94% with review checklist, and accuracy on the reversal graph was 82% with video tutorial and 94% with review checklist. Students reported moderate to high satisfaction with both training components. The results support scientist-practitioners using the video tutorial and review checklists to create three common graphs using Excel 2016, Excel 2019, and Excel Office 365.


Asunto(s)
Programas Informáticos , Estudiantes , Humanos , Enseñanza
9.
J Appl Behav Anal ; 52(1): 299-314, 2019 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30242793

RESUMEN

We reviewed studies that used environmental enrichment as treatment for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. A search of behavior analytic journals produced 71 publications with a total of 265 applications of environmental enrichment used alone or in conjunction with alternative behavior manipulations (e.g., prompting, reinforcement) and problem behavior manipulations (e.g., blocking, restraint). Environmental enrichment, as a sole intervention, was efficacious in 41% of the sample. Alternative behavior manipulations, problem behavior manipulations, and a combination of both improved the overall efficacy of environmental enrichment. We discuss factors that may influence the efficacy of environmental enrichment, current trends in research on this topic, and implications for both practitioners and researchers.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Conductista/métodos , Problema de Conducta/psicología , Refuerzo en Psicología , Humanos
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