Associations between feeding behaviors collected from an automated milk feeder and disease in group-housed dairy calves in Ontario: A cross-sectional study.

The adoption of automated milk feeders and group housing of preweaning dairy calves has become more common in Canada; however, disease detection in group-housed calves remains a challenge. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess whether feeding behavior data collected from a single point in time could be used to aid in the detection of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and general disease, in preweaning group-housed calves being fed via an automated milk feeder. The data used was collected in an earlier study. A total of 8 dairy farms recruited from an online survey of calf-management practices were enrolled into the study. There was a total of 523 observations with 130 events of NCD, 115 events of BRD, and 210 events of general disease. Each farm was visited once in each of the fall, winter, spring, and summer, when the calves' health was scored, and the data were collected from the automated milk feeders. Mixed linear regression models were used to identify associations between feeding behavior data (milk consumption, time spent at the feeder, drinking speed, and the number of rewarded and unrewarded visits) and the presence of NCD, BRD, or general disease (having one or more of NCD, BRD, or umbilical infection), on the day of health scoring. Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the percentage of milk the calf consumed from their daily milk allotment. Calves with BRD consumed 63% less of their daily allotment of milk, had 2 fewer unrewarded visits to the automated milk feeder, and drank milk 152 mL/min slower compared with calves without BRD. Calves with NCD consumed 57% less of their daily milk allotment, consumed 758 mL less per day, and drank 92 mL/min slower than calves compared with calves without NCD. Calves with general disease drank 50% less of their daily milk allowance, consumed 496 mL less per day, drank 80 mL/min slower, and had 2 fewer unrewarded visits to the automated milk feeder, when compared with calves without disease. No significant associations were found between the presence of NCD, BRD, or general disease and time spent at the feeder or number of rewarded visits. Sensitivity and specificity values for disease identification were low when evaluating the feeding behaviors individually, so parallel testing was completed. To do so, if any significant feeding behavior was below the optimal cut point for disease detection as determined using a ROC curve, the calf was considered positive for disease and the sensitivity and specificity were recalculated. Parallel testing resulted in a sensitivity of 0.82, 0.78, and 0.84, and a specificity of 0.26, 0.23, and 0.21, for BRD, NCD, and general disease, respectively. This suggests that automated milk feeders may serve as a useful preliminary tool in the detection of diseased calves. For example, producers could use feeding behavior data to identify calves requiring further inspection; however, they should not use feeding behavior data as a sole disease detection method.

Behavioral changes in dairy cows with mastitis.

Mastitis is a frequent and painful disease in dairy cows. However, pain detection and alleviation in mastitic cows has been overlooked. The objectives of this study were to measure behavioral changes in dairy cows with clinical mastitis and to investigate the effect of intramammary infusion of an antibiotic on lying behavior and behavior during milking. In experiment 1, 42 lactating cows were used: 14 mastitic cows and 28 control cows. Mastitic and control cows were subjected to an evaluation of pain responses on d 1 (mastitis detection day), and 2, 3, and 7d after the last antibiotic treatment (d 10+). The antibiotic treatment was administered to mastitic cows twice a day, starting on d 1, for at least 3 consecutive days. Behavioral changes were evaluated by measuring lying behavior, reactivity during milking (stepping, lifting, and kicking), weight distribution, and hock-to-hock distance. Overall, mastitic cows spent less time lying down on d 2 compared with control cows. The percentage of time lying on the mastitic quarter side did not differ significantly between mastitic and control cows. No differences were observed between control and mastitic cows on the number of steps per 24h on each day. Restless behavior during milking did not differ between treatments. Restless behaviors differed significantly within mastitic cows between days. Frequency of kicks per minute was higher on d 1 compared with d 2, frequency of lifts was higher on d 1 and 2 compared with d 10+, and frequency of steps was higher on d 2 compared with d 10+. The variability of weight that mastitic cows applied to the leg on the mastitic quarter side was higher on d 1 than on d 10+. For control cows, the variability in weight applied to the homologous leg of the mastitic quarter side leg was higher on d 1 compared with d 2 and 3. The hock-to-hock distance did not differ between treatments. Mild clinical mastitis might not cause sufficient pain to observe marked changes in behaviors. However, cows showed differences in lying time and reactivity during milking and slight differences in the laterality of lying. To further develop methodologies for assessing pain in mastitic cows, it is worth applying the methodologies used in this study to cows with moderate to severe mastitis, followed by their validation using analgesic treatment, to ensure that any change is a pain-specific behavior rather than a simple reflex. In experiment 2, no effect of intramammary infusion of the antibiotic was observed on lying behavior or behavior during milking. Cows with mild clinical mastitis present behavioral changes in lying behavior and at milking time, which could be associated with discomfort.