Acanthoscurria gomesiana spider-derived synthetic mygalin in the dorsal raphe nucleus modulates acute and chronic pain.

Mygalin, a diacylspermidine that is naturally found in the hemolymph of the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana, is of interest for development as a potential analgesic. Previous studies have shown that acylpolyamines modulate glutamatergic receptors with the potential to alter pain pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mygalin on acute and chronic pain in rodents. For evaluation of acute pain, Wistar rats were subjected to tail-flick and hot-plate nociceptive tests. For the evaluation of chronic neuropathic pain, a partial ligation of the sciatic nerve was performed and, 21 days later, animals were examined in hot-plate, tail-flick, acetone, and von Frey tests. Either Mygalin or vehicle was microinjected in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) before the tests. Another group was pretreated with selective antagonists of glutamate receptors (LY 235959, MK-801, CNQX, and NBQX). Mygalin decreases nociceptive thresholds on both acute and chronic neuropathic pain models in all the tests performed. The lowest dose of mygalin yielded the most effective nociception, showing an increase of 63% of the nociceptive threshold of animals with neuropathic chronic pain. In conclusion, mygalin microinjection in the DRN results in antinociceptive effect in models of neuropathic pain, suggesting that acylpolyamines and their derivatives, such as this diacylspermidine, could be pursued for the treatment of neuropathic pain and development of selective analgesics.

Plant Extracts Loaded in Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems for Treating Parasitic and Antimicrobial Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Plant extracts loaded in nanostructured drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have been reported as an alternative to current therapies for treating parasitic and antimicrobial diseases. Among their advantages, plant extracts in NDSSs increase the stability of the drugs against environmental factors by promoting protection against oxygen, humidity, and light, among other factors; improve the solubility of hydrophobic compounds; enhance the low absorption of the active components of the extracts (i.e., biopharmaceutical classification II), which results in greater bioavailability; and control the release rate of the substances, which is fundamental to improving the therapeutic effectiveness. In this review, we present the most recent data on NDDSs using plant extracts and report results obtained from studies related to in vitro and in vivo biological activities.

Confirmatory molecular method for HTLV-1/2 infection in high-risk pregnant women.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) are transmitted through sexual intercourse, transfusion of blood components, and vertical transmission, predominantly through breastfeeding. Six hundred forty-three pregnant women from a high-risk prenatal care unit at a general hospital were tested by serological tests using chemiluminescence (CMIA) for screening, followed by a molecular confirmatory test. Four patients (0.6%) tested positive for HTLV-1/2 by CMIA, two samples (0.3%) for each patient were confirmed as having HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 by PCR. The results show the importance of inclusion of HTLV-1/2 screening for pregnant women in high-risk prenatal care and the need for a molecular biological method to confirm HTLV-1/2 infection.

RP-HPLC×HILIC chromatography for quantifying ertapenem sodium with a look at green chemistry.

Ertapenem sodium is a polar and ionizable compound; therefore, it has little retention on traditional C18 columns in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, even using a highly-aqueous mobile phase that can result in dewetting in the stationary phase. Thus, the most coherent process for ERTM is to develop a method for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. However, for the traditional methods in HILIC, the use of a highly organic mobile phase is necessary; usually an amount exceeding 80% acetonitrile is necessary. On the other hand, the RP-HPLC mode is considered for the analysis technique, which is more often used for quantification of substances, and new columns are often introduced to analyze different groups of compounds. Two new analytical methods have been developed for routine analysis. The proposed chromatographic method was adequate and advantageous by presenting simplicity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, detection limits, and satisfactory quantification. Analytical methods are constantly undergoing changes and improvements. Researchers worldwide are rapidly adopting Green Chemistry. The development of new pharmaceutical methods based in Green chemistry has been encouraged by universities and the pharmaceutical industry. Issues related to green chemistry are in evidence and they have been featured in international journals of high impact. The methods described here have economic advantages and they feature an eco-friendly focus, which is discussed in this work. This work was developed with an environmental conscience, always looking to minimize the possible generated organic waste. Therefore, discussion on this aspect is included.

Development of a rapid and simple HPLC-UV method for determination of gallic acid in Schinopsis brasiliensis

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method for the identification of the chemical marker of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl., Anacardiaceae. It would determine the total polyphenols and flavonoid content by spectrophotometric methodology in the dried extract of plant. The chromatographic profiles of S. brasiliensis were determined using HPLC-UV. The liquid chromatography method was conducted on a Phenomenex Gemini NX C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.05% orthophosphoric acid: methanol. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 271 nm. The retention time for gallic acid was 8.5 min. The described method has the advantage of being both rapid and easy. Hence it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of herbal preparation containing S. brasiliensis.

Influência da suplementação pós-parto de vitamina A sobre os níveis de imunoglobulina A no colostro humano / Influence of postpartum supplementation with vitamin A on the levels of immunoglobulin A in human colostrum

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da suplementação com palmitato de retinol no pós-parto imediato sobre os níveis de imunoglobulina A secretora (SIgA) no colostro. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico realizado com 96 parturientes atendidas em uma maternidade pública, divididas em grupo controle, que não foi suplementado (n = 44), e teste, suplementado no primeiro dia pós-parto (n = 52). Coletaram-se amostras de 2 mL de colostro nos dois primeiros dias pós-parto. A SIgA foi quantificada por turbidimetria, e os dados, analisados por teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: Antes da suplementação, a média de SIgA foi de 829,1±337,6 mg/dL no grupo controle e 827,3±249,8 mg/dL no teste (p = 0,52). Após a suplementação, a média foi de 343,9±177,2 mg/dL no grupo não suplementado e 501,2±54,5 mg/dL no suplementado (p < 0,00001). CONCLUSÃO: O colostro de mulheres suplementadas com palmitato de retinol possui mais SIgA, sugerindo modulação da produção de anticorpos pela vitamina A.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of supplementation with retinyl palmitate in the immediate postpartum period on the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in colostrum. METHODS: A clinical trial was conducted among 96 recently-delivered mothers treated at a public maternity hospital, divided into control group, which was not supplemented (n = 44), and test group, supplemented on the first day postpartum (n = 52). Samples of 2 mL of colostrum were collected on the first 2 days postpartum. SIgA was measured by turbidimetry and data were analyzed by the Student t test. RESULTS: Before supplementation, the average SIgA was 829.1±337.6 mg/dL in the control group and 827.3±249.8 mg/dL in the test group (p = 0.52). After supplementation, the average SIgA was 343.9±177.2 mg/dL in the unsupplemented group and 501.2±54.5 mg/dL in the supplemented group (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: The colostrum of women supplemented with retinyl palmitate has higher levels of SIgA, which suggests that the production of antibodies is modulated by vitamin A.

Influence of postpartum supplementation with vitamin A on the levels of immunoglobulin A in human colostrum.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of supplementation with retinyl palmitate in the immediate postpartum period on the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in colostrum. METHODS: A clinical trial was conducted among 96 recently-delivered mothers treated at a public maternity hospital, divided into control group, which was not supplemented (n = 44), and test group, supplemented on the first day postpartum (n = 52). Samples of 2 mL of colostrum were collected on the first 2 days postpartum. SIgA was measured by turbidimetry and data were analyzed by the Student t test. RESULTS: Before supplementation, the average SIgA was 829.1±337.6 mg/dL in the control group and 827.3±249.8 mg/dL in the test group (p = 0.52). After supplementation, the average SIgA was 343.9±177.2 mg/dL in the unsupplemented group and 501.2±54.5 mg/dL in the supplemented group (p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: The colostrum of women supplemented with retinyl palmitate has higher levels of SIgA, which suggests that the production of antibodies is modulated by vitamin A.

The correlation between anthropometric measurements and biochemical cardiovascular risk markers in the hypertensive elderly.

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed at correlating anthropometric markers indicating additional cardiovascular risk in a hypertensive elderly population enrolled in the HIPERDIA programme in Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, South America. METHODS: The sample consisted of 131 hypertensive elderly people aged60 to 92 (25.9 % males and 74.1 % females). A socioeconomic, demographic, life-style questionnaire was used in the assessment. Information about anthropometry measurements and pathology frequency were also recorded via this questionnaire. Pearson's correlation, descriptive statistics, comparison between anthropometric variables by gender using Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used in the analysis for comparing groups by age(60 to 69, 70 to 79 and > 80 years). RESULTS: 14.7 % of men and 24.7 % of women were overweight and 11.8 % of men and 21.6 % of women were obese. 57.0 % of women and 26.5 % of men had inadequate values in waist-to-hip ratio analysis. 95.9 % of women and 52.9 % of men had high risk and 95.9 % of women and 38.2 % of men had high abdominal circumference values regarding waistline measurement. After selection (n=40) for correcting potential confounders, it was found that 27 subjects had high C-reactive protein values, an additional cardiovascular risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that additional cardiovascular risk could be demonstrated by the high prevalence of being overweight and central obesity presented by the population and the presence of subclinical inflammation amongst hypertensive ones.

[Effect of vitamin E supplementation on alpha-tocopherol levels in human colostrum]. / Efeito da suplementação com vitamina E sobre a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no colostro humano.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the levels of alpha-tocopherol in human colostrum following supplementation with capsules containing vitamin A plus synthetic vitamin E. METHODS: Thirty healthy women about to give birth were recruited from a public maternity hospital. After overnight fasting, blood samples as well as colostrum samples (2 mL) were collected. After the first collection, the women received supplementation with a capsule containing retinyl palmitate (200,000 IU or 60 mg) plus synthetic vitamin E (49.4 mg dl-alpha tocopherol). Twenty-four hours after supplementation, a second 2 mL colostrum sample was collected after overnight fasting. RESULTS: The serum concentration of alpha-tocopherol was 1 042,9 ± 319.0 µg/dL. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum before supplementation was 155.4 ± 811.0 µg/dL, vs. 1 396.3 ± 862.2 µg/dL 24 hours after supplementation (P > 0.05). A correlation was found between fasting levels of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum before supplementation and 24 hours after supplementation (P = 0.001; r = 0.58), but not between the concentrations in serum and colostrum. CONCLUSIONS: There was no increase in the levels of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum 24 hours after supplementation. This suggests that supplementation with synthetic vitamin E is not advantageous. However, the present results also suggest that if the nutritional state is adequate prior to supplementation, more tocopherol will be available in colostrum after supplementation. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the effects of supplementation with the natural form of alpha-tocopherol.

Infliximab induces increase in triglyceride levels in psoriatic arthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate lipid profile changes after anti-TNF therapy in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: Fifteen PsA patients (eight polyarticular, four oligoarticular, two axial, and one mutilating) under infliximab were included. None had dyslipoproteinemia or previous statin use. Total cholesterol (TC) and its fractions, inflammatory markers, and prednisone use were evaluated. RESULTS: The comparisons of lipid levels between baseline and after three months (3M) of anti-TNF therapy showed that there was a significant increase in mean triglycerides (117.8 ± 49.7 versus 140.1 ± 64.1 mg/dL, P = 0.028) and VLDL-c (23.6 ± 10.5 versus 28.4 ± 13.7 mg/dL, P = 0.019) levels. In contrast, there were no differences in the mean TC (P = 0.28), LDL-c (P = 0.42), and HDL-c (P = 0.26) levels. Analysis of the frequencies of each lipid alteration at baseline and at 3M were alike (P > 0.05). Positive correlations were found between VLDL-c and CRP (r = 0.647, P = 0.009) and between triglycerides and CRP (r = 0.604, P = 0.017) levels at 3M. ESR reduction was observed after 3M (P = 0.04). Mean prednisone dose remained stable at beginning and at 3M (P = 0.37). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that anti-TNF may increase TG and VLDL-c levels in PsA patients after three months.

The correlation between anthropometric measurements and biochemical cardiovascular risk markers in the hypertensive elderly / Correlación entre parámetros antropométricos y marcadores bioquímicos de riesgo cardiovascular en ancianos hipertensos

Objectives This study was aimed at correlating anthropometric markers indicating additional cardiovascular risk in a hypertensive elderly population enrolled in the HIPERDIA programme in Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, South America. Methods The sample consisted of 131 hypertensive elderly people aged60 to 92 (25.9 percent males and 74.1 percent females). A socioeconomic, demographic, life-style questionnaire was used in the assessment. Information about anthropometry measurements and pathology frequency were also recorded via this questionnaire. Pearson's correlation, descriptive statistics, comparison between anthropometric variables by gender using Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used in the analysis for comparing groups by age(60 to 69, 70 to 79 and > 80 years). Results 14.7 percent of men and 24.7 percent of women were overweight and 11.8 percent of men and 21.6 percent of women were obese. 57.0 percent of women and 26.5 percent of men had inadequate values in waist-to-hip ratio analysis. 95.9 percent of women and 52.9 percent of men had high risk and 95.9 percent of women and 38.2 percent of men had high abdominal circumference values regarding waistline measurement. After selection (n=40) for correcting potential confounders, it was found that 27 subjects had high C-reactive protein values, an additional cardiovascular risk factor. Conclusions The results suggested that additional cardiovascular risk could be demonstrated by the high prevalence of being overweight and central obesity presented by the population and the presence of subclinical inflammation amongst hypertensive ones.

Objetivos El objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar indicadores antropométricos de riesgo cardiovascular adicionales en una población de ancianos hipertensos registrados en el programa HIPERDIA, en Campiña Grande, Paraíba, Brasil, América del Sur. Métodos La muestra contó con 131 ancianos hipertensos, de 60 a 92 años (25,9 por ciento masculino y 74,1 por ciento femenino). Se utilizaron antropometría y encuesta por medio de un cuestionario con informaciones socioeconómicas, demográficas, hábitos de vida, y frecuencia de las enfermedades. En el análisis fue utilizada la correlación de Pearson, estadística descriptiva y para la comparación de las variables antropométricas por sexo Test t de Student y ANOVA One-Way para comparación por edad: 60 a 69, 70 a 79 y > 80. Resultados Los hombres presentaron frecuencias de 14,7 por ciento de sobrepeso y 11,8 por ciento de obesidad, y mujeres 24,7 por ciento y 21,6 por ciento, respectivamente. En el análisis de índice cintura-cadera, 57,0 por ciento de las mujeres y 26,5 por ciento de los hombres presentaron valores de riesgo. Analizando el perímetro de la cintura, 95,9 por ciento de las mujeres y 52,9 por ciento de los hombres presentaron riesgo, y 95,9 por ciento de las mujeres y 38,2 por ciento de los hombres presentaron elevados valores del perímetro abdominal. Despúes de una selección (n=40) para la corrección de posibles factores de confusión, 27 personas presentaron Proteína C Reactiva elevada. Conclusiones Los resultados muestran riesgo cardiovascular adicional, que se demuestra por la alta frecuencia del sobrepeso y obesidad central que se presentan en la población, asociados a inflamación subclínica en hipertensos.

Efeito da suplementação com vitamina E sobre a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no colostro humano / Effect of vitamin E supplementation on alpha-tocopherol levels in human colostrum

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no colostro humano em condições de suplementação com cápsulas de vitamina A acrescidas de vitamina E sintética. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutadas para o estudo 30 parturientes saudáveis atendidas em uma maternidade pública. Após jejum noturno, foram coletadas amostras de sangue e de colostro (2 mL) das parturientes. Após a primeira coleta, as mesmas receberam suplemento na forma de uma cápsula de palmitato de retinila (200000 UI ou 60 mg) acrescido de vitamina E sintética (49,4 mg de dl-alfa-tocoferol). Após 24 horas da suplementação, foi realizada nova coleta de 2 mL de colostro, também em jejum. RESULTADOS: A concentração sérica de alfa-tocoferol foi de 1 042,9 ± 319,0 μg/dL. Os teores de alfa-tocoferol no colostro antes da suplementação foram de 1155,4 ± 811,0 μg/dL, vs. 1396,3 ± 862,2 μg/dL 24 horas depois da suplementação (P > 0,05). Foi encontrada correlação entre o alfa-tocoferol do colostro na condição de jejum antes da suplementação e 24 horas após a suplementação (P = 0,001; r = 0,58), mas não entre soro e o colostro em nenhuma das condições acima citadas. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve aumento na concentração de alfa-tocoferol do colostro 24 horas após a suplementação. Isso indica que não é vantajoso suplementar a mãe com vitamina E sintética. Entretanto, os resultados também sugerem que, se o estado nutricional prévio à suplementação estiver adequado, mais tocoferol será encontrado no colostro após a suplementação. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para investigar o efeito da suplementação com a forma natural do alfa-tocoferol.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the levels of alpha-tocopherol in human colostrum following supplementation with capsules containing vitamin A plus synthetic vitamin E. METHODS: Thirty healthy women about to give birth were recruited from a public maternity hospital. After overnight fasting, blood samples as well as colostrum samples (2 mL) were collected. After the first collection, the women received supplementation with a capsule containing retinyl palmitate (200 000 IU or 60 mg) plus synthetic vitamin E (49.4 mg dl-alpha tocopherol). Twenty-four hours after supplementation, a second 2 mL colostrum sample was collected after overnight fasting. RESULTS: The serum concentration of alpha-tocopherol was 1 042,9 ± 319.0 µg/dL. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum before supplementation was 155.4 ± 811.0 µg/dL, vs. 1 396.3 ± 862.2 µg/dL 24 hours after supplementation (P > 0.05). A correlation was found between fasting levels of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum before supplementation and 24 hours after supplementation (P = 0.001; r = 0.58), but not between the concentrations in serum and colostrum. CONCLUSIONS: There was no increase in the levels of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum 24 hours after supplementation. This suggests that supplementation with synthetic vitamin E is not advantageous. However, the present results also suggest that if the nutritional state is adequate prior to supplementation, more tocopherol will be available in colostrum after supplementation. Further studies should be carried out to investigate the effects of supplementation with the natural form of alpha-tocopherol.

Vitamin E in human serum and colostrum under fasting and postprandial conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alpha-tocopherol concentrations in maternal serum and colostrum under fasting and postprandial conditions. METHODS: Thirty healthy childbearing women were recruited in a public maternity hospital, and samples of blood, fasting colostrum, and postprandial colostrum were collected from them up to 12 hours after delivery. RESULTS: The serum alpha-tocopherol concentration was 1,939.8+/-766.0 microg/dL. Alpha-tocopherol levels in fasting colostrum (1,603.4+/-911.0 microg/dL) and in postprandial colostrum (1,515.0+/-890.9 microg/dL) did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). There was correlation between alpha-tocopherol levels in fasting and postprandial colostrum (p < 0.05), but not between serum and colostrum. CONCLUSION: The lack of correlation between alpha-tocopherol levels in plasma and in colostrum, and the correlation between alpha-tocopherol concentrations in fasting and postprandial colostrum support the existence of a mechanism that controls the transfer of this nutrient, regardless of dietary intake.

Vitamina E no soro e colostro humanos em condições de jejum e pós-prandial / Vitamin E in human serum and colostrum under fasting and postprandial conditions

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no soro e colostro maternos, seja em condições de jejum ou pós-prandial. MÉTODOS: Trinta parturientes saudáveis atendidas em uma maternidade pública foram recrutadas para o estudo, e amostras de sangue, colostro em jejum e colostro pós-prandial foram coletadas até 12 horas pós-parto. RESULTADOS: A concentração sérica de alfa-tocoferol foi de 1.939,8±766,0 μg/dL. O alfa-tocoferol no colostro em jejum, 1.603,4±911,0 μg/dL, e após a refeição, 1.515,0±890,9 μg/dL, não apresentaram diferença significativa (p > 0,05). Houve correlação entre o alfa-tocoferol do colostro na condição de jejum e no pós-prandial (p < 0,05), mas não entre o soro e o colostro. CONCLUSÃO: A falta de correlação entre o alfa-tocoferol no plasma e no colostro e a correlação entre o alfa-tocoferol no colostro em jejum e no pós-prandial reforçam a hipótese de um mecanismo de controle na passagem desse micronutriente, independente do aporte dietético.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alpha-tocopherol concentrations in maternal serum and colostrum under fasting and postprandial conditions. METHODS: Thirty healthy childbearing women were recruited in a public maternity hospital, and samples of blood, fasting colostrum, and postprandial colostrum were collected from them up to 12 hours after delivery. RESULTS: The serum alpha-tocopherol concentration was 1,939.8±766.0 μg/dL. Alpha-tocopherol levels in fasting colostrum (1,603.4±911.0 μg/dL) and in postprandial colostrum (1,515.0±890.9 μg/dL) did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). There was correlation between alpha-tocopherol levels in fasting and postprandial colostrum (p < 0.05), but not between serum and colostrum. CONCLUSION: The lack of correlation between alpha-tocopherol levels in plasma and in colostrum, and the correlation between alpha-tocopherol concentrations in fasting and postprandial colostrum support the existence of a mechanism that controls the transfer of this nutrient, regardless of dietary intake.

Pregnancy outcome in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus: a Brazilian multicenter cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine pregnancy outcome and fetal loss risk factors in patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE). METHODS: A total of 315 female patients with JSLE followed in 12 Brazilian pediatric rheumatology centers were consecutively selected. Menarche was observed in 298 (94.6%) patients. Patients' medical records were reviewed for pregnancy outcomes and demographic, clinical, and therapeutic data. RESULTS: A total of 24 unplanned pregnancies occurred in 298 (8%) patients. The outcomes were 5 (21%) early fetal losses (prior to 16 wks gestation), 18 (75%) live births, and 1 (4%) death due to preeclampsia and premature birth. The frequencies of active diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, proteinuria > or = 0.5 g/day, and arterial hypertension at the beginning of pregnancy were higher in pregnancies resulting in fetal losses than in live births [60% vs 5% (p = 0.02), 60% vs 5% (p = 0.02), 60% vs 5% (p = 0.02), respectively]. JSLE pregnancies with fetal losses had a significantly higher mean SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) at the start of pregnancy compared with those with live births (9.40 +/- 7.47 vs 3.94 +/- 6.00; p = 0.049). Four pregnancies were inadvertently exposed to intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for renal involvement despite contraceptive prescriptions, resulting in fetal loss in 3 (p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis only intravenous cyclophosphamide use at start of pregnancy (OR 25.50, 95% CI 1.72-377.93, p = 0.019) remained as an independent risk factor for fetal loss. CONCLUSION: We identified immunosuppressive therapy as the major contributing factor for fetal loss in JSLE, reinforcing the importance of contraception.